At first it may seem that Korean, like Chinese, which is similar to it, consists of hieroglyphs. But in reality this is not the case: nowadays, Koreans use their own unique alphabet. The Korean alphabet was developed in the mid-15th century, namely in 1443. Its creation was carried out by a group of Korean scientists under the leadership of the fourth Wang of Joseon (king) Sejong the Great. Currently, the Korean written language is usually called Hangul (한글), it is the main one in the DPRK and South Korea.

There are a total of 24 letters in the Korean language, of which 14 are consonants and 10 are vowels. In addition, Hangul has diphthongs (11 of them) and 5 double consonants, that is, connected letters. It turns out that ultimately the Korean alphabet consists of a total of 40 letters.

Vowels

First, let's look at the vowels. Korean letters are written from bottom to top and from left to right. Don't miss this fact: writing letters correctly in Korean is really important.

Writing a letter	Pronunciation	How to pronounce
ㅏ	A	It is pronounced a little wider than our Russian sound "a".
ㅑ	yea	This letter sounds like a very sharp "ya".
ㅓ	O	This letter is something between "a" and "o". Pronounce it like the more “rounded” letter o in Russian.
ㅕ	yo	Pronounce the letter ㅓ as you learned how to pronounce it, but add a sharp "y" sound in front of it.
ㅗ	O	This letter is something between "u" and "o". To pronounce it, purse your lips as if you are going to say "u", but actually say "o".
ㅛ	yo	Make your lips look like a bow and say “y” before the letter ㅗ, the pronunciation of which we discussed above.
ㅜ	at	It sounds like a very deep and hard "u".
ㅠ	yu	Deep "yoo" sound.
ㅡ	s	Sounds like a deeper "s".
ㅣ	And	Soft "and".

Diphthongs

Diphthongs are double vowels. In the Korean language, we repeat, there are 11 of them. Below we will analyze all the diphthongs and their correct pronunciation.

Writing a letter	Pronunciation	How to pronounce
ㅐ	uh	Pronounced "uh".
ㅒ	e
ㅔ	uh	Pronounced "uh".
ㅖ	e	Something between "e" and "ye".
ㅘ	wa (wa)	In the Korean language there is no sound similar to our Russian sound "v". This diphthong is pronounced as if you first say "u" and then abruptly add "a". Something like an enthusiastic surprise “wow!”
ㅙ	ve (ue)	This diphthong is pronounced as if you first say "u" and then abruptly add "uh".
ㅚ	vue (yuue)	Sounds like "yuue".
ㅝ	in (wo)	A deep "woah." This diphthong is pronounced as if you first say "u" and then abruptly add "o".
ㅞ	vye (uye)	Sounds like "vye".
ㅟ	vi (ui)	Sounds like a soft drawn-out "wee" or "wee"
ㅢ	uyyy (yy)	Sounds like "yy"

Consonants

The vowels in the Korean language turned out to be not very complex, but the consonants will be difficult to understand at first, since the system here is quite sophisticated.

Consonants in the Korean alphabet are divided into aspirated, unaspirated and mid-aspirated. In order to understand what aspiration is, use a regular light napkin or your own palm. When pronouncing a letter with aspiration, you will feel warm air on your palm or see the ripple of a napkin. Aspiration is something like the sound "x" before a letter, but not as clear and obvious.

Below is a table of the Korean alphabet with Russian letter names, consonants.

Writing a letter	Its name in Korean alphabet	How to pronounce
ㄱ	kiek	Something between “k” and “g”, pronounced with a slight aspiration.
ㄴ	no	Pronounced like "n", without aspiration, a little on the nose.
ㄷ	tigyt	Something between “d” and “t”, with a slight aspiration.
ㄹ	Ri-eul	Depending on the position in the word, it can be pronounced as the sound “r” (not as sharp as in Russian) or “l”.
ㅁ	miyim	It sounds almost like the sound “m” in Russian, only a little deeper and seemingly rounder.
ㅂ	piip (biip)	Something between "p" and "b", with a slight aspiration.
ㅅ	shiot	Pronounced as “s” if after ㅅ there is a letter ㅣ, it is read as “shchi”, while š is something between “š” and “s”.
ㅇ	iyng	Similar to If it is at the beginning of a syllable with a vowel, it is not read by itself, only the vowel is pronounced. At the end of a syllable it is pronounced with a nasal sound "ng".
ㅈ	dzhiyt	"j"
ㅊ	chyyt	"chh" or "tchh"
ㅋ	khiyk	Pronounced with a lot of aspiration like "kh".
ㅌ	thiyt	Pronounced with a lot of aspiration as "th".
ㅍ	phiip	Pronounced with a lot of aspiration like "ph".
ㅎ	hiyt	Pronounced like "h".
ㄲ	ssang kiek	“k” without any aspiration, pronounced very sharply.
ㄸ	ssang tigyt	“t” without any aspiration, pronounced very sharply.
ㅃ	ssang biyp	A very sharp "p".
ㅆ	ssang shiot	A very sharp "s".
ㅉ	ssang dzhiyt	Pronounced "ts"

Pronunciation is an important component in learning every foreign language.

This lesson is about the characters of the Korean alphabet

1.2 Basics

• The Korean alphabet is called "Hangul"
• Hangeul – phonetic alphabet
• Hangeul is a syllabary alphabet. Hangul elements are combined into syllables
• Elements of Hangul are called "chamo"

1.3 Chamo vowels

Basic vowels: ㅏㅓㅗㅜㅡㅣ

Chamo are divided into light (ㅏ, ㅗ), dark (ㅓ, ㅜ) and neutral (ㅡ, ㅣ).

Chamo ㅓ and ㅗ are pronounced almost the same. The difference is that when pronouncing ㅗ the lips are curled up, while when pronouncing ㅓ the lips are relaxed.

Chamo can be combined into diphthongs. Wherein:

• Light Chamos can only team up with Light or Neutral Chamos
• Dark Chamo can only team up with Dark or Neutral Chamo

An association	Diphthong	Pronunciation
ㅏ + ㅣ	ㅐ	E
ㅓ + ㅣ	ㅔ	E
ㅗ + ㅏ	ㅘ	UA
ㅜ + ㅓ	ㅝ	UO
ㅗ + ㅣ	ㅚ	YuE
ㅜ + ㅣ	ㅟ	UI
ㅗ + ㅐ	ㅙ	UE
ㅜ + ㅔ	ㅞ	UE
ㅡ + ㅣ	ㅢ	YY

The pronunciation of ㅐ and ㅔ is no different.

There are also iotized chamos. These chamos differ only by adding one more dash:

1.4 Chamo consonants

Some consonants have different pronunciations depending on whether they are voiced or not.

If a consonant is found after a vowel or after a voiced consonant (for example, after M, N), it is voiced. If a consonant is at the beginning of a word or at the junction of two voiceless consonants, it is not voiced.

Basic consonants:

The four basic Chamo consonants have similar Chamo aspirates:

In addition, the five basic consonants have similar double consonants. They are always deaf. They are pronounced the same way as the basic chamo, only harder and longer:

1.5 Combining chamo into a syllable

1.5.1 Types of joins

The syllable always begins with a chamo consonant.

Chamo can be combined into a syllable in the following combinations:

• Consonant + Vowel
• Consonant + Vowel + Consonant
• Consonant + Vowel + Digraph (two consonants)

1.5.2 Consonant + Vowel

If the vowel is written vertically (ㅏㅐㅑㅒㅓㅔㅕㅖㅣ), then the syllable is written from left to right:

For example:

• ㅅ + ㅜ = 수
• ㅇ + ㅡ = 으
• ㄷ + ㅗ = 도

If a vowel occupies two cells (ㅘㅙㅚㅝㅞㅟㅢ), then the syllable is written from top to bottom to the right:

For example:

• ㅅ + ㅏ + ㅁ = 삼
• ㅂ + ㅓ + ㄴ = 번
• ㅊ + ㅣ + ㄹ = 칠

CONSONANT

VOWEL

PATCHING

For example:

• ㄱ + ㅜ + ㄱ = 국
• ㄱ + ㅡ + ㅁ = 금
• ㄷ + ㅗ + ㄹ = 돌

CONSONANT	VOWEL
VOWEL
PATCHING

For example:

• ㅅ +ᅱ + ㄴ = 쉰
• ㄱ +ᅪ + ㄴ = 관
• ㅇ +ᅯ + ㄴ = 원

1.5.4 Consonant + Vowel + Digraph (two consonants)

Some Chamo consonants can form pairs. Such pairs are placed only in the patch. There can only be one chamo consonant at the beginning of a syllable (including the double consonants ㄲㄸㅃㅆㅉ).

The following combinations of digraphs are possible: ㄳㄵㄶㄺㄻㄼㄽㄾㄿㅀㅄ. There are no other combinations of consonants.

For example:

• ㅇ + ㅣ + ㄹ + ㄱ = 읽
• ㅇ + ㅓ + ㅂ + ㅅ = 없
• ㅇ + ㅏ + ㄴ + ㅎ = 않
• ㅇ + ㅗ + ㄹ + ㅁ = 옮
• ㅇ + ㅡ + ㄹ + ㅍ = 읊
• ㄱ + ㅜ + ㄹ + ㄱ = 굵

The modern Korean alphabet consists of 40 letters - 24 main and 16 compound. Of them 19 - consonants and 21 vowels.
In the Korean language, there are 14 simple and 5 compound letters to represent consonants sounds. Among vowels There are 10 simple and 11 compound letters in the Korean language.
Total:
Consonants - 19 (14 main and 5 constituent).
Vowels - 21 (10 main and 11 diphthongs).

자음
The creation of consonants is based on 5 initial letters:
ㄱ (To- at first / G
ㄴ (n )
ㅁ (m )
ㅅ (With )
ㅇ (not at the beginning / eyn- in the middle or at the end of a syllable)
Next, the remaining consonants were formed:
ㄷ (T- at the beginning of a syllable / d- in the middle or at the end of a syllable)
ㄹ (R- at the beginning of a syllable / l- in the middle or at the end of a syllable)
ㅂ (P- at the beginning of a syllable / b- in the middle or at the end of a syllable)
ㅈ (zh )
ㅊ (h )
ㅋ (kh )
ㅌ (tx )
ㅍ (ph )
ㅎ (X )
These were 5 basic consonants and 9 consonants formed from them, but there are also 5 double consonants:
ㄲ (ky )
ㄸ (You )
ㅃ (py )
ㅆ (ss )
ㅉ (tsy )
As we can see, each double consonant is formed from two main consonants. The pronunciation of these consonants is very short but stronger than that of ordinary consonants. In total we got 19 consonants, 14 main and 5 double.
모음

____________________________________________________________________________________________

The creation of vowels is based on 2 letters:
ㅡ (s )
ㅣ (And )
Next, the remaining main vowels were formed:
ㅗ (oo )
ㅛ (e )
ㅜ (at )
ㅠ (Yu )
ㅏ (A )
ㅑ (I )
ㅓ (O )
ㅕ (yo )
These are the basic vowels. There are also so-called diffthongs, these are complex vowels:
ㅐ (uh )
ㅒ (yeah )
ㅔ (e )
ㅖ (yeah )
ㅢ (th )
ㅚ (oh )
ㅘ (oa )
ㅙ (oe )
ㅟ (ui )
ㅝ (woah )
ㅞ (ye )

Everything is simple here, diphthongs are formed in the same way as double consonants. So, in total we have 21 vowels, of which 10 are main and 11 are diphthongs.

ATTENTION: Before moving on to the next lesson, learn Korean alphabet. It can be downloaded and printed in . Practice in writing letters. A simple 5 minute workout will help you master reading in Korean.

P.S. The materials on learning the Korean language posted on the site were written by one of our users who is studying at a Korean school. Since such lessons were created by an unprofessional teacher, they may contain errors (typos in Russian) and discrepancies (in the rules of the Korean language, such as “zh” and “j” or “ua” or “va”). We ask you to treat such materials as an additional tool to test your knowledge. Basically, these lessons are published on the site for users who cannot attend Korean language courses in their hometown.

Until some time, the Korean language was not of particular interest to those who love to learn languages. But that was before many of the Korean trends that piqued the interest of people around the world. We're talking about Hallyu (Korean Wave) - dramas, K-pop, the funny dance style "gangnam sithail" created by PSY (Park Chaesang) that has taken the world by storm.

And this is not to mention smartphones, cars, and household appliances produced by South Korean companies.

Since the time of King Sejong the Great, it has been believed that anyone can learn Hangul in just an hour and learn to read Korean within a day. Hangul, created by the king and a group of court scholars, was promulgated in 1446 so that ordinary Koreans could easily learn to read and write. In those days, only rich people could attend schools that taught hancha or Chinese characters.

The origin of the Korean language is not exactly known. Some linguists believe that it is in the "Altai" language group. Finnish linguist Gustav Ramstedt was the first to propose a genetic relationship between Korean and Altaic languages ​​(Manchu, Mongolian, Tungusic and Turkish) through systematic comparison. The languages ​​have some grammatical similarities, like agglutinative morphology. But there is no reliable evidence of a genetic relationship, and this theory is now largely discredited. Instead, it is increasingly being classified as a language isolate, which means it shows no significant connection with any other living language on Earth.

Korea, like Japan, thanks to its long historical ties and the strong cultural influence exerted by China, shares not only a common sociocultural heritage, but also a common linguistic heritage. This is represented in the lexicons of Korean and Japanese. Up to 60% of Korean words are of Chinese origin. But structurally the two languages ​​are absolutely unrelated. About 35% are native words, 5% are borrowings from other languages. Chinese has a strict word order (subject-verb-object) and does not have grammatical particles like those found in Korean and Japanese (both languages ​​have an identical particle system). However, the belonging of both languages ​​to the same family is controversial. Word order in Korean (and Japanese) is subject-object-verb (rule: the verb always comes last in the sentence and comes after the object) with particles connecting the words in the sentence.

1. 엄마가(omma-ga) + 계란빵을(keranppang-eul) + 샀어요(sasso-yo). [Mom + bought egg bread]. 형제는 집을 짓는다 – Brother is building a house (brother + house + building).
2. お母さんが(okosan-ga) + どら焼きを(dorayaki-wo) + 買った(katta). [Mom + dorayaki+ bought].

What is Hangul? First of all, learning the Korean language from scratch on your own should start with Hangul. KoreanWikiProject

It is almost entirely phonetic and helps form correct pronunciation. 한글 – Korean alphabet: han means Korean, gul means letter. Learning to read and write Korean is not difficult. Learning Hangul is much easier than trying to learn the Romanized alphabet of Korean (while learning, you come across many resources that use the Romanized alphabet).

The letters of the Korean alphabet are called chamo (자모). The modern alphabet uses 19 consonants and 21 vowels; vowels are written with ㅇ (iyn). Korean has more vowels, which makes it easier to understand the structure of the language. Many meanings of phrases and sentences come from the use of various particles added to the end of words. Hangul letters are stacked in blocks to form a syllable. For example, ㅎ, ㅏ and ㄴ are separate characters. But since they form one syllable, then ㅎ + ㅏ + ㄴ = 한 (han). And another example is ㄱ + ㅡ + ㄹ = 글 (kyl). We combine the syllables into a word: 한 글 = 한글 (two syllables and six letters).

*letter ㄹ (riul) is read as p or l depending on its placement in the syllable; at the beginning of a syllable and between two vowels like p, at the end like l; voiceless consonants are voiced if they are between vowels, so the letter ㄱ (kiyok) will be read as g in the Hangul word 한글.

In Korean, a consonant begins each syllable and is always followed by a vowel and is either to the right of it or below it; if a syllable begins with a vowel, then it is written with an unpronounceable ㅇ (iyn). A syllable can have 2, 3, and in rare cases 4 letters. 한 is one of the main ways of addition, when the vowel is to the right of the first consonant, the third character is below them. 글 is another basic way of addition, where the vowel is under the first consonant and the third symbol is under it.

Letter	Title (South Korean)	International phonetic transcription	Romanization
ㅏ	A(아)	/a/	A
ㅐ	uh(애)	/ɛ/	Ae
ㅑ	I(야)	/ja/	Ya
ㅒ	e(얘)	/jɛ/	Yae
ㅓ	O(어)	/ʌ/	Eo
ㅔ	uh(에)	/e/	E
ㅕ	e(여)	/jʌ/	Yeo
ㅖ	e(예)	/je/	Yes
ㅗ	O(오)	/o/	O
ㅘ	wow(와)	/wa/	Wa
ㅙ	uh(왜)	/wɛ/	Wae
ㅚ	uh(외)	/ø/ ~	Oe
ㅛ	e(요)	/jo/	Yo
ㅜ	at(우)	/u/	U
ㅝ	woah(워)	/wʌ/	Wo
ㅞ	uh(웨)	/we/	We
ㅟ	ui(위)	/y/ ~ [ɥi]	Wi
ㅠ	Yu(유)	/ju/	Yu
ㅡ	s(으)	/ɯ/	Eu
ㅢ	th(의)	/ɰi/	Ui
ㅣ	And(이)	/i/	I

Letter	Name	English name	IPA	Romanization
ㄱ	cue(기역)	giyeok	/k/	at the beginning of the syllable g; final – k
ㄴ	no(니은)	nieun	/n/	N
ㄷ	tigyt(디귿)	dieut	/t/	at the beginning of the syllable d; final – t
ㄹ	Ri-eul(리을)	rieul	/ɾ/	initial – r; final – l
ㅁ	miyim(미음)	mieum	/m/	M
ㅂ	peep(비읍)	bieup	/p/	initial – b; final – p
ㅅ	Siot(시옷)	siot	/s/	initial – s; final – t
ㅈ	chyyt(지읒)	jieut	/tɕ/	initial – j; final – t
ㅊ	chhiyt(치읓)	chieut	/tɕʰ/	initial – ch; final – t
ㅋ	khiyk(키읔)	ḳieuk	/kʰ/	K
ㅌ	thiyt(티읕)	ṭieut	/tʰ/	T
ㅍ	phiip(피읖)	p̣ieup	/pʰ/	P
ㅎ	hiyt(히읗)	hieuh	/h/	initial – h; final – t
ㅇ	iyn(이응)	'ieung	not pronounced at the beginning of a syllable; /ŋ/	initial –’; final –ng

Letter	Title (South Korean)		English name	IPA	Romanization
ㄲ	ssangiyok(쌍기역)		Ssangiyeok	/k͈/	kk
ㄸ	ssandigyt(쌍디귿)		Ssangdigeut	/t͈/	tt
ㅃ	ssanbiyp(쌍비읍)		Ssangbieup	/p͈/	pp
ㅆ	ssansiot(쌍시옷)		Ssangsiot	/s͈/	ss
ㅉ	ssanjiyt(쌍지읒)		Ssangjieut	/t͈ɕ/	jj

Motivation to learn

Korean is the 17th most spoken language in the world, with nearly 80 million speakers. It is spoken by residents of the Korean Peninsula and its surrounding islands, with more than 3 million speakers living around the world. Koreans are very friendly and respectful towards representatives of other cultures. They even invented "Konglish" - a hybrid of Korean and English. If you speak English, then when learning Korean for beginners from scratch, you will find that many words and concepts are already quite familiar to you, their pronunciation is almost identical in the two languages.

South Korea is a very beautiful and dynamically developing country. Learning Korean has benefits whether we do it for fun, for work, or to learn the basics while planning a trip. The number of foreigners who want to learn Korean from scratch has increased in recent years. There are several reasons for this. Some people want to understand Korean television dramas (K-drama) and the lyrics of their favorite pop music songs (K-pop) or other aspects of an interesting culture, while others plan to work in Korea in the near future.

Yes, Korean is not a major world language, but it is very important for Asian businesses due to Korea's growing trade volume. With major companies like Samsung, LG, Hyundai, South Korea is the 12th largest economy in the world. Many leading companies are seen as a bridge to East Asian markets. Employers and agents are looking for talented people with knowledge of languages, foreign cultures and markets.

There is one good reason if Korean is the first "Asian" language to learn. Among the “Asian” languages, Korean is one of the simplest. At the same time, it retains some similarities with Japanese and Chinese. In other words, it can become a kind of gateway to the large and complex world of Asian languages ​​as a whole. Starting to study something that is relatively easy and understandable is a good incentive. This motivates and inspires further learning, not only Korean, but also other languages.

How to choose a model for language learning?

As with any language, the Korean language starts from scratch by memorizing the alphabet. The unfamiliar Hangul characters may seem intimidating at first, but the Korean alphabet is actually an easy alphabet to learn. It is not an exaggeration to say that it only takes a few hours to memorize Hangul. The shape of consonants is based on the articulation of the tongue, throat, palate and teeth to create each sound.

Once you have mastered Hangul, you can begin to expand your vocabulary. Make a phrasebook for yourself, adding numbers, days of the week, time, and basic phrases.

A simple but important tip on how to learn Korean quickly is to choose the right learning style for yourself. As you know, there are three main styles:

• visual;
• learning by ear;
• kinesthetic.

Many programs offer a combination of the three approaches, but focusing on a specific learning style helps maximize learning and learn more effectively. A test (in English) to find out which method will work best for you.

Courses

Learning Korean from scratch on your own is a fun activity, but it is possible that after a while you may lose motivation. Finding a way to freshen up your routine may include group activities with other like-minded students. A Korean language course is typically more fast-paced than a self-paced approach, with each lesson incorporating immediate feedback from the teacher and language interactions with other students. This is also a great opportunity to practice speaking while learning important topics such as Korean grammar and pronunciation.

Self-study at home

First of all, you need to choose a resource as your main reference material: an educational book, an online course or an application. The goal of popular textbooks from Yonsei University, Sogyong University, Kyung Hee University, and Seoul University is to deepen students' understanding of the Korean language through the necessary vocabulary and grammar, as well as Korean culture.

On the other hand, if you do not intend to teach or translate at the highest level in the future, then many online resources and blogs can help, which provide an endless amount of information in easy-to-understand terminology and all for free. For example, How to Study Korean, available in multiple languages.

How to learn Korean on your own? This will have to be done in the context of understanding the culture of the country. Staying in touch with cultural aspects offers topics for conversation, keeps you updated on changing trends, teaches jokes and phrases, and ultimately becomes a better resource for your own development and enables you to master each level with ease.

The Test of Korean Proficiency (TOPIK), which is administered by the National Institute of International Education (NIIED), is administered six times a year, in January, April, May, July, October and November, only in South Korea (on rare occasions outside countries). It is designed for people who are going to study at Korean universities or work in Korean companies. The test results are valid for two years after the announcement of the exam results.

Korean language levels:

1. TOPIK I includes two levels (A1-A2).
2. TOPIK II – four levels (B1-B2, C1-C2).

Level A1 provides the ability to conduct basic conversations related to everyday life (dating people, shopping, ordering food, etc.), navigate topics such as family, hobbies, weather, etc. The student should be able to create simple and useful sentences from 800 basic words and phrases and understand basic grammar.

Level A2 – ability to conduct conversations about everyday matters using from 1500 to 2000 words, correctly use special addresses depending on the situation.

Training with a tutor

Structured learning through private lessons from a qualified teacher can provide the extra push you need to really speed up your learning process. For those who are deciding how to learn Korean quickly, a tutor will be a good guide through difficult concepts and will also be someone who is able to teach but also be responsible for achieving the learner's goal.

Studying a language at a foreign language school

How to learn Korean? A fantastic option is Lexis Language School, which offers general courses covering all levels, as well as Korean language test prep courses and private lessons. The best feature of Lexis is that anyone who wants to learn Korean can start on any Monday, even if they have an absolute zero in the language, and stay in school as long as they see fit. In addition, the language school helps with settling in Korea, offering various accommodation options nearby, including a home option (staying with a Korean family). Lexis recently opened a campus in Busan.

The best services for learning Korean

1. Udemy. An online course covering the basics of communicating in Korean via video.
2. FluentU. Multimedia content offering music videos, commercials, news and dialogue for lessons.
3. Locsen. A free site that uses multimedia tools for learning.
4. Sogang Online. A program that will help you intensively master a university course. The free course is based on the principles of Korean language learning at Sogyong University, focusing on conversation.

How to learn speaking correctly

When you start speaking Korean, you are faced with a number of grammatical structures and rules that are difficult to remember right away. At this stage of learning, it is more important not to “get bogged down” in what is called speaking correctly. Of course, you will have to learn all the relevant grammatical structures, but this should not stop you from simply trying to speak Korean. The goal of learning any language is to communicate, and Korean teachers agree that for levels 1-2 the key is to practice speaking as much as possible, even making grammatical mistakes. Everything will come in time.

The difficult aspect of the Korean language is that it is hierarchical. This means that different words and phrases are used depending on who you are talking to. Korean grammar uses an extensive system of special addresses to express differences in social status and gender between interlocutors. In modern Korean culture, addresses are used to differentiate between formal and informal speech based on level of familiarity.

• 오빠 (oppa) = "elder brother"; used by a woman in relation to a brother or friend who is older than her정국 오빠, 사랑 해요! (Jungkook oppa, saranghaeyo!): Jungkook oppa, saranghaeyo! – Jungkook (brother), I love you!
• 언니(unni) = “older sister”; used by a young woman when addressing an older sister or friend;
• 누나 (noona) = "elder sister"; used by a man when addressing a sister or older friend;
• 선배 (sunbae) = “senior”, “senior student”; by age in an organization or educational institution (this is how a new student addresses a senior student);
• 후배 (hube) = “junior” in the organization, “junior student” (address of a senior student to a junior student);
• 동생 (dongsaeng/dongsaeng) = “younger” brother/sister (siblings); used by a man or woman in relation to a younger brother or sister, boyfriend or girlfriend. For example, the phrase: 아니야 는 내 여자 친구 가 아니야. 이야 아는 동생 이야.(aniya neun nae yeoja chingu ga aniya. iya aneun dongsaeng iya). Aniya now ne yocha chinku ka aniya. Iya anin dongsaeng iya. - No, she is not my girlfriend. This is my little sister.
• 여동생 (yodonsen) = “younger sister”; used by older brother: 내 여동생 소개할게; 이름은 김수진이야. 수진아, 인사해. (nae yeodongsaeng sogaehalge; ileum-eun gimsujin-iya. sujin-a, insahae). Ne yodonsen soge(h)alge; Ireumyn Kimsuchiniya. Bitch, insa(h)e. – Let me introduce my sister; her name is Kim Suchin. Suchin, say hi.
• 남동생(namdongsaeng) = “younger brother”; used by a man or woman in relation to a younger man;
• A: 준철 이 어디 있어? (juncheol i eodi iss-eo?). Chunchul and Odi Isso? -Where is Chunchul? B: 아, 내 남동생? 있어 피씨방 에 있어. (a, nae namdongsaeng? Jigeum pissibange isseo). Ah, nae namdongsaeng’? Isso rissiban e isso. - Ah, my brother? He's in an internet cafe.
• 씨 (ssi / cabbage soup) is used in a business environment to refer to someone to whom some respect needs to be shown: 소희 씨 (sohui ssi) sokhui cabbage soup - Mr. Sokhui.
• 님 (nim) – one level more respectful than 씨; 소연 님 안녕하세요 (soyeon nim annyeonghaseyo) Soyeon nim annyeonghaseyo. - Hello, Mr. Soyeon.
• 어머님 (homonym) = “mother”; respectful address to mother (mother-in-law or mother of a friend), used by men and women. Synonyms엄마 (omma) 어머니 (omoni);
• 아버님 (abonym) = “father”; a respectful address to a father (father-in-law or father of an acquaintance), used by men and women. Synonyms아빠 (appa), 아버지 (abochi);
• 아주머니 (achumoni) = middle-aged woman (40-60), aunt (but not in a family relationship), married woman. Synonyms: 아줌마 (achumma). The address is usually used in everyday life, but some women may be offended by it. Therefore, if you are not sure how to attract the attention of a middle-aged woman, you can say something like 죄송한데요...juesonghandeyo...sorry...
• 아저씨 (achossi) = middle-aged man (40-60), uncle 아저씨, 이거 얼마 예요? (Ajeossi, igeo eolmayeyo?) sir, how much does it cost?
• 할아버지 (harabochi) = “grandfather” (over 70 years old); 할아버지 편찮으세요? (Harabeoji pyeonchaneuseyo?) harabochi pyeonchaneuseyo - Grandpa, are you feeling well?
• 할머니 (halmoni) grandmother (over 70 years old);
• 아가씨 (agassi) = girl, young woman who is not yet married (miss); used when addressed by adults; 아가씨, 혈액형이 뭐예요? – Girl, what is your blood type?
• 이모님 (onym) = woman between 50 and 60; the address is used in a relaxed atmosphere; 이모(님)! 여기 소주 한 병 주세요! - Auntie, bring a bottle of soju!

Which language is easier to learn - Korean, Chinese or Japanese?

The Foreign Service Institute, which produces detailed multi-language training courses for diplomats, says Korean is not an easy language to learn, but it has great advantages over Chinese that make it easier to learn. For example, tones that can make learning more difficult; they are in Chinese, but they are not in Korean. Pronunciation in Korean is more difficult than in Japanese, but not as difficult as in Chinese. The grammar is very similar to Japanese. Koreans also use special addresses, but they may not be as extensive as Japanese ones.

We can say that if memorizing hieroglyphs is bad, then Chinese will be the most difficult to learn. If, on the contrary, the study of hieroglyphs seems interesting, but the grammar turns out to be a weak point, then in this case Japanese will be more difficult. Korean probably occupies a middle position.

Of course, the fact that one word has more than one meaning in Korean is confusing. For example, 어 can mean fish and a word, and several other meanings. But context clues in Korean will greatly speed up the learning process for beginners.

Verbs in Korean vary depending on factors such as tense (past, present and future) and level of politeness, but this is all predictable depending on whether the verb ends with a consonant or a vowel. Since there are a limited number of consonants and about five types of irregular verbs, it won't take long to memorize. Moreover, verbs remain the same no matter what pronoun is used (I, you, he, they...).

In Korean, a lot of things are simplified. Pronouns are rarely used in spoken language, so often you can only say a verb, and the interlocutor will understand from the context who is being referred to. To make a plural, you only need to add one letter to the word, but this is usually omitted in conversation.

For nouns, counting words (counting suffixes) are used, similar to those used in Chinese and Japanese.

How to quickly learn Korean on your own? To do this you need:

1. Learn Hangul, read each letter of the Korean alphabet correctly; its name and how it should be pronounced. Spend some time writing while making sounds. Then move on to writing simple words. Don't stop writing down words and phrases in Korean even after you have mastered all the sounds, thus training your memory.
2. Learn basic phrases and simple sentences.
3. Basic vocabulary for communication in everyday life.
4. Be able to form sentences using special addresses and particles (조사chosa).
5. Phrases for dating, shopping, lunch, congratulations.
6. Dates and times.

As you study, try to read sentences written in Hangul. Try changing the basic sentences you have learned using new words. By using particles (chosa), you can speak Korean fluently even if you haven't learned Korean grammar properly. In general, most of the difficulties in learning Korean are associated with special expressions and chosa. Even native Koreans sometimes confuse these things in oral conversations.

The alphabet consists of

!ATTENTION! Letters are always written from left to right And top down

And now, take a notebook in a cage, write down and at the same time pronounce the pronunciation about 10 times (+\- infinity) for each letter in the correct spelling order as written in the tables, we try to get into a square of 4 cells.

ㅏㅗㅓㅜㅣㅡ J)

ㅏ + ㅣ = ㅐ ;

ㅣ + ㅐ = ㅒ ;

ㅓ + ㅣ = ㅔ

ㅕ + ㅣ = ㅖ

ㅗ + ㅏ = ㅘ

ㅗ + ㅐ = ㅙ

ㅗ + ㅣ = ㅚ

ㅜ + ㅓ = ㅝ

ㅜ + ㅔ = ㅞ

ㅜ + ㅣ = ㅟ

ㅡ + ㅣ = ㅢ

*Tables taken from Won Gwan's textbook.

P/S, if you really want to, you can study in one evening. Good luck!

Vowel letters in Korean are divided into “light” and “dark”. For “light” people, the short line is located to the right or above the main line (ㅏㅗ ) for “dark” ones, the short line is located on the left or bottom, respectively (ㅓ ㅜ ). There is a principle that “dark” is combined with “dark”, and “light” with “light”. According to which diphthongs are constructed from “simple” vowels. (Vowelsㅣ ㅡ , are neutral or something J)

ㅏ + ㅣ = ㅐ ;

ㅣ + ㅐ = ㅒ ;

ㅓ + ㅣ = ㅔ

ㅕ + ㅣ = ㅖ

ㅗ + ㅏ = ㅘ

ㅗ + ㅐ = ㅙ

ㅗ + ㅣ = ㅚ

ㅜ + ㅓ = ㅝ

ㅜ + ㅔ = ㅞ

ㅜ + ㅣ = ㅟ

ㅡ + ㅣ = ㅢ