Lesson type: Seminar in the form of a didactic game.
Lesson form: Meeting of the research departments of the Institute of Russian History.
Lesson Objectives:
- Understand the causes of the Troubles, which was largely a consequence of the oprichnina and the economic and social crisis it caused in the country.
- Realizing that the intervention of Polish and Swedish feudal lords threatened the Russian state with the loss of independence brought the country to the brink of disaster.
- Show the feat of the Russian people (the people's militia of peasants and townspeople), who saved the Fatherland from foreign invaders.
Lesson plan:
- Causes of the Troubles.
- Board of Boris Godunov, Fyodor Godunov. (1598-1605)
- Reign of False Dmitry I (1605-1606)
- The reign of Vasily Shuisky. (1606-1610). False Dmitry II (1607-1610)
- "Seven Boyars" (1610-1613)
- The fight against the Polish-Swedish intervention. Beginning of the Romanov dynasty (February 1613). The end of the Troubles and its results.
Basic Concepts: Troubles, dynastic crisis, interregnum, impostor, seven-boyars, intervention, militia.
Teacher: We will conduct the lesson in the form of a meeting of the research departments of the Institute of Problems of Russian History.
Our institute is represented by five research departments, each of which analyzed the activities of participants in these historical events.
What exactly did your departments do? ( Addresses department heads.)
Department No. 1. We studied and analyzed the activities of Tsar Boris Godunov.
Department No. 2. Analyzed the activities of False Dmitry I
Department No. 3. We studied and analyzed the activities of historical figures: Vasily Shuisky and Ivan Bolotnikov and False Dmitry II
Department No. 4. Analyzed the activities of the “boyar government” - the “Seven Boyars”, and the Polish king Sigismund III
Department No. 5. Studied and analyzed the stages of the National Liberation Struggle against foreign intervention. We analyzed the activities of historical figures: D. Pozharsky, K. Minin, M. Romanov, I. Susanin and others.
Teacher: Class assignment: as the research departments present, fill out the table “Periods of the Time of Troubles”
Teacher: At the end of the 16th century. XVII century The Russian state plunged into long years of hard times and difficult trials.
These events were preceded by:
14 year reign of Fyodor Ivanovich (son of Ivan the Terrible). At least 13 of them were actually ruled by Boris Fedorovich Godunov, whose sister, Irina, the Tsar was married to.
Outwardly, the internal situation in the country was calm and stable - the Russian state was gradually recovering from the Livonian War and the oprichnina of Ivan the Terrible. The most notable events of those years were:
The mysterious death of Tsarevich Dmitry 1591 (allegedly beneficial to Boris Godunov).
Election to the kingdom by the Zemsky Sobor in 1598. Boris Godunov because of the death of the childless Fyodor Ivanovich. And three years of the quiet reign of Boris Godunov.
However, this external calm was only apparent. Destructive forces have always lain dormant in the depths of Russian society.
Why, what reasons released these destructive forces into freedom.
Domestic historians name 5 main reasons for the Troubles (Write them in your notebook):
- A sharp deterioration in the situation of peasants due to the abolition of St. George's Day and the introduction of a 5-year search period for fugitives.
- Dynastic crisis - the childless death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich. With her, the Rurik dynasty ended.
- The struggle of boyar clans for power. Kindling the fire of civil war.
- Natural disasters - crop failure in 1601, severe famine, epidemics. What was regarded by the people as God's punishment for the atrocities of Boris Godunov (allegedly guilty of the death of Tsarevich Dmitry the Younger son of Ivan IV the Terrible).
- Foreign intervention. Violent intervention of Poles and Swedes in the internal affairs of the Russian state.
THAT. Naming the main causes of the Troubles, historians strongly disagree about how great the significance of each of them was.
The floor is given to the research department that analyzed the activities of participants in historical events under Tsar Boris Godunov.
Research Department No. 1
(student performances)
Teacher: What were the results of this period for the further course of events?
(Students' expected answer: at the beginning of the 17th century, preconditions arose that led to the outbreak of the Time of Troubles (Civil War)).
(Working with a table).
Teacher: Now let’s look at the period of the reign of False Dmitry I. The floor is given to research department No. 2, which analyzed the period of the reign of False Dmitry I.
(student performances)
Main events |
||||
After the death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the Rurik dynasty came to an end. Election of Boris Godunov to the kingdom by the Zemsky Sobor. 1601-1603 crop failure and famine. 1603 uprising led by Cotton. In 1604, Tsarevich Dmitry, “miraculously saved,” appeared in Poland. The beginning of the impostor's campaign against Moscow. 1605 April sudden death of Boris Godunov. Short reign of Fyodor Godunov (dethroned by the boyars) 1605 April June |
The struggle of the Romanov and Belsky boyars with Godunov for power. The first anti-feudal actions of serfs and serfs. The beginning of hidden intervention on the part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. |
B. Godunov, F. Romanov (Filaret), Patriarch Job, Cotton Kosolap, Grigory Otrepiev (False Dmitry), Sigismund III. |
Preconditions arose that led to the beginning of the Troubles (Civil War). Boyar period of Time of Troubles. The main instruments of politics are rumors and denunciations. |
Research Department No. 2
(student performances)
Table “Periods of the Time of Troubles”
Chronological framework of the period |
Main events |
Characteristics of opposing forces |
Names of the most significant participants |
Results of the period, its significance for the further course of events |
11-month reign of False Dmitry I. Filaret (F. Romanov) was appointed Metropolitan of Rostov. The impostor took the title of emperor. Attempts to ensure the interests of all social strata of Russia. Wedding of False Dmitry with Catholic Marina Mnishek. The atrocities of the Poles in Moscow. Conspiracy of the boyars led by Vasily Shuisky against the impostor. Murder of False Dmitry. |
The beginning of open intervention on the part of Poland. Conspiracy of the boyars led by V. Shuisky against False Dmitry I. |
False Dmitry I (Grigory Otrepyev), Marina Mnishek, Vasily Shuisky. |
Russia is faced with imposture for the first time. Internal contradictions in the country are intensifying. |
Research Department No. 3
Teacher: The floor is given to the research department that analyzed the period of Vasily Shuisky’s reign.
Historical meaning. The uprising under the leadership of I.I. Bolotnikov was caused by the increased exploitation of peasants, the consequences of lean years, famine and the general weakening of the central government. This was the first major peasant uprising, civil war, anti-feudal movement.
Teacher: What were the results of this period for the further course of events?
(Students' answers)
(Working with a table)
Teacher: The floor is given to research department No. 4, which analyzed the period of rule of the “Seven Boyars”
Table “Periods of the Time of Troubles”
Chronological framework of the period |
Main events |
Characteristics of opposing forces |
Names of the most significant participants |
Results of the period, its significance for the further course of events |
Election of the “boyar” Tsar Vasily Shuisky by the Zemsky Sobor. Hermogenes becomes patriarch. Tsarevich Dmitry was reburied in Moscow and canonized. "Kissing Record". 1606-1607 Uprising led by Ivan Bolotnikov. 1607 - decree on a 15-year search for runaway peasants. 1607-1610 - attempt of False Dmitry II to seize power in Russia. Polish-Swedish intervention in Russia. Removal of V. Shuisky from power by the boyars. |
The lower and middle strata of society (posad people and the nobility) oppose the upper classes. |
Vasily Shuisky, M. Molchanov, Ivan Bolotnikov, False Dmitry II, Marina Mnishek. |
The beginning of a full-scale Peasant (Civil War). Intensification of the class struggle. |
Teacher: The floor is given to research department No. 4, which analyzed the period of the Russian people’s struggle against intervention.
Research Department No. 5
Teacher: The floor is given to research department No. 5, which analyzed the decision of the Zemsky Sobor - the election of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom.
(student performance)
Teacher: To end the Time of Troubles as quickly as possible, the country needed a legitimate monarch recognized by all layers of society. To this end, the leaders of the Second Militia already at the end of 1612 sent letters to the cities demanding that representatives of the estates be sent to the Zemsky Sobor.
In January 1612, elected representatives of all classes of Russia came to the Zemsky Sobor in Moscow - boyars, nobles, church leaders, townspeople, Cossacks, black-sown and palace peasants. The interests of serfs and serfs were represented at the Council by land owners. Never before has there been a representative body of such a wide composition in the country.
The Council had one task - the election of a monarch.
There were several candidates for the throne, ranging from foreigners (Swedish and Polish princes), the son of Marina Mnishek and False Dmitry II, and ending with Russian contenders: F.I. Mstislavsky, V.V. Golitsyn, D.M. Trubetskoy, D. Pozharsky, M. Romanov, D.M. Cherkassky, P.N. Pronsky et al.
Initially, the members of the Council decided not to elect a foreign representative to the Russian throne and rejected the candidacy of the son of Marina Mnishek and False Dmitry II, Ivan.
As a result of heated debates, the candidacy of 16-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov turned out to be the most acceptable. Why did the choice fall on a young man who had no life experience? Moreover, at the time of his election he was not even in Moscow. (He stayed on his estate in Kostroma district). He became a real contender not because he was better, but because he ultimately satisfied everyone.
The son of the Tushino Patriarch Filaret, behind him stood the halo of his father - a martyr who was in Polish captivity. Perhaps Mikhail Romanov’s proximity to the Rurik dynasty also played a role, since he was the grandson of Ivan the Terrible’s first wife Anastasia Romanova (Geneological tree of M. Romanov).
One of the influential boyar electors expressed their opinion this way: Misha Romanov is young, his mind has not yet reached him, and he will be familiar to us.
Thus, the election of the Romanovs to the kingdom promised universal consent and peace; this happened on February 21, 1613.
The Zemsky Assembly sent ambassadors to the Ipatiev Monastery (near Kostroma), where Mikhail Romanov and his mother were. The nun Martha, who feared for the fate of her son, agreed to his accession only after much persuasion. Russia has gained a legally elected monarch.
The Polish detachments remaining on Russian soil, having learned about the election of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom, tried to seize him in his ancestral Kostroma possessions in order to free up the Russian throne for their king. Making their way to Kostroma, the Poles asked the peasant of the village of Domnino, Ivan Susanin, to show the way. According to the official version, he refused and was tortured by them, and according to popular legend, Susanin agreed, but sent a warning to the king about the impending danger. And he himself led the Poles into a swamp, from which they were unable to get out. Realizing the deception, they killed Susanin, but they themselves died in the thicket from hunger and cold. The legend of Susanin’s feat served as the plot for M. Glinka’s opera “A Life for the Tsar.”
Susanin's feat seemed to crown the general patriotic impulse of the people. The act of electing a tsar and then crowning him king, first in Kostroma and then in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, meant the end of the Time of Troubles.
Teacher: What were the results of this period for the further course of events? (filling out the table).
Results of the Troubles:
- Destruction of productive forces (recovered only after 50 years).
- Loss of territories (the coast of the Gulf of Finland, the Karelia region and access to the Baltic, loss of Smolensk, Chernigov).
- Weakening of all government structures.
- The nature of royal power has changed (the king was elected).
- The status of the church has increased.
Thus ended the Time of Troubles - a severe shock at the beginning of the 17th century, which, in its nature, the severity of socio-political confrontation and the methods of resolving contradictions, many researchers equate to a civil war.
Thus, basically the territorial unity of Russia was restored, although part of the Russian lands remained with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden.
After the Time of Troubles, a choice was made in favor of preserving the largest power in eastern Europe.
Table “Periods of the Time of Troubles”
Chronological framework of the period | Main events |
Characteristics of opposing forces |
Names of the most significant participants |
Results of the period, its significance for the further course of events |
The establishment of the “boyar government” in Russia – “Seven Boyars”. Invitation to the Russian throne of Vladislav, the son of the Polish king. Death of False Dmitry II. Occupation of Moscow by the Poles. The call of Patriarch Hermogenes to the Russian people to rise up in the liberation struggle against foreign invaders. 1611, January - June - activities of the First (Ryazan) militia. 1611, September - October - formation of the Second Militia in Nizhny Novgorod under the leadership of K. Minin and D. Pozharsky. |
Full-scale intervention of the Poles and Swedes. The rise of the people to fight against foreigners. |
Members of the "Seven Boyars": F. Mstislavsky, I. Vorotynsky, A. Trubetskoy, A. Golitsyn, B. Lykov, I. Romanov, F. Sheremetev. Vladislav Sigismundovich Vasa, Sigismund III, Patriarch Hermogenes, P. Lyapunov, I. Zarutsky, D. Trubetskoy, K. Minin, D. Pozharsky, Mikhail Romanov, Ivan Susanin. |
National upsurge in Russia. The civil war develops into a national liberation war. Liberation of Moscow from Polish invaders. Restoring the country's independence. Zemsky Sobor of 1613 and the restoration of autocracy. The first Romanovs. The end of the Troubles. |
Teacher(consolidation of the material covered): I want to end the lesson with the words of the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle: “If we know the reasons leading to the death of state structures, then we thereby know the reasons that determine their preservation.”
After the death of Ivan the Terrible, the country plunged into real chaos. The heir to the throne, Fyodor Ivanovich, was not capable of conducting political affairs in the country, and Tsarevich Dmitry was killed in infancy.
It is this period that is commonly called the Time of Troubles. For several decades, the country was torn apart by potential heirs to the throne, seeking to gain power by any means. And only with the Romanovs coming to power in 1613 did the Troubles begin to subside.
What uprisings took place at this time, and is it possible to highlight their key moments?
Period of the uprising | Main characters | Results of the uprising |
---|---|---|
1598-1605 | Boris Godunov | After the death of Fyodor Ivanovich, the Rurik dynasty came to an end, and a real war unfolded over the succession to the throne. From 1598, the country began to experience long days of crop failure, which continued until 1601. During this period, the first anti-feudal actions of slaves occurred. Since Boris Godunov was not the true heir to the throne, his right to the throne was disputed in every possible way, and the appearance of False Dmitry I became the reason for the overthrow of Godunov. |
1605-1606 | False Dmitry I, Marina Mnishek, Vasily Shuisky | The people wanted to believe that the royal dynasty had not ended, and therefore, when Grigory Otrepiev began to convince everyone that he was the true heir to the throne, the people believed it with pleasure. After the wedding with Marina Mnishek, the Poles began to commit outrages in the capital, after which the power of False Dmitry I began to weaken. Led by Vasily Shuisky, the boyars raised a new uprising and overthrew the impostor. |
Vasily Shuisky, False Dmitry II, Marina Mnishek | After the overthrow of False Dmitry I, Vasily Shusky seized power. After a series of vague reforms, the people began to grumble, as a result of which the belief that Tsarevich Dmitry was alive was revived. In 1607, False Dmitry II appeared, who tried to impose his power until 1610. At the same time, the widow of False Dmitry I, Marina Mnishek, also laid claim to the throne. |
|
1606-1607 | Ivan Bolotnikov, Vasily Shuisky. | Dissatisfied residents of the country rose up in rebellion against the rule of Vasily Shuisky. The uprising was led by Ivan Bolotnikov, but despite the initial successes, Bolotnikov’s army was eventually defeated. Vasily Shuisky retained the right to govern the country until 1610 |
1610-1613 | F. Mstislavsky, A. Golitsyn, A. Trubetskoy, I. Vorotynsky | After Shuisky suffered several serious defeats from the Poles in the Russian-Polish War, he was overthrown, and the Seven Boyars came to power. 7 representatives of the boyar families tried to establish their power by swearing allegiance to the Polish king Vladislav. The people did not like the prospect of serving the Poles, so many peasants began to join the army of Dzhedmitry II. Along the way, militias took place, after which the power of the Seven Boyars was overthrown. |
January-June 1611 - First militia September-October - Second militia. | K. Minin, D. Pozharsky, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov | At first, the militia broke out in Ryazan, but there they were able to suppress it quite quickly. Afterwards, the wave of discontent spread to Nizhny Novgorod, where Minin and Pozharsky stood at the head of the militia. Their militia was more successful, and the interventionists even managed to capture the capital. However, already in October 1613, the interventionists were driven out of Moscow, and after the Zemsky Sobor of 1613, the power of the Romanovs was established in Rus'. |
As a result of several decades of the Time of Troubles, the situation in the country was worse than ever. Internal uprisings weakened the state, making Ancient Rus' a tasty morsel for foreign invaders. The establishment of power by a new royal family was inevitable, and after lengthy debates, the Romanovs were in power.
Ahead of the country lay 300 years under the rule of the Romanovs, technological progress and the Age of Enlightenment. All this would have been impossible if the Time of Troubles had not been suppressed and disputes over the throne had continued.
The Time of Troubles is a civil war in Russia, complicated by the struggle with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden.
The reign of Fyodor Ivanovich (1583 - 1598).
After the death of Ivan the Terrible, power passed to his 27-year-old son Fedor. The second Russian Tsar was not very inclined to rule, and entrusted the leadership of the country to his associates, first of all, to Boris Godunov. He was the brother of the Tsar's wife Irina.
1589 g. - Metropolitan Job (Godunov’s protege) became patriarch, which increased the prestige of the church.
1591 g. - The Tsar’s younger brother, Tsarevich Dmitry, dies in Uglich. A commission headed by Vasily Shuisky ruled that it was an accident, but the people thought of Godunov. The commission included boyars with very different political views; Vasily Shuisky, who had recently returned from exile, was perhaps Godunov’s main opponent. This, as well as the fact that many of the witness statements that have reached ours are signed and there is no doubt about their authenticity, we can with a high degree of probability talk about an accident.
This is interesting. The last son of Tsar Ivan was named after the first - who died in an accident without living even a year.
1597 - the code on slaves, according to which voluntary slaves who served for more than six months remained slaves for life.
Boris Godunov (1598 – 1605).
After the death of Fyodor Ivanovich, the Zemsky Sobor chose Boris Godunov as tsar. Feeling the fragility of his position, Boris Godunov made a mistake - he decided to rely on the people: tax arrears were removed, direct taxes were replaced with indirect ones, and the peasants’ right to march on St. George’s Day (1601) was partially restored. To support the urban poor, he started global construction projects. The situation in the country was returning to normal, but this did not bring the sovereign support from the people.
Boris Godunov also established relations with European countries, tried to invite foreign specialists to Russia - which, however, was hindered by border countries (primarily the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) and even doctors had to make their way to Moscow under the guise of merchants. He also gave benefits to English and Dutch merchants, hoping to revive international trade. In 1600, the first Russian students, who came from clerk families, went to England. Thanks to the tsar’s patronage, Russian students had the opportunity to study at Oxford and Cambridge. In 1603, the king paid for the education of five young people in Lübeck (Germany).
Under the influence of foreigners, Russians begin to shave their beards.
1600- The king became seriously ill. The Romanov boyars gathered a large detachment at their Moscow courtyard, hoping to seize power after the death of Boris Godunov. The sick ruler sent several hundred archers after them; the Romanovs put up fierce resistance, but were arrested. The closest servants of the Romanovs were executed - one of these servants was supposed to be Grigory Otrepiev, but he managed to become a monk, which saved him from the gallows.
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia in 1600 concluded a 20-year peace, beneficial to both parties.
1601-1603– due to climate deterioration (the most severe cooling in Europe over the last thousand years), the country experienced crop failure for three years in a row. A severe famine broke out (sources contain information about 120 thousand deaths in Moscow alone), as a result of which a large number of fugitives appeared, who in turn formed into bands of robbers. In 1603 it began Cotton's rebellion. After several battles, the rebels were defeated, Cotton himself was executed, but most of his army fled and hid.
They committed robbery not only on the roads, but also in the cities. Boris Godunov is forced to take special measures to restore order in the capital.
Cossacks. At this time, the Cossacks, mostly runaway peasants, became an influential force. In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Cossacks were concentrated in Zaporozhye, in Russia on the Don (also on the Volga and Yaik). Both of them aroused dissatisfaction and fears of the authorities, who, however, could not do anything about them.
Foreign policy of Fyodor Ivanovich and Boris Godunov.
The defeat in the Livonian War undermined Russia's position in the international arena for a long time. The truces did not guarantee security. In 1591, the Crimeans carried out a devastating raid, but because... The Crimean Khanate was supposed to support Turkey in the war with Hungary; they often could not carry out raids, and moreover, they themselves suffered from the raids of the Don Cossacks.
Attempts were made to return to the Baltic. The confrontation with Sweden has escalated. As a result of the campaign of 1590, the cities of Yam, Koporye and Ivangorod were taken. In 1592, an unsuccessful campaign against Vyborg. In the same year, peace was concluded with Poland for 12 years. 1595 - peace with Sweden, according to which the cities occupied by Sweden in 1580 went to Moscow. In fact, at this time in the Baltic, three states compete for the Livonian cities - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sweden and Russia. Blocks were possible between them from time to time, but they were short-lived.
False DmitryI.
1603- an impostor appears within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in whom the Ambassadorial Prikaz immediately became interested. Russia officially demanded that he be extradited, but the wealthy tycoon Adam Vishnevetsky, who patronized False Dmitry, refused. At this time, on behalf of the tsar, an investigation was underway into the identity of the impostor, and at the end of the year it was announced in Moscow that it was a runaway monk of the Kremlin Chudov Monastery, Grigory Otrepiev.
Magnates - large feudal lords in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; gentry - nobility in the same place.
Initially, Otrepiev enjoyed the support of the influential Orthodox tycoon Vishnevetsky, but later defected to the influential Catholic Yuri Mnishek. He introduced him to the king, and even married him to his daughter Marina. At the same time, False Dmitry converted to Catholicism, which won over the papal representative to his side.
Under the patronage of Mnishek, Otrepiev received support from King Sigismund III. In exchange for this, he promised to give up part of the Russian territories (Chernigov-Seversk land and Smolensk land) and help the king in taking over the Swedish crown. Marine Mniszek, as the future queen, Pskov and Novgorod were promised to rule, and her father was promised a million Polish zlotys. He also pledged to bring all of Russia to Catholicism within a year.
1604– False Dmitry with a small detachment invades Rus', where he is greeted with delight by representatives of almost all classes: nobles, peasants, serfs, Cossacks.
This is interesting. In 1604 Boris Godunov and False DmitryIcorrespond with Patriarch Sophronius of Jerusalem. In his letters, the Patriarch of Jerusalem wishes victory over the enemies to each of his correspondents, and also asks them to help him financially - in paying off debts to the Arabs. He also asked the impostor to help return two Arabian horses captured by Adam Vishnevetsky, Otrepyev’s first patron.
1605- government troops crush the rebels, False Dmitry wants to flee to Poland, but his associates stop him and he continues military operations.
May 1605- news comes of the death of Tsar Boris, and state troops go over to the side of the impostor. At the beginning of June, an uprising breaks out in Moscow in which the young Tsar is killed - Fyodor Borisovich Godunov. Soon False Dmitry enters Moscow and is crowned king.
17 May 1606 An uprising breaks out in Moscow as a result of which False Dmitry dies. The cause of the uprising was the ill-considered actions of the impostor:
1). He gradually lost the support of Poland and the Catholic Church, delaying the fulfillment of the promises he made before the campaign against Rus'.
This was aggravated by the fact that the boyar circles (Shuisky and Golitsyn) of Moscow at that time were oriented towards Poland, and at the end of 1605 they sent an embassy to Poland, where they reproached King Sigismund for helping the impostor and hinted at the possibility of giving the throne to his son Vladislav.
2). Marriage in early May 1606 to Marine Yurievna Mnishek. Marriage to a Catholic woman was extremely disappointing to both the people and the boyars.
3). Peasants and Cossacks also gradually became disillusioned with the new tsar. So under him, the period of “lesson years” was increased from 5 to 6 years. The Cossack army was disbanded.
4). The Poles, with the connivance of False Dmitry, committed outrages in Moscow, which they perceived as conquered territory.
5). Rumors began to appear about the king's conversion to Catholicism. This, coupled with his foreign manners - he surrounded himself with Poles, did not wear a beard - alienated people from him.
After the overthrow of False Dmitry, the kings shouted Vasily Shuisky (1606 – 1610). However, almost immediately after the appearance of the new ruler, rumors began to spread that False Dmitry miraculously escaped and fled to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Shuisky’s opponents immediately appeared, led by Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov. He led an army in which all classes of Rus' were represented and headed towards Moscow, regularly winning victories over government troops. From October to December 1606, Bolotnikov’s troops besieged Moscow, but at that time disagreements began among the rebels and many went over to Shuisky’s side. Gradually, the advantage passed to supporters of the legitimate government, Bolotnikov’s troops were defeated, and his troops fled to Kaluga and Tula, where for a long time they successfully defeated the troops sent after them. However, luck gradually turned away from them and in October 1607, Bolotnikov and other leaders of the uprising agreed to surrender, subject to the protection of their lives. Shuisky agreed, but subsequently executed everyone.
Summer of 1607 a new impostor has appeared - False DmitryII. After the defeat of Bolotnikov’s troops, many survivors joined the new contender for the throne. He was also “recognized” by the wife of False Dmitry I, Marina Mnishek. The impostor organized his capital in Tushino (Moscow remained with Shuisky), from the location of his headquarters he received his nickname - the Tushino thief.
The war between Shuisky and False Dmitry II proceeded with varying degrees of success, although the position of the impostor looked more confident. In 1609, Tsar Vasily took a desperate step - he asked for help from the Swedes, in exchange for renouncing claims to the Livonian lands and the city of Korela with the district. The united Russian-Swedish troops were led by one of the best military leaders of this time, the Tsar’s nephew - Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky. In a short time, he defeated the main troops of the Tushino thief, and liberated Tushino, thereby unblocking Moscow. In March 1610, Skopin-Shuisky, at the head of his troops, solemnly entered Moscow, where he was poisoned at a feast at Prince Vorotynsky. Contemporaries blamed the tsar and his brother Dmitry Shuisky for this crime.
Fighting external threats.
In the autumn of 1609- the army of the Polish king Sigismund III begins the siege of Smolensk. This city resisted for 20 months and fell only on June 3 1611 g.
In the summer of 1610, False Dmitry II again approached Moscow (soon, however, his troops were again defeated, and he himself was killed). In these circumstances, the Moscow boyars overthrow Tsar Vasily and forcibly tonsure him into a monk. Power passes to a temporary oligarchic body - the “Seven Boyars”. In turn, the Seven Boyars decide to invite the Lithuanian-Polish prince Vladislav to the throne (preliminary negotiations about this were conducted back in 1605).
The decision to call the Polish heir to the Russian throne was not popular among the people. And in the spring of 1611, an uprising against the Poles broke out in Moscow. It was quickly suppressed; one of the leaders of the uprising, Prince D.M. Pozharsky, wounded, is forced to flee the capital.
In the summer of 1611, troops of the first militia arrived under the walls of Moscow. Unlike Moscow, most Russian cities did not want to swear allegiance to Vladislav, and to fight the Polish threat, a militia was assembled in Ryazan, headed by P. Lyapunov. The main driving forces of the militia were the Cossacks and nobles. At first, things developed well for the militia; the Poles were locked in Moscow and did not pose a threat. However, a conflict broke out between the Cossacks and the nobles, as a result of which Lyapunov was killed, after which the nobles left near Moscow.
1610-1611. - the embassy of the Moscow boyars, in which Filaret (Romanov) participates, to Poland. The purpose of the trip was to defend the preliminary agreement on the conscription of Tsarevich Vladislav to the throne, subject to his conversion to Orthodoxy.
Summer 1611. was marked by two defeats of the Russian people - fell Smolensk, Sigismund III proclaimed that he himself would rule in Moscow, and the Swedes captured Novgorod.
Against this background, a new militia begins to gather in Nizhny Novgorod, led by the “posad elder” Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. Soon, detachments from other cities began to join the militia. The army of Minin and Pozharsky went to Moscow and besieged it. IN October ( according to the new style November 4) 1612. The Poles, unable to withstand hunger, capitulated.
1 The main campaigns of Crimeans: 1552- an attempt to take advantage of the Russian campaign against Kazan. A complete failure, Devlet-Girey, afraid to engage in battle with the main Russian army under the command of Ivan the Terrible, unsuccessfully tried to capture Tula and was forced to flee when Russian reinforcements approached. 1555– a new Tatar raid began with an incident. According to their custom, the Crimeans, leaving a convoy and spare horses in front of the border, set off for Rus'. They did not know that they were bypassed with the army of the governor Sheremetyev, who without any problems captured this convoy and horses (60K) and sent them to Rus', accompanied by about half of the army. It let him down. Devlet-Girey, having learned that Ivan the Terrible was coming at him, turned around and began to retreat, where he came across Sheremetyev’s detachment, which was inferior in number (5-8 times), which he defeated with great difficulty. 1562 1564 - the Tatars plundered the settlements of Mtsensk, did not take the city and hastily retreated. g. - peace negotiations were conducted, but Divlet-Girey unexpectedly and very successfully went to Rus'. He besieged the weakly fortified Ryazan, was unable to take it and was forced to retreat without waiting for all the detachments “disbanded for war” and many of which were defeated by the Russians. 1565 g . – one day hike. Russian troops were waiting for the steppe inhabitants, and the Crimeans hastily released, abandoning their foragers. For the first time they took part in the campaign against the Tatarsguardsmen. 1571- the most successful campaign of the Crimeans, as a result of which Moscow was burned
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1572
1598 - the defeat of the Tatars in the Battle of Molodi from which they could not recover for a long time.
1600 – The first rumors about the rescue of Tsarevich Dmitry. Godunov's imprisonment of Dmitry's former teacher, Bogdan Belsky. The Polish embassy of Lev Sapieha to Moscow (late 1600 - early 1601) and his intrigues among the boyars dissatisfied with Godunov.
1601 – Famine years in Russia (1601-1603). Imprisonment of the Romanov brothers, rivals with Godunov. Law banning the export of peasants from small to large owners.
1603 – Fighting near Moscow with Cotton Crookshank’s gang. In Poland, the Vishnevetsky family puts forward the impostor False Dmitry I.
1604 – Meeting of False Dmitry I with the Polish king Sigismund III in Krakow (March). The impostor's conversion to Catholicism and his second meeting with the king (April). Entry of the troops of False Dmitry I into the Moscow state (autumn). They occupied Chernigov, Putivl, Kursk, Belgorod, Liven. The siege of Basmanov by the Pretender in Novgorod-Seversky and the defeat (December 21) of the army of F. Mstislavsky, which was moved to help Basmanov.
1605 – Defeat of the Pretender at Dobrynichi (January 20) and his flight to Putivl. Unsuccessful siege of Rylsk and Krom by the governors of Godunov. Death of Tsar Boris Godunov (April 13). Transition of Basmanov's army to the side of the Pretender (May 7). The campaign of False Dmitry to Moscow through Orel and Tula. Reading of the Pretender's letter by Pleshcheev and Pushkin in Moscow and the arrest of Tsar Fyodor Borisovich by Muscovites (June 1). Murder of Tsar Feodor and his mother (June 10). Entry of False Dmitry I into Moscow (June 20). His royal crowning (July 21)
1606 – Reception by False Dmitry of the papal embassy of Rangoni in Moscow (February). Wedding of False Dmitry and Marina Mnishek (May 8). Boyar rebellion in Moscow and the murder of the Pretender (May 17).
The second period of the Time of Troubles - chronological table
Destruction of state order (rule of Vasily Shuisky)
1606 – Accession of Vasily Shuisky. The new tsar’s kiss of the cross states that he will carry out all the most important matters only on the advice of the boyars. Speech against Shuisky Bolotnikov and the Lyapunov militia. Having taken the village of Kolomenskoye (October), Bolotnikov tries to besiege Moscow. A quarrel between the noble and peasant armies near Moscow, the Lyapunovs going over to Shuisky’s side (November 15). The defeat of Bolotnikov in the battle near the village of Kotly (December 2) and his flight from Moscow to Kaluga.
The battle between Bolotnikov's army and the tsarist army. Painting by E. Lissner
1607 – Bolotnikov’s breakthrough from Kaluga to Tula, his plans to march on Moscow again (spring). The siege of Bolotnikov in Tula (June 30 - October 1) and the suppression of his rebellion. Appearance of False Dmitry II in Starodub; occupation of Bryansk, Kozelsk and Orel.
1608 – False Dmitry II’s campaign against Moscow and his occupation of Tushino (early July). The beginning of the siege of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra by Sapieha (September 23).
1609 – The first attempt to overthrow Shuisky in Moscow (G. Sumbulov and V. Golitsyn, February 17). The alliance of Tsar Vasily with the Swedes on the terms of concession to those of Korela (end of February). Tushino attacks on Moscow (June). The campaign of Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky and Delagardi from Novgorod to Moscow in order to free it from the siege of False Dmitry II. Their capture of Tver (July 13) and Pereyaslavl. Polish king Sigismund III declares war on Russia and besieges Smolensk (from September 16).
Mikhail Vasilievich Skopin-Shuisky. Parsuna (portrait) 17th century
1610 – Sapieha’s retreat from the Trinity-Sergius Lavra (January 12). The collapse of the Tushino camp. Agreement between the former Tushins and Sigismund on the recognition of Prince Vladislav as the Russian Tsar under conditions limiting his power (February 4). Flight of False Dmitry II to Kaluga (February). Death of Skopin-Shuisky (April 23). Victory of the Polish Hetman Zolkiewski over Russian troops at Klushin (June 24). Return of False Dmitry II to Moscow (July 11). Deposition of Shuisky (July 17).
The third period of the Time of Troubles - chronological table
An attempt to restore order (from the overthrow of Vasily Shuisky to the election of Mikhail Romanov)
1610 – Approach to Moscow of the Polish army of Zholkiewski (July 24). The Seven Boyars in Moscow, its oath to Prince Vladislav (August 17). Departure from the capital of the Russian embassy for negotiations with Sigismund III. The occupation of Moscow by the Poles (the night of September 20-21, supposedly for the defense of the capital from False Dmitry II). Sigismund's intention is to personally take the Moscow throne, and not give it to his son. Murder of False Dmitry II (December 11).
1611 – The battle of the Poles with the Muscovites and the burning of Moscow by Polish soldiers (March 19). The approach of Lyapunov’s militia to Moscow (late March) and its connection with the Cossacks. Arrest of the Russian embassy by Sigismund III (April). Capture of Smolensk by Sigismund (June 3) and Novgorod by the Swedes (July 8). The Swedes proclaim Prince Philip the Russian Tsar. The “sentence of June 30, 1611” worked out by the first militia to protect the interests of service people. Murder of Lyapunov (July 25), zemstvo militias break with the Cossacks and leave Moscow. Newsletter across Russia