In the 3rd issue of "Military Archeology" there was a typo - a paragraph was omitted from Sergei Frolov's article "In Search of Missing Villages" from the "Milestones of History" section. To eliminate this error, we are publishing the full version of the article in the live journal.
Among the many modern hobbies of man, treasure hunting rightfully occupies a special place. The ranks of adherents of this ancient and fascinating activity are constantly growing. Truly, the hopes of those who seek are immortal.
Metal detectors are the latest developments; only they can be trusted to detect desired objects. In pursuit of fashion, many antiquity seekers purchased new items that were not cheap. But they don’t know what exactly to do with them, how to use them most effectively. Some people cannot figure out the device, they lack the necessary experience, and most simply do not have time to study historical literature. And now the ultra-modern “toy” lies gathering dust on the shelf, bringing only disappointment instead of joy. What can you say to novice treasure hunters? How to revive their determination and cooling ardor? In reality, everything is not as difficult as it seems.
The easiest and surest way to touch history and find something interesting is to study missing villages, hamlets and villages, human settlements. Over the centuries-old history of our country, rare periods of life passed in relative calm, throughout the existence of the Russian state - constant civil strife, foreign invasions, popular uprisings. Villages, sometimes entire cities, disappeared from the face of the earth and were rebuilt. Many human settlements never rose from the ashes of history. Exploring such places will certainly bring positive results - the land still holds a lot of different secrets.
In the old days, such abandoned places were called wastelands, now they are called tracts.
In a broad sense, a tract is any part of the terrain, a section of terrain that is different from other sections of the surrounding area, for example, it could be a forest in the middle of a field, a swamp or something similar, as well as a section of terrain that is a natural boundary between something. (Wikipedia)
On any modern map of scale 1:100000 or 1:200000 you can see mysterious names with the letters “ur.” ahead. To more accurately determine the location of the disappeared village, you can use old maps, which are not difficult to acquire now, not like 10-15 years ago. Geographical atlases of Mende, Schubert, as well as maps of the General Survey will suit you. It would also be a good idea to visit the local history museum in the area where the research is planned. In the museum you can learn a lot of interesting and useful information - about the passage of trade routes, important geographical and historical objects, populated areas, places of concentration of any production and places of fairs and battles...
We compare the old map with the modern one and - full speed ahead. Rivers, streams, ravines and old roads are good guides for finding your way in the search for a missing village; they can be quite easy to find on the ground. In addition to the objects indicated on old maps, it is necessary, if possible, to examine the intersections of the largest roads, places of fords, bridges and crossings, as well as the area at the confluence of rivers and streams and near prominent heights and hills.
Lost villages can be roughly divided into two types - those that disappeared without a trace (literally leveled by machinery for crop land) and those that disappeared but left visible traces - mounds of foundations, pits from wells, ruins of buildings, wild fruit trees and shrubs. They were not leveled and were used for farmland except as pastures for livestock.
Most of the leveled villages are still being plowed, although recently in many places “the arable land has been overgrown with forest,” as during the period of the Polish devastation. In vast fields, it is not easy to find a plowed village; you will have to wander around. Signs of it will be fragments of bricks, crockery shards, and metal village rubbish. In our area, outside the black soil zone, the former village on the arable land is distinguished by the darkest color of the soil compared to the rest of the field. Signs of a once residential place can be trees standing alone in the middle of a field - linden, willow, oak. Or, for example, a linden alley in the forest, or a piece of terrain covered with poplars. In the fields, it is also necessary to remember about land reclamation, which was carried out everywhere during the Soviet period. It often happens that instead of a stream, you can find only a small dry hollow in a field, while according to the old map there was a dam and a water mill on the river.
In the areas of the oldest villages, very few fragments of brick are found - in those days it was rarely used to build foundations. But there are large quantities of earthenware ceramics. Based on the composition and appearance of these shards, a knowledgeable person can accurately determine their age, that is, the age of the village. Finding such a village can be considered a success; there will be almost no metal debris, such as foil, aluminum wire, plugs and cartridges. Most often, old settlements were located on the banks of streams and rivers, and sometimes “near wells”, along the most important trade routes. The ancients preferred sunny southern slopes of hills, protected from northern winds by heights or forests. Only later did people begin to build houses at the very peaks of heights, open to all winds.
The unleveled village consists of overgrown mounds of foundations surrounded by semi-wild fruit trees and bushes. As a rule, in the areas of former buildings, the thickets of nettles, fireweed or other grass are the densest, so for work in the summer it would be advisable to use a scythe or a gas mower. Typically, the foundation of a house is dug along the inner perimeter to a depth of homogeneous soil, especially in the corners. There, the owners sometimes, when building a house, placed mortgage coins so that there would be money in the house. Often in the corners you come across brass and copper folds and crosses that fell from the shelf during a fire or destruction of the house. As practice shows, the largest number of coins are found along the main, front wall of the house, where the windows were located. This place can be determined by a map and compass, or by fragments of glass found in the ground, or simply visually - the windows usually faced the sunny side.
The discarded soil and excavation site are periodically checked with a metal detector. The fact is that in many houses in the old days there simply was no wooden floor. Houses were sometimes built half-earth - a hole was dug, from which a frame was subsequently raised. The floor was earthen, trampled down or covered with straw, in which it was difficult to find a coin or, for example, a ring that had been accidentally dropped. Of particular interest are furnace pits, which are sometimes called brownie pits. Often, garbage was swept into these pits - shards of dishes, small animal bones, along with which lost coins and other interesting objects ended up there. When plowing, the contents of such a house are turned out to the surface by plows and dragged across the field from year to year.
In places where the oldest villages and settlements are plowed, it is advisable to use a search probe with a tip to find house holes. First, you need to notice a place, a certain patch of land, where you come across the most finds - coins, crosses and other items made of non-ferrous metals, as well as a lot of ceramics and the soil itself is quite humus, “livable”, that is, black in color. After this, you should examine this place with a probe. In areas of house holes, you will feel the characteristic dip of the probe, as well as the grinding of the tip on the ceramics. Over time, having dug several holes, you will easily learn to recognize the necessary objects, even if you have not previously had experience working with a search probe.
It is necessary to explore the missing village persistently and thoroughly, checking not only the places where the houses stood, but also the territory of vegetable gardens and outbuildings. Often, valuables were buried away from the house. Experienced treasure hunters do not use discrimination at all, working in the “all metals” mode. Firstly, the depth of object detection increases. And secondly, when choosing all the metal garbage, they practically do not miss even the smallest objects, for example, a “scale” - a Russian medieval coin. Every beginner should know that finding a coin next to a cast iron frying pan can be difficult even with a state-of-the-art metal detector.
It will be useful to work with a metal detector at other historical sites indicated on the maps. These include inns, brick and other industries, trading shops, piers, ruins of landowners' estates, manor parks, etc. The only thing that must be avoided is excavations on the territory of archaeological and historical monuments that are protected by the state. This is where you may get into trouble with the law.
And one last useful note: try to fill the holes after you work with a shovel. Firstly, you won’t attract competitors with your holes, and secondly, no agronomist or head of the village administration will attribute damage to agricultural land to you.
Now all that remains is to wait for the new field season and off we go. And so that this winter doesn’t seem so long and boring to you, use the time to study historical and local history literature, maps, and choose upcoming routes. After all, it was not us who proved that practice without theory is nothing, and vice versa.
There is no point in hiding that abandoned villages and other populated areas are the object of research for many people who are passionate about treasure hunting (and not only). There is a place for those who like attic searching to roam, to “ring through” the basements of abandoned houses, to explore wells, and much more. etc. Of course, the likelihood that your colleagues or local residents have visited this locality before you is very high, but, nevertheless, there are no “knocked out places”.
Reasons that lead to the desertion of villages
Before starting to list the reasons, I would like to dwell on the terminology in more detail. There are two concepts - abandoned settlements and disappeared settlements. Disappeared settlements are geographical objects that today have completely ceased to exist due to military actions, man-made and natural disasters, and time. In place of such points one can now see a forest, a field, a pond, anything, but not standing abandoned houses. This category of objects is also of interest to treasure hunters, but we are not talking about them now.
Abandoned villages precisely belong to the category of abandoned settlements, i.e. towns, villages, hamlets, etc., abandoned by residents. Unlike the disappeared settlements, the abandoned ones for the most part retain their architectural appearance, buildings and infrastructure, i.e. are in a state close to the time when the settlement was abandoned. So people left, why? A decline in economic activity, which we can see now, as people from villages tend to move to the city; wars; disasters of various types (Chernobyl and its environs); other conditions that make living in a given region inconvenient and unprofitable.
How to find abandoned villages?
Naturally, before heading headlong to the search site, it is necessary to prepare a theoretical basis, in simple words, to calculate these most likely places. A number of specific sources and tools will help us with this.Today, one of the most accessible and fairly informative sources is Internet:
The second quite popular and accessible source- These are ordinary topographic maps. It would seem, how can they be useful? Yes, very simple. Firstly, both tracts and uninhabited villages are already marked on fairly well-known maps of the Gentstab. It is important to understand one thing here: a tract is not only an abandoned settlement, but simply any part of the area that is different from other areas of the surrounding area. And yet, on the site of the tract there may not be any village for a long time, but that’s okay, walk around with a metal detector among the holes, collect metal garbage, and then you’ll get lucky. Not everything is simple with non-residential villages either. They may not be completely uninhabited, but may be used, say, as summer cottages, or may be occupied illegally. In this case, I don’t see any point in doing anything, no one needs problems with the law, and the local population can be quite aggressive.
If you compare the same map of the General Staff and a more modern atlas, you can notice some differences. For example, there was a village in the forest on the General Staff, a road led to it, and suddenly the road disappeared on a more modern map; most likely, the residents left the village and began to bother with road repairs, etc.
The third source is local newspapers, local people, local museums. Communicate more with the natives, there will always be interesting topics for conversation, and in between, you can ask about the historical past of this region. What can locals tell you about? Yes, a lot of things, the location of the estate, the manor’s pond, where there are abandoned houses or even abandoned villages, etc.
Local media is also a fairly informative source. Moreover, now even the most provincial newspapers are trying to acquire their own website, where they diligently post individual notes or even entire archives. Journalists travel a lot on their business and interview, including old-timers, who like to mention various interesting facts during their stories.
Don’t hesitate to visit provincial local history museums. Not only are their exhibitions often interesting, but a museum employee or guide can also tell you a lot of interesting things.
How to calculate tasty place to dig without maps of the 18th-20th centuries? This question interests many fans of instrumental search, and every year it becomes more and more difficult to answer.
I live in the Nizhny Novgorod region, our region is very rich in forests, however, recently they have been mercilessly cut down. However, for now our area is quite wooded and any unovergrown islands in the forest (clearings) always arouse interest. And if there is a lake or stream nearby, then going and exploring the place is simply necessary, in my opinion.
So, first sign the former place of residence of people - a clearing in the forest. Perhaps they will be a little overgrown with young birch trees. These trees do well in soil that is rich in organic matter. An additional clue is the presence of a body of water nearby. If it turned into a stream or disappeared altogether, then a snake of small thickets will be visible on the satellite image.
Second sign, noting the existence of the village, the presence of a cemetery nearby. In most cases, cemetery marks remain on Yandex maps. There cannot be a cemetery separate from the village; accordingly, you need to look for a tract somewhere nearby. Since ancient times, they tried to locate the cemetery so that a river or stream (any running water) would flow between it and the village. According to legend, the river separated the world of the living from the world of the dead. It was believed that the dead would not be able to cross the river to the living. The water artery was a natural talisman, protection against the penetration of anything otherworldly.
Third sign, this is a road leading into a forest or field from the site of a former village. In most cases, ancient roads have been preserved to this day, at least from space photographs one can guess where they once passed. Plus or minus a few meters to the right, left. Such small displacements occur when the road is used in bad weather. People choose where it is drier and go around the abyss, and this is how a new run-up occurs. This road can again lead to a small clearing. It is likely that an unsightly-looking clearing will turn out to be a very interesting tract.
Fourth sign(not 100%), this is almost linear tree planting. The trees themselves almost never grow in even lines (rows). This means that they were planted like this, or that extra trees that were interfering with something were once cut down.
Fifth sign, or more correctly, the way is to drive up to the residential village closest to the point of interest and try to get information from the local residents. It is better to take some kind of treat with you (gingerbread cookies, sweets). Local grandmothers will be happy (not always, of course) to tell you what kind of village it was, and maybe they’ll remember who lived there.
Sixth sign, you probably know everything. Arriving at the site to inspect it, suddenly there are remains of foundations, broken bricks, and ceramics. I advise you to go through all the metals in a new place and dig for all the signals for at least thirty minutes. This will help you a lot in your search. You will be able to imagine for yourself what was there and where (there was a house here, there was a pile of iron - apparently a mechanical yard).
Finally.
When the first four signs come together, then I assure you that you need to move into place without hesitation. These methods have been tested by me personally more than once. There are a lot of similar points, because not all farms and cuts were marked on the maps. So if you are not lazy and sit for an hour or two over space photographs and modern maps, then use these tips you might find an interesting place to search.
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On the pages of this blog, I wrote quite a lot about the use of cards in our difficult but interesting business - treasure hunting. Thanks to maps, we learn about old villages, where they were located, how the street ran and when it existed and disappeared.
Using maps, we can even find places where no digger has gone before. So, last spring we found ourselves in an unbroken repair situation. On the PGM there was only a barely noticeable small square. But in fact, there actually turned out to be a settlement where the four of us did some good digging.
Thanks to maps we can make our own discoveries. After all, without them, you don’t know where to go, unless, of course, you talk with the local population or identify the tracts by the poplars that can be seen from afar.
In our time of heyday of the Internet, almost any maps, ancient or not, are easy to find and start working with them. In this article I will talk about some useful maps for coping, in particular those that I use myself.
Satellite images
I'll start with the newest cards. Satellite images are now of fairly good quality. From them we can see the current state of the place we are interested in. Is the field overgrown with forest, are there any houses left in the village, find out the way to the digging point. This is a very detailed map, but it is difficult to see changes in elevation. The terrain looks flat. The scale of the photographs is detailed. By the way, if one service does not have a detailed, clear image of the desired area, you can find one from another. For example, if Google’s terrain is blurry, then Yandex’s will most likely be of excellent quality.
General Staff cards
Quite interesting cards too. They are intended for the military, as the name suggests. But they were also popular with topographers, surveyors, geologists, road workers, and others who work on the ground. All General Staff maps are similar: sheets of individual squares, divided into smaller squares. The scale is different. From 250 meters to 10 km in 1 cm. I heard a couple of times that there are also hundred meters, that is, 100 meters in 1 cm. At the same time, the maps of the General Staff have a very low error and can be used with great success on a GPS navigator for orientation and navigation, as well as finding places to dig and plotting routes. All villages are clearly indicated and it is written how many inhabitants there were at the time the maps were created, the order of the location of streets, roads, and mills is shown. I often use it myself, besides, the General Staff is loaded into Ozik on my phone.
Red Army maps
Maps of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. They are very similar to the General Staff, but they began to be created back in the 20s of the last century. Due to a lack of funds, people and opportunities, pre-revolutionary maps were taken as a basis. These cards have limited coverage. Namely, you can find maps of the Red Army only in the western part of our country. There isn't even a Kirov region. Although, somewhere there was a mention that there are topographic maps older than the General Staff of our region. By the way, the inscription “Coordinate system 1942” is very often confused with the date of creation of this map. In reality this is not the case; here we are only informed about the coordinate system. And the date of shooting and release of the map is written in the upper right corner of the sheet. If the General Staff sheet was from 1942, then this would already be a map of the Red Army. According to the information I have, they were produced from 1925 to 1941. Scale from 250 m to 5 km in 1 cm. Having examined this map, it attracted me with its detail and relative antiquity. Even the smallest settlements are indicated on it. The number of yards is indicated. Definitely a great map for a search engine! But it’s a pity that it is not in our Vyatka region.
Schubert map
With your permission, a brief background. At the beginning of the 19th century, F. F. Schubert headed the corps of military topographers and under him a 10-verst map of the Western parts of the Russian Empire was created on 60 sheets. But for some reasons it turned out to be inconvenient for practical use. I had to start working on a new one. It began to be created under the direction of P. A. Tuchkov, but later Schubert took over the work on it. It covers the time period of almost the entire second half of the 19th century, starting in 1846. But the main work was done before 1863, when it amounted to 435 sheets. Further work continued at a similar pace. In 1886, 508 sheets were drawn. Basically, they used the already compiled ten-verst, only supplementing and clarifying it. Very good detail of objects. Literally everything you need is indicated: settlements, forests, rivers, roads, crossings, etc. There is even the nature of the relief. Its scale is 1 inch 3 versts or 1260 m in 1 cm. However, not all areas were drawn by Schubert. For example, Vyatka, alas, is not there.
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Strelbitsky Map
In the mid-19th century, I. A. Strelbitsky was part of the Military Topographical Department at the General Staff and was tasked with updating and supplementing the Special Map of the European Part of Russia. Strelbitsky supervised this work from 1865 to 1871. The new map consisted of 178 sheets and covered the European part of the country and parts of the adjacent western and southern provinces. The scale is very undetailed. There are 10 versts in 1 inch. And if we translate it in our manner, then 4200 m in 1 cm. In particular, this map was also used as the basis for creating maps of the Red Army. What can we say about the Strelbitsky map: there is a large error; only major roads and settlements are marked. It would be suitable, of course, as an overview map, but I don’t use it.
Mende Map
Its author is A.I. Mende. From 1849 to 1866, he led the work on creating a map in the central provinces of the Russian Empire. 40 surveyors and 8 officers of the Corps of Military Topographers worked to create this map. Its scale is 420 m by 1 cm. A very interesting map, but it does not cover the entire European part of Russia. It's a shame... This is a boundary map with decent detail. Very similar to PGM.
PGM or General Survey Plan
The oldest map presented here and, despite its age, very accurate and detailed. The decree to create a general survey plan was given in 1796. Under Catherine the Great, mass land surveying began: the country's territory was divided into counties, and they were divided into dachas - plots of owners who had rights to these lands within certain boundaries. They were assigned numbers, and their decoding is given in the economic note, which was an addition to the plan for each province. The scale of the map is 1 or 2 versts per inch, which is the usual 420 meters per 1 cm. When applied to a modern map and when linking to satellites, you will encounter a difficulty - the error is quite large. After all, this is not a map tied to coordinates, but just a plan. But quite a detailed plan! From it you can get a lot of useful information for searching with a metal detector about the time the site appeared, its size at that time, the location of the street and houses, roads and highways. Churches and church lands were marked, on which markets and fairs could be located, since these territories were not subject to taxes. The map is very interesting and I use it. It’s suitable as an overview map: look, think and go. I don't see the point in tying her up. But it’s still worth overlaying it with modern satellite images! By the way, some sheets, due to their dilapidation, may not be well preserved and instead of the places of interest you will see a hole.
Thus, we have just looked at those cards that are mainly used by treasure hunters. There are also other cards, but more on them later.
Each map is good in its own way and brings its own specific benefit to the digger when planning digging sites and studying the history of his region. And you need to use the maps at the same time, mentally superimposing them on each other and comparing the terrain on the old and newer maps. These maps are the history of our country.
Where can I download?
Yes, right here on this blog. I recently started uploading old maps. You can view and download them.
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What could be more interesting than finding new places to cop? Probably the process of searching with a metal detector itself. After all, if you look at it, all search engines can be divided into several categories. Someone bought a metal detector for fun and goes out to search only occasionally, while the person is not ready to invest and spend money on this hobby.
Such people rarely devote themselves completely to this hobby, and accordingly, the search for places for them is limited either to the territory that is adjacent to the house (if we are talking about village residents), or they visit the fields closest to the metropolis. As a rule, this category of citizens in rare cases chooses to cop a hundred or two kilometers away. And this is normal, because for them a cop is just a one-time adventure out of a thousand possible ones, to each his own.
Another category of searchers are people who are inspired by this type of hobby, but for whom it is not the main one or for whom there are some restrictions in order to completely devote themselves to the search business. For example, a person has a shortage of time, he does not have a car, a person is passionate about some other hobby that does not interfere with treasure hunting (tourism, hunting, fishing, and so on). People from this group devote much more time to searching, sometimes even studying old maps, but still for them the priority is the main hobby, and treasure hunting comes into the background and searching with a metal detector is a pleasant addition.
True treasure hunters
And, finally, the third group of people are true treasure hunters who are immersed in the search. For such people, searching is a hobby, adrenaline, emotions, they are completely distracted and abstract from pressing problems when they are engaged in treasure hunting. You could say they live it, morally speaking. Accordingly, winter for them is the time to sum up the outgoing season, find new places, and make a plan for the next season.
We have already talked about finding new places, and various programs that allow you to look at the world from space are a huge help. But, in addition to the satellite, old maps are also very useful, which can give a search engine a lot of information. For example, on numerous forums, many treasure hunters write about how to use old maps, how to put them on new ones, how to link them, and so on. I use these methods, but having been treasure hunting for many years now, I have developed my own strategy for finding new places.
For example, one of the search engines is trying to find a disappeared village. And it's good if you can find it. But, as a rule, such villages have already been traversed by search engines and treasure hunters more than once. And although there are no knocked out places, you need to know this rule, and it really works, but it is much more pleasant to search where the field is level and the pits of the comrades are not visible. So, in addition to previously existing villages on old maps, I am also looking for those that still exist. There are much more such settlements than plowed villages, therefore, you can safely go searching in the vicinity of such a village.
Experience shows that if you have found a village that is at least 100-150 years old, then by drawing a circle around it with a radius of 1500-2000 meters, you can very well continue searching in this place for many years with finds. Places near rivers can be successful, especially where there were previously mills. This information can be obtained from old maps. Finding the exact location is difficult, but there is a trick here. As a rule, rivers maintain their course for 100-200 years. Consequently, with some degree of probability it is possible to combine the map with a satellite image, focusing on the river bed. Well, then it’s a matter of technology.
We found an approximate point, enter it into the navigator, and already look around the area. Accuracy, in this case, can vary, and sometimes you first need to walk around without a metal detector, walking 1-3 kilometers along the coast in both directions. But a number of signs will clearly indicate that there could once have been a mill here: a convenient bank, a good approach, a pool, old roads, and so on. Well, don’t forget to talk to the locals, who can tell you something about the place.
Using forums for treasure hunting
You can search for places and read forums. Some of the comrades can boast of finds, and if you recognize the place (or the forum members themselves wrote, or you somehow recognized the place from photographs), then access to the areas bordering this place may be quite successful. For example, there was a case when one of the search engines I knew found a swag field; we went there very well at one time. But everything comes to an end someday.
So, the maps said that there was nothing more to do here, but we decided to explore the forest adjacent to the interesting field, walk a section of 1300 meters, going deeper into the forest no more than 100-150 meters. The area is huge, and it is clear that it will take more than one day to cover it all. But we went there periodically, and slowly led with metal detectors. The calculation was simple: if the field was so shabby, people had previously planted something there, then these same people could go into the adjacent forest, rest or hide something, and could lose something. As a result, there were coins, buttons, and other interesting finds.
As you can see, you can search for places to search in different ways, and each treasure hunter develops his own search pattern over the years. And looking at maps in winter (all kinds of maps at different scales) you can discover a lot. By the way, do not forget to mark in your navigator the most interesting points where you had finds. When there are more than a dozen of these points, you can “draw” your own interesting map, which will “open” your eyes to many things. What are your secrets for choosing a place to cop?
Your Alexander Maksimchuk!
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