Protection of Nature- this is a rational, reasonable use of natural resources, which helps to preserve the pristine diversity of nature and improve the living conditions of the population. For nature protection Earth the world community is taking concrete action.
Effective measures to protect endangered species and natural biocenoses are to increase the number of reserves, expand their territories, create nurseries for the artificial cultivation of endangered species and reintroduce (that is, return) them into nature.
A powerful human impact on ecological systems can lead to sad results that can provoke a whole chain of environmental changes.
The influence of anthropogenic factors on organisms
Most of the organic matter does not decompose immediately, but is stored in the form of wood, soil and water sediments. After being preserved for many millennia, these organic substances turn into fossil fuels (coal, peat and oil).
Every year on Earth, photosynthetic organisms synthesize about 100 billion tons of organic substances. Over the geological period (1 billion years), the predominance of the synthesis of organic substances over the process of their decomposition led to a decrease in the content of CO 2 and an increase in O 2 in the atmosphere.
Meanwhile, since the second half of the XX century. the increased development of industry and agriculture began to cause a steady increase in the content of CO 2 in the atmosphere. This phenomenon can cause climate change on the planet.
Conservation of natural resources
In the matter of nature protection, the transition to the use of industrial and agricultural technologies, which make it possible to economically use natural resources, is of great importance. For this you need:
- the most complete use of fossil natural resources;
- recycling of production wastes, use of non-waste technologies;
- obtaining energy from environmentally friendly sources by using the energy of the Sun, wind, ocean kinetic energy, underground energy.
Especially effective is the introduction of non-waste technologies operating in closed cycles, when waste is not emitted into the atmosphere or into water basins, but is reused.
Biodiversity conservation
The protection of existing species of living organisms is also of great importance in biological, ecological and cultural terms. Every living species is a product of centuries of evolution and has its own gene pool. None of the existing species can be considered absolutely beneficial or harmful. Those species that were considered harmful may eventually turn out to be useful. That is why the protection of the gene pool of existing species is of particular importance. Our task is to preserve all living organisms that have come down to us after a long evolutionary process.
Plant and animal species, the number of which has already declined or is endangered, are listed in the Red Book and are protected by law. In order to protect nature, reserves, micro-reserves, natural monuments, plantations of medicinal plants, reservations, national parks are created and other environmental measures are taken. material from the site
"Man and the Biosphere"
In order to protect nature in 1971, the international program "Man and the Biosphere" (in English "Man and Biosfera" - abbreviated as MAB) was adopted. According to this program, the state of the environment and human impact on the biosphere are studied. The main objectives of the "Man and the Biosphere" program are forecasting the consequences of modern human economic activity, developing methods for the rational use of the riches of the biosphere and measures for its protection.
In countries participating in the MAB program, large biosphere reserves are being created, where changes that occur in ecosystems without human influence are studied (Fig. 80).
Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
Vladimir State University
MUROM INSTITUTE (BRANCH)
Department of Social and Humanistic Disciplines
Discipline: "BZD"
Specialty: 080502.65
"Economics and management at the enterprise"
TEST
on this topic:
« ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. HER SECURITY»
Performed:
student gr. EZ-407
Borisova Tatiana
Anatolievna
Checked:
Professor
………………………….
………………………….
……………………………
Moore 2007
PLAN:
1. DIRTYHENVIRONMENTAL IE:
1. Pollution of land and sea .............................. 3
1.1. Cleaning.............................................. 4
2. Air pollution.............................................. 4
2.1. Acid rain.............................. 5
2.2. Ozone layer................................... 6
2.3. Greenhouse effect.............................. 6
2.3.1. Where do greenhouse gases come from?.................................. 7
2. PROTECTION OF NATURE:
1. Modern problems of nature protection:
1.1. The role of nature in the life of human society ....... 8
1.2. Exhaustible and inexhaustible natural resources... 9
1.3. Principles and rules of nature protection ............... 11
1.4. Legal Basis for Nature Conservation .................................. 13
1.5. Examples and additional information ............... 14
3. REFERENCES.......................... 16
1. POLLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT:
Environmental pollution harms the health of all living beings. There are also some types of natural pollution, such as smoke from forest fires and volcanoes, or pollen. However, from industrial enterprises, farms, power plants, transport, which emit harmful substances, nature is in real distress.
1. LAND AND SEA POLLUTION.
On land, waste is the main source of pollution. Huge areas are occupied by ugly garbage dumps. Some people even dump their garbage into rivers or directly onto the streets.
Industrial waste, such as waste rock dumps near coal mines, is also a huge landfill. There are also poisonous wastes, which are sometimes buried in the ground, which, however, is not always safe, since the poisons are mixed with groundwater. And if the water is contaminated, it can easily poison large areas of land, because the contaminated stream flows into the river, which spreads over a large area. Having reached the sea, it is carried by currents even further. Chemical industrial waste, pesticides and fertilizers used on farms are all washed into rivers and become food for bacteria. At the same time, bacteria also consume oxygen dissolved in water, as a result, fish and aquatic animals begin to suffocate. In a number of places, untreated sewage is discharged into rivers and seas and causes disease for both animals and humans.
Many animals, for example, get entangled in plastic rings from cans and, having received serious injuries, are dying.
Metals in industrial waste poison fish. And then the animals diewho eat fish.
Oil spilled from tankers into the water sticks to the plumage of birds. Feathers, covered with oil, can no longer warm the birds, and they die.
1.1. CLEANING.
The natural environment is already so seriously contaminated that it is now very difficult to completely eliminate pollution. To keep our environment clean, governments pass laws to prevent further pollution.
For example, tankers are not allowed to pump oil into the water. If they do so, the captains of these ships are subject to heavy fines.. Several cases of severe pollution caused by tankers are known throughout the world.
For example, the wreck off the coast of Alaska in 1989 of the tanker Exxon Valdez. The spilled oil from the tanker caused great damage to the coast, fishing grounds and marine life. After the accident, the specialists had to act very quickly to save the animals and clean up the sea and its shores.
There are several ways to clean the sea from oil. Peat or straw that absorbs oil is spread over the surface of the water and then collected and burned. Or the spread of the oil slick is stopped with the help of floating barriers, booms, and then the tanker sucks the oil back.
2. AIR POLLUTION.
Emissions from industrial plants and car exhaust pollute the air with all sorts of substances that are harmful to health, such as lead. In some big cities, like Mexico City, it is very difficult to breathe - the air is very dirty. Such dirty air hanging over the city is called smog.
Loud noise is another type of environmental pollution. It can lead to deafness and other diseases.
2.1. ACID RAIN.
<
Animals and plants suffer from it.
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These gases can increase the acidity of the moisture contained in the air, a thousand times more than normal. The wind carries this moisture over a large area until the anna falls in the form of rain, it happens that over neighboring countries.
In 80% of the rivers and streams of Norway, there will soon be no life at all. For the same reason, ancient buildings are being destroyed, such as the Parthenon in Athens, and forests are dying in Europe and North America.
2.2. OZONE LAYER.
destroy the ozone layer
and holes form in it.
It can only return to its original state if people stop using CFC completely.
2.3. GREENHOUSE EFFECT.
The earth stays warm thanks to the atmosphere, which traps heat near the earth's surface. This phenomenon is called greenhouse effect, absolutely natural. However, many scientists believe that the temperature on Earth is gradually increasing.
This increase is caused by an increase in the content of gases in the air, called greenhouse gases. These include carbon dioxide, CFC and methane. They enhance the ability of the atmosphere to retain heat. This diagram explains how the greenhouse effect works.
2.3.1. WHERE DO GREENHOUSE GASES COME FROM?
A significant part of greenhouse gases occurs in normal conditions, but now they have accumulated in the air too much. Carbon dioxide is produced during the combustion of fuels and is also found in industrial waste. Plants absorb carbon dioxide, but now a significant part of the trees are cut down, and therefore carbon dioxide is absorbed by them much less. Methane is emitted from certain types of farms, such as cattle and rice farms, and also from the decomposition of garbage. CFCs are not natural gases, they are formed exclusively as a result of the activities of industrial enterprises.
2. NATURE PROTECTION.
"People obey the laws
nature, even when they act
against them" I.V. Goethe.
1. MODERNPROBLEMS OF NATURE PROTECTION:
1.1. THE ROLE OF NATURE IN THE LIFE OF HUMAN SOCIETY.
For man, nature is a series of life and a source of existence. As a biological species, a person needs a certain composition and pressure of atmospheric air, pure natural water with salts dissolved in it, plants and animals, and the earth's temperature. Optimal environment for humans - this is the natural state of nature, which is maintained by normally occurring processes of the circulation of substances and energy flows.
As a biological species, a person with his life activity affects the natural environment no more than other living organisms. However, this influence is incomparable with the huge impact that humanity has on nature through its work. The transforming influence of human society on nature is inevitable; it intensifies as society develops, the number and mass of substances involved in economic circulation increase.
The changes introduced by man have now acquired such a large scale that they have become a threat to disturb the balance existing in nature and an obstacle to the further development of the productive forces. For a long time, people looked at nature as an inexhaustible source of the material goods they needed.
However, faced with the negative consequences of their impact on nature, they gradually came to believe in the need for its rational use and protection.
Russian Federation
Environmental legislation in
Lecture 7
Additional
1. "Report on the state and protection of the environment of the Saratov region".
2. Journals: "Ecological Bulletin of Russia", "Ecology", "Use and Protection of Natural Resources in Russia".
4. Federal Law of the Russian Federation of November 23, 1995 No. 174-FZ “On Environmental Expertise” (as amended by the Federal Law of April 15, 1998 No. 65-FZ).
5. Harmful substances. Classification and general safety requirements GOST 12.1.007-76 SSBT.
6. Atmosphere. General requirements for methods for determining pollutants. GOST 17.2.4.02-81.
7. Soils. Classification of chemicals for pollution control. GOST 17.4.1.02-83.
8. Sanitary rules and norms for the protection of surface waters from pollution. SanPiN 4630-88.
9. Environmental passport GOST 17.0.0.4-90.
10. Sanitary protection zones and sanitary classification of enterprises, structures and other objects SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.111.1200-03.
environmental protection is a system of scientific knowledge and a set of state, international and public events aimed at the rational use, protection and restoration of natural resources, the conservation of biological diversity, the protection of the environment from pollution and destruction in order to create optimal conditions for the existence of human society, to satisfy material and cultural needs of current and future generations.
The main tasks of environmental protection:
1. rational use of natural resources;
2. protection of nature from pollution;
3. conservation of biological diversity.
The main purpose of environmental protection is the improvement of public health, the preservation and improvement of natural conditions in the process of nature management, the consistent reduction of pollution sources, as well as continuous monitoring of the state of the environment and the factors affecting it in various types of human activities.
Environment- a set of components of the natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects, as well as anthropogenic objects.
Components of the natural environment– land, subsoil, soils, surface and underground waters, atmospheric air, flora, fauna and other organisms, as well as the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth outer space, which together provide favorable conditions for the existence of life on Earth.
Favorable environment- the environment, the quality of which ensures the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects.
natural object- a natural ecological system, a natural landscape and its constituent elements that have retained their natural properties.
Natural-anthropogenic object- a natural object modified as a result of economic and other activities and an object created by man, possessing the properties of a natural object and having a recreational and protective value.
anthropogenic object- an object created by man to meet his social needs and does not have the properties of natural objects.
Municipal Educational Institution
Secondary School No. 2
Message.
Environmental protection.
Performed:
Student 11 "B" class
Environment.
ENVIRONMENT - the habitat and activities of mankind, the natural world surrounding man and the material world created by him. The environment includes the natural environment and the artificial (technogenic) environment, i.e., a set of environmental elements created from natural substances by labor and the conscious will of a person and which have no analogues in virgin nature (buildings, structures, etc.). Social production changes the environment, influencing directly or indirectly on all its elements. This impact and its negative consequences were especially intensified in the era of modern scientific and technological revolution, when the scale of human activity, covering almost the entire geographical envelope of the Earth, became comparable to the effect of global natural processes.
Protection of Nature.
NATURE PROTECTION - a set of measures for the conservation, rational use and restoration of the Earth's natural resources, including the species diversity of flora and fauna, the richness of the subsoil, the purity of the waters and the atmosphere.
The danger of irreversible changes in the natural environment in certain regions of the Earth has become real due to the increased scale of human economic activity. From the beginning of the 80s. on average, 1 species (or subspecies) of animals disappeared daily, and a plant species - weekly (more than 20 thousand species are endangered). About 1000 species of birds and mammals (mostly inhabitants of tropical forests, reduced at a rate of tens of hectares per minute) are under threat of extinction.
About 1 billion tons of standard fuel are burned annually, hundreds of millions of tons of nitrogen oxides, sulfur, carbon oxides (some of which are returned in the form of acid rain), soot, ash and dust are emitted into the atmosphere. Soils and waters are polluted by industrial and domestic effluents (hundreds of billion tons per year), oil products (several million tons), mineral fertilizers (about a hundred million tons) and pesticides, heavy metals (mercury, lead, etc.), radioactive waste . There is a danger of violation of the Earth's ozone screen.
The ability of the biosphere to self-cleanse is close to the limit. The danger of uncontrolled changes in the environment and, as a result, the threat to the existence of living organisms on Earth, including humans, required decisive practical measures to protect and protect nature, legal regulation of the use of natural resources. Such measures include the creation of waste-free technologies, treatment facilities, streamlining the use of pesticides, stopping the production of pesticides that can accumulate in the body, land reclamation, etc., as well as the creation of protected areas (reserves, national parks, etc.), centers for breeding rare and endangered animals and plants (including for the conservation of the Earth's gene pool), compilation of world and national Red Data Books.
Environmental measures are provided for in land, forestry, water and other national legislation, which establishes liability for violation of environmental standards. In a number of countries, government environmental programs have resulted in significant improvements in environmental quality in certain regions (for example, a multi-year and costly program has restored the purity and quality of water in the Great Lakes). On an international scale, along with the creation of various international organizations on certain problems of nature protection, the UN Environment Program operates.
The main substances polluting the environment, their sources.
Carbon dioxide is the burning of fossil fuels.
Carbon monoxide is the work of internal combustion engines.
Carbons are the work of internal combustion engines.
Organic compounds - chemical industry, waste incineration, fuel combustion.
Sulfur dioxide is the burning of fossil fuels.
Nitrogen derivatives - combustion.
Radioactive substances - nuclear power plants, nuclear explosions.
Mineral compounds - industrial production, operation of internal combustion engines.
Organic substances, natural and synthetic - chemical industry, fuel combustion, waste incineration, agriculture (pesticides).
Conclusion.
The protection of nature is the task of our century, a problem that has become a social one. To fundamentally improve the situation, purposeful and thoughtful actions will be needed. A responsible and efficient policy towards the environment will be possible only if we accumulate reliable data on the current state of the environment, substantiated knowledge about the interaction of important environmental factors, if we develop new methods to reduce and prevent harm caused to nature by man.
Literature.
Romad F. Fundamentals of applied ecology.
Dictionary.
MINISTRY OF GENERAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
KEMEROVSK STATE UNIVERSITY
REPORT
"The essence and directions of environmental protection ..."
Completed:
St-t gr. SP-981
Pavlenko P. Yu.
Checked:
Belaya Tatyana Yurievna
Kemerovo - 99
1. Essence and directions of environmental protection
§ 1. Types of environmental pollution and directions of its protection
§ 2. Objects and principles of environmental protection
2. Engineering protection of the environment
§ 1. Environmental activities of enterprises
§ 2. Types and principles of operation of treatment equipment and facilities
3. Regulatory framework for environmental protection
§ 1. System of standards and regulations
§ 2. Law on guard of nature
1. ESSENCE AND DIRECTIONS OF PROTECTION
ENVIRONMENT
§ 1. TYPES OF POLLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND DIRECTIONS OF ITS PROTECTION
A variety of human intervention in natural processes in the biosphere can be grouped into the following types of pollution, understanding them as any anthropogenic changes undesirable for ecosystems:
Ingredient (ingredient - an integral part of a complex compound or mixture) pollution as a set of substances quantitatively or qualitatively alien to natural biogeocenoses;
Parametric pollution (an environmental parameter is one of its properties, such as the level of noise, illumination, radiation, etc.) associated with a change in the qualitative parameters of the environment;
Biocenotic pollution, which consists in the impact on the composition and structure of the population of living organisms;
Stationary-destructive pollution (station - the habitat of the population, destruction - destruction), which is a change in landscapes and ecological systems in the process of nature management.
Until the 60s of our century, the protection of nature was understood mainly as the protection of its animal and plant life from extermination. Accordingly, the forms of this protection were mainly the creation of specially protected areas, the adoption of legal acts restricting the hunting of individual animals, etc. Scientists and the public were primarily concerned about the biocenotic and partially stationary-destructive effects on the biosphere. Ingredient and parametric pollution, of course, also existed, especially since there was no talk of installing treatment facilities at enterprises. But it was not as diverse and massive as it is now, it practically did not contain artificially created compounds that were not amenable to natural decomposition, and nature coped with it on its own. So, in rivers with undisturbed biocenosis and normal flow rate, not slowed down by hydraulic structures, under the influence of mixing, oxidation, sedimentation, absorption and decomposition by decomposers, disinfection by solar radiation, etc., polluted water completely restored its properties over a distance of 30 km from pollution sources .
Of course, separate centers of nature degradation were observed earlier in the vicinity of the most polluting industries. However, by the middle of the XX century. the rates of ingredient and parametric pollution have increased and their qualitative composition has changed so dramatically that in large areas the ability of nature to self-purify, i.e., the natural destruction of the pollutant as a result of natural physical, chemical and biological processes, has been lost.
At present, even such full-flowing and long rivers as the Ob, Yenisei, Lena and Amur are not self-purifying. What can we say about the long-suffering Volga, the natural flow rate of which is several times reduced by hydraulic structures, or the Tom River (Western Siberia), all the water of which industrial enterprises manage to take for their needs and drain back polluted at least 3-4 times before how it gets from source to mouth.
The ability of the soil to self-cleanse is undermined by a sharp decrease in the number of decomposers in it, which occurs under the influence of the immoderate use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers, the cultivation of monocultures, the complete harvesting of all parts of grown plants from the fields, etc.
§ 2. OBJECTS AND PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
Environmental protection is understood as a set of international, state and regional legal acts, instructions and standards that bring general legal requirements to each specific polluter and ensure its interest in meeting these requirements, specific environmental measures to implement these requirements.
Only if all these components correspond to each other in terms of content and pace of development, that is, if they form a single system of environmental protection, can one count on success.
Since the task of protecting nature from the negative impact of man was not solved in time, now the task of protecting man from the influence of the changed natural environment is increasingly becoming. Both of these concepts are integrated in the term "protection of the (human) natural environment".
Environmental protection consists of:
Legal protection, formulating scientific environmental principles in the form of legal laws that are binding;
Material incentives for environmental activities, seeking to make it economically beneficial for enterprises;
Engineering protection, developing environmental and resource-saving technology and equipment.
In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection", the following objects are subject to protection:
Natural ecological systems, the ozone layer of the atmosphere;
The earth, its subsoil, surface and underground waters, atmospheric air, forests and other vegetation, fauna, microorganisms, genetic fund, natural landscapes.
State natural reserves, natural reserves, national natural parks, natural monuments, rare or endangered species of plants and animals and their habitats are specially protected.
The main principles of environmental protection should be:
Priority to ensure favorable environmental conditions for life, work and recreation of the population;
Scientifically substantiated combination of environmental and economic interests of society;
Taking into account the laws of nature and the possibilities of self-healing and self-purification of its resources;
Prevention of irreversible consequences for the protection of the natural environment and human health;
The right of the population and public organizations to timely and reliable information about the state of the environment and the negative impact on it and on people's health of various production facilities;
The inevitability of liability for violation of the requirements of environmental legislation.
2. ENGINEERING PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
§ 1. ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITIES OF ENTERPRISES
Nature protection is any activity aimed at maintaining the quality of the environment at a level that ensures the sustainability of the biosphere. It includes both large-scale activities carried out at the national level to preserve reference samples of untouched nature and preserve the diversity of species on Earth, organize scientific research, train ecologists and educate the population, as well as the activities of individual enterprises for the treatment of harmful substances from wastewater and waste gases, lowering the norms for the use of natural resources, etc. Such activities are carried out mainly by engineering methods.
There are two main areas of environmental protection activities of enterprises. The first is the cleaning of harmful emissions. This path "in its pure form" is ineffective, since it does not always succeed in completely stopping the flow of harmful substances into the biosphere. In addition, reducing the level of pollution of one component of the environment leads to increased pollution of another.
And For example, the installation of wet filters in gas cleaning reduces air pollution, but leads to even more water pollution. Substances captured from waste gases and drain waters often poison large areas of land.
The use of treatment facilities, even the most efficient ones, drastically reduces the level of environmental pollution, but does not completely solve this problem, since the operation of these plants also produces waste, although in a smaller volume, but, as a rule, with an increased concentration of harmful substances. Finally, the operation of most of the treatment facilities requires significant energy costs, which, in turn, is also unsafe for the environment.
In addition, pollutants, for the neutralization of which huge funds are spent, are substances for which labor has already been spent and which, with rare exceptions, could be used in the national economy.
To achieve high environmental and economic results, it is necessary to combine the process of cleaning harmful emissions with the process of recycling trapped substances, which will make it possible to combine the first direction with the second.
The second direction is the elimination of the very causes of pollution, which requires the development of low-waste, and in the future, non-waste production technologies that would make it possible to comprehensively use the raw materials and utilize the maximum of substances harmful to the biosphere.
However, not all industries have found acceptable technical and economic solutions for a sharp reduction in the amount of waste generated and their disposal, so at present we have to work in both of these areas.
Taking care of improving the engineering protection of the natural environment, it must be remembered that no treatment facilities and waste-free technologies will be able to restore the stability of the biosphere if the permissible (threshold) values of the reduction of natural, untransformed by man natural systems are exceeded, which manifests the effect of the law of biosphere indispensability.
Such a threshold may be the use of more than 1% of the energy of the biosphere and the deep transformation of more than 10% of natural areas (rules of one and ten percent). Therefore, technical achievements do not remove the need to solve the problems of changing the priorities of social development, stabilizing the population, creating a sufficient number of protected areas and others discussed earlier.
§ 2. TYPES AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION OF PURIFICATION EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES
Many modern technological processes are associated with crushing and grinding of substances, transportation of bulk materials. At the same time, part of the material turns into dust, which is harmful to health and causes significant material damage to the national economy due to the loss of valuable products.
For cleaning, various designs of apparatuses are used. According to the method of dust capture, they are divided into mechanical (dry and wet) and electrical gas cleaning devices. Dry apparatuses (cyclones, filters) use gravitational settling under the action of gravity, settling under the action of centrifugal force, inertial settling, and filtration. In wet apparatuses (scrubbers), this is achieved by washing the dusty gas with a liquid. In electrostatic precipitators, deposition on the electrodes occurs as a result of the electrical charge being imparted to the dust particles. The choice of apparatus depends on the size of dust particles, humidity, speed and volume of gas supplied for purification, and the required degree of purification.
To purify gases from harmful gaseous impurities, two groups of methods are used - non-catalytic and catalytic. Methods of the first group are based on the removal of impurities from a gaseous mixture using liquid (absorbers) and solid (adsorbers) absorbers. Methods of the second group consist in the fact that harmful impurities enter into a chemical reaction and turn into harmless substances on the surface of the catalysts. An even more complex and multi-stage process is wastewater treatment (Fig. 18).
Waste water is water used by industrial and municipal enterprises and the population and subject to purification from various impurities. Depending on the conditions of formation, wastewater is divided into domestic, atmospheric (stormwater, flowing down after rains from the territories of enterprises) and industrial. All of them contain mineral and organic substances in varying proportions.
Wastewater is purified from impurities by mechanical, chemical, physicochemical, biological and thermal methods, which, in turn, are divided into recuperative and destructive. Recovery methods provide for the extraction from wastewater and further processing of valuable substances. In destructive methods, water pollutants are destroyed by oxidation or reduction. Destruction products are removed from the water in the form of gases or precipitation.
Mechanical cleaning is used to remove solid insoluble impurities, using the methods of settling and filtering using gratings, sand traps, settling tanks. Chemical cleaning methods are used to remove soluble impurities using various reagents that enter into chemical reactions with harmful impurities, resulting in the formation of low-toxic substances. Physical and chemical methods include flotation, ion exchange, adsorption, crystallization, deodorization, etc. Biological methods are considered the main methods for neutralizing wastewater from organic impurities that are oxidized by microorganisms, which implies a sufficient amount of oxygen in the water. These aerobic processes can occur both in natural conditions - in irrigation fields during filtration, and in artificial structures - aerotanks and biofilters.
Industrial wastewater that cannot be treated by the above methods is subjected to thermal neutralization, i.e. burning, or injection into deep wells (resulting in the risk of groundwater pollution). These methods are carried out in local (workshop), plant-wide, district or city cleaning systems.
To disinfect wastewater from microbes contained in household, especially fecal, effluents, chlorination is used in special sedimentation tanks.
After the grates and other devices have freed the water from mineral impurities, the microorganisms contained in the so-called activated sludge “eat up” organic contaminants, that is, the purification process usually goes through several stages. However, even after this, the degree of purification does not exceed 95%, i.e., it is not possible to completely eliminate the pollution of water basins. If, in addition, any plant discharges its wastewater into the city sewerage, which has not undergone preliminary physical or chemical treatment of any toxic substances at workshop or factory facilities, then the microorganisms in the activated sludge will generally die and it may take several years to revive the activated sludge. months. Consequently, the runoff of this settlement during this time will pollute the reservoir with organic compounds, which can lead to its eutrophication.
One of the most important problems of environmental protection is the problem of collection, disposal and disposal or disposal of solid industrial waste "and household waste, which accounts for from 300 to 500 kg per capita per year. It is solved by organizing landfills, recycling waste into composts with subsequent use as organic fertilizers or into biological fuel (biogas), as well as burning in special plants.Specially equipped landfills, the total number of which in the world reaches several million, are called landfills and are quite complex engineering structures, especially when it comes to storing toxic or radioactive waste.
More than 50 billion tons of waste accumulated in Russia are stored on 250,000 hectares of land.
3. REGULATORY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR PROTECTION
ENVIRONMENT
§ 1. SYSTEM OF STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
One of the most important components of environmental legislation is the system of environmental standards. Its timely scientifically substantiated development is a necessary condition for the practical implementation of the adopted laws, since it is these standards that polluting enterprises should be guided by in their environmental activities. Failure to comply with the standards entails legal liability.
Standardization is understood as the establishment of a single and mandatory for all objects of a given level of a management system of norms and requirements. Standards can be state (GOST), industry (OST) and factory. The system of standards for nature protection has been assigned the general number 17, which includes several groups in accordance with protected objects. For example, 17.1 means “Nature Conservation. Hydrosphere", and group 17.2 - "Nature protection. Atmosphere”, etc. This standard regulates various aspects of the activities of enterprises for the protection of water and air resources, up to the requirements for equipment for monitoring air and water quality.
The most important environmental standards are environmental quality standards - maximum allowable concentrations (MPC) of harmful substances in natural environments.
MPC is approved for each of the most hazardous substances separately and is valid throughout the country.
In recent years, scientists have argued that compliance with MPC does not guarantee the preservation of environmental quality at a sufficiently high level, if only because the influence of many substances in the long term and when interacting with each other is still poorly understood.
Based on MPC, scientific and technical standards for maximum permissible emissions (MPE) of harmful substances into the atmosphere and discharges (MPD) into the water basin are being developed. These standards are set individually for each source of pollution in such a way that the cumulative environmental impact of all sources in a given area does not lead to an excess of the MPC.
Due to the fact that the number and power of pollution sources change with the development of the productive forces of the region, it is necessary to periodically review the MPE and MPD standards. The choice of the most effective options for environmental protection activities at enterprises should be carried out taking into account the need to comply with these standards.
Unfortunately, at present, many enterprises, due to technical and economic reasons, are not able to immediately meet these standards. The closure of such an enterprise or a sharp weakening of its economic situation as a result of penalties is also not always possible for economic and social reasons.
In addition to a clean environment, a person for a normal life needs to eat, dress, listen to a tape recorder and watch movies and TV shows, the production of films and electricity for which is very "dirty". Finally, you need to have a job in your specialty near your home. It is best to reconstruct ecologically backward enterprises so that they no longer harm the environment, but not every enterprise can immediately allocate funds for this in full, since environmental protection equipment, and the reconstruction process itself are very expensive.
Therefore, temporary standards can be set for such enterprises, the so-called TSA (temporarily agreed emissions), which allow for increased environmental pollution in excess of the norm for a strictly defined period, sufficient to carry out the environmental measures necessary to reduce emissions.
The size and sources of payment for environmental pollution depend on whether or not an enterprise complies with the standards established for it and in which ones - MPE, MPD or only in the ESS.
§ 2. LAW ON GUARD OF NATURE
It has already been noted earlier that the state ensures the rationalization of nature management, including the protection of the natural environment, by creating environmental legislation and monitoring its observance.
Environmental legislation is a system of laws and other legal acts (decrees, decrees, instructions) that regulates environmental relations in order to preserve and reproduce natural resources, rationalize nature management, and preserve public health.
To ensure the possibility of practical implementation of the adopted laws, it is very important that they be backed up in time by by-laws adopted on their basis, which precisely define and clarify, in accordance with the specific conditions of the industry or region, to whom, what and how to do, to whom and in what form to report, what environmental regulations, standards and rules to follow, etc.
Yes, the law "On the Protection of the Environment" establishes a general scheme for achieving the coincidence of the interests of society and individual users of natural resources through limits, payments, tax benefits, and specific parameters in the form of exact values of standards, rates, payments are specified in resolutions of the Ministry of Natural Resources, industry instructions etc.
The objects of environmental legislation are both the natural environment as a whole and its separate natural systems (for example, Lake Baikal) and elements (water, air, etc.), as well as international law.
In our country, for the first time in world practice, the requirement for the protection and rational use of natural resources is included in the Constitution. There are about two hundred legal documents related to nature management. One of the most important is the comprehensive law “On the Protection of the Environment”, adopted in 1991.
It states that every citizen has the right to protect health from the adverse effects of a polluted natural environment, to participate in environmental associations and social movements and to receive timely information about the state of the natural environment and measures to protect it.
At the same time, every citizen is obliged to take part in the protection of the natural environment, to raise the level of his knowledge of nature, ecological culture, to comply with the requirements of environmental legislation and established standards for the quality of the natural environment. If they are violated, then the perpetrator bears responsibility, which is divided into criminal, administrative, disciplinary and material.
In cases of the most serious violations, for example, when a forest is set on fire, the perpetrator may be subjected to criminal punishment in the form of imprisonment, the imposition of large monetary fines, and confiscation of property.
However, more often administrative responsibility is applied in the form of fines both on individuals and on enterprises as a whole. It occurs in cases of damage or destruction of natural objects, pollution of the natural environment, failure to take measures to restore the disturbed environment, poaching, etc.
Officials may also be subject to disciplinary action in the form of full or partial loss of bonuses, demotion, reprimand or dismissal for failure to comply with environmental protection measures and non-compliance with environmental standards.
In addition, the payment of a fine does not exempt from material civil liability, i.e., the need to compensate for the damage caused by pollution or irrational use of natural resources to the environment, health and property of citizens, and the national economy.
In addition to the declaration of the rights and obligations of citizens and the establishment of responsibility for environmental offenses, the above-mentioned law formulates environmental requirements for the construction and operation of various facilities, shows the economic mechanism for environmental protection, proclaims the principles of international cooperation in this area, etc.
It should be noted that the Environmental Legislation, although quite extensive and versatile, is still not effective enough in practice. There are many reasons for this, but one of the most important is the discrepancy between the severity of the punishment and the severity of the crime, in particular, the low rates of fines levied. For example, for an official, it is equal to three to twenty times the minimum monthly wage (do not confuse with the actual salary received by the employee, which is always much higher). However, twenty minimum wages often do not exceed one or two real monthly salaries of these officials, since we are usually talking about heads of enterprises and departments. For ordinary citizens, the fine does not exceed ten times the minimum wage.
Criminal liability and compensation for damages are applied much less frequently than they should. And it is impossible to fully compensate for it, since it often reaches many millions of rubles or cannot be measured in money at all.
And Usually, no more than two dozen cases of liability for air and water pollution, which led to serious consequences, are considered throughout the country every year, and the most numerous cases related to poaching do not exceed one and a half thousand a year, which is incomparably less than the actual number of offenses. However, in recent years there has been an upward trend in these figures.
Other reasons for the weak regulatory effect of environmental legislation are the insufficient provision of enterprises with technical means for the effective treatment of wastewater and polluted gases, and inspection organizations with devices for monitoring environmental pollution.
Finally, the low ecological culture of the population, their ignorance of the basic environmental requirements, their condescending attitude towards the destroyers of nature, as well as the lack of knowledge and skills necessary to effectively defend their right to a healthy environment, proclaimed in law, are of great importance. Now it is necessary to develop a legal mechanism for the protection of environmental human rights, i.e., by-laws specifying this part of the law, and turn the flow of complaints to the press and higher administrative authorities into a flow of lawsuits to the judiciary. When every resident whose health has been affected by harmful emissions from an enterprise files a claim demanding financial compensation for the damage caused, valuing their health at a fairly large amount, the enterprise will simply be economically forced to urgently take measures to reduce pollution.
Literature:
1. Demina T. A. Ecology, nature management, environmental protection: A manual for high school students of educational institutions. – M.: Aspect Press, 1998. – 143 p.
