In the third grade, students are introduced to the concept of "case" and learn that nouns change by case. Despite the fact that only 6 cases are studied in the school curriculum, for children this topic is one of the most difficult topics to study in elementary school. Children will have to learn cases and case questions, learn to ask the right questions in order to correctly determine the case of a noun in the text. Why define case? So that in the future, based on the case and declension of the noun, it is correct to write the endings of words.

case- This fickle sign of nouns, i.e. nouns change (decline) according to cases. Changing by cases means changing nouns by questions. There are six cases in Russian. Each case has its own name and answers a specific question. When a word is changed by cases, its ending changes.

Cases clarify the role of nouns and their relationship with other words in a sentence.

List of cases

Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Prepositional

It is very difficult for a child to remember dry names of cases. He needs associations. Therefore, the child's acquaintance with cases can begin with a fairy tale.

Tale about cases

The case lived.
He had not yet been born, but they were already thinking about what name to give him and decided to name him - Nominative.
Born - became Genitive. He liked this name even more.
He was a baby, they gave him food and toys, and he became a Dative.
But he was a big mischief-maker, he was blamed for all sorts of tricks, and he became accusatory.
Then he grew up, began to do good deeds, and they called him Creative.
He began to offer his help to everyone, soon everyone started talking about him and now called him Prepositional.
They said exactly that when they remembered him, they even sang a song:
nominative, genitive,
Dative, accusative,
Creative, Prepositional.

To remember the order of the pages, use the mnemonic phrase:

Ivan gave birth to a girl, ordered to drag the diaper.

Table of cases of the Russian language

Please note that in almost all cases, the first letters can be used to recall the key word.

Genitive - parents
Dative - gave
Accusative - I see, I blame
Creative - I create

Prepositions of cases and semantic questions

Nominative case - no prepositions. Meaningful questions: who? What?

Genitive case: y, from, before, for, from, without, after, near (y), near (y), against, from under, because of. Prepositions coinciding with prepositions of other cases: p. Meaningful questions: where? where? whose? whose? whose?

Dative case: to, to. Meaningful questions: where? How?

Accusative case: about, through. Prepositions coinciding with prepositions of other cases - in, in, on, for. Meaningful questions: where? Where?

Instrumental case: over, between, before. Prepositions coinciding with prepositions of other cases - under, for, with. Meaningful questions: where? How?

Prepositional case: o, o, at. Prepositions coinciding with prepositions of other cases - in, in, on. Meaningful questions: where?

Cases are divided into direct and indirect

direct case- is nominative. In a sentence, only a noun in the nominative case can be the subject.

Indirect cases- all others, except for the nominative. In a sentence, words in oblique cases are secondary members of the sentence.

To correctly determine the case of a noun, you must:

1. Find in the sentence the word to which the noun refers, put a question from it;
2. By question and pretext (if any), find out the case.

Seagulls circled over the waves. Circled (above what?) above the waves (T. p.)

There is a technique that allows you to accurately determine the case only by asking questions. We formulate both questions. If we have an inanimate noun, we replace it in the sentence with a suitable animate one and pose a question. For two questions, we accurately determine the case.

I caught (who?) a cat. We replace the cat with an inanimate object: I caught (what?) A feather. Whom? What? - Accusative.

I couldn't reach (who?) the cat. Replace with inanimate: I couldn't reach the (what?) branch. Whom? What? - Genitive

To correctly determine the case ending of a noun, you need to determine its case and declension.

Detailed table of cases and case endings of nouns 1,2,3 declensions

Russian Name case	latin Name case	Questions	Prepositions	Ending
				Singular			Plural Number
				1 cl.	2 fold.	3 fold.
Nominative	Nominative	Who? What? (There is)	--- ---	And I	Oh, uh	---	S, -i, -a, -i
Genitive	Genitive	Whom? What? (No)	without, at, before, from, with, about, from, near, after, for, around	Y, -i	And I		Ov, -ev, -ey
Dative	Dative	To whom? What? (ladies)	to, by	E, -i	U, u		Am, -yam
Accusative	Accusative	Whom? What? (see)	in, for, on, about, through	U, u	Oh, uh	---	S, -i, -a, -i, -ey
Instrumental	instrumental	By whom? How? (proud)	for, over, under, before, with	Oh (oh) To her (-s)	Om, -em		Ami, -yami
Prepositional	Prepositive	About whom? About what? (Think)	in, on, oh, about, both, at	E, -i	E, -i		Ah, yah

How to distinguish cases in words with the same endings, forms or prepositions

How to distinguish nominative and accusative cases:

A noun in the nominative case is the subject of the sentence and does not have a preposition. And the noun in the accusative case is a minor member of the sentence, it can be with or without a preposition.

Mom (I. p.) puts cucumbers (V. p.) in the salad (V. p.).

How to distinguish genitive and accusative cases:

If the questions in R. p. and V. p. (whom?) coincide, cases are distinguished by the endings of words: in R. p. endings -a (ya) / -s (and). In V. p. endings -y (y).

Paw (of whom?) martens - R.p. / I see (who?) a marten - V. p.

If both questions and endings are the same, it is necessary to substitute any feminine word with the ending -а(я)- instead of words. Then in R. p. the ending will be -s (u), and in V. p. the ending will be -y (u).

Paw (whom?) Of a bear - I see (whom?) A bear.

We check:

Paw (who?) (foxes) of a bear - R. p. - I see (who?) (a fox) a bear - V. p.

How to distinguish the genitive and instrumental cases with the preposition "s":

If the preposition “with” coincides with R. p. and Tv. n. distinguish them by case and semantic questions (from where? at R. p. and with what? at Tv. p.) and the endings of words in these cases.

Raised (from where?) From the ground - R. p. / Raised a box (with what?) With the ground - V. p.

How to distinguish dative and genitive cases that are the same in pronunciation:

A word without a preposition in D. p. will coincide in pronunciation with a word in R. p. (they have different endings in writing). To distinguish them, you need to understand the meaning of the phrase with this word.

D. p. - wrote a letter to grandmother Natasha [and] - grandmother's name is Natasha

R. p. - wrote a letter to Natasha's grandmother [and] - this is Natasha's grandmother

How to distinguish the dative and prepositional cases if they have the same endings and semantic questions:

In this case, you need to pay attention to the prepositions that are different in these cases.

D. p. - floats (where?) On the sea - prepositions to, by

P. p. - located (where?) In the sea - prepositions in, in, on

How to distinguish instrumental and accusative cases when semantic questions and prepositions coincide:

In case of coincidence of semantic questions and prepositions, TV. p. and v. p. you need to focus on case questions and endings.

Tv. p. - hid (where ?, for what?) Behind the chest of drawers

V. p. - hid (where ?, for what?) behind the chest of drawers

How to distinguish accusative and prepositional cases when prepositions coincide:

If the prepositions of V. p. and P. p. coincide, it is necessary to focus on questions.

V. p. - climbed (where ?, on what?) On the pedestal

P. p. - stood (where ?, on what?) on a pedestal

Poems about cases

I am the nominative case,
And there are no other people's clothes on me.
Everyone can easily recognize me
And in the subject name.
I do not like pretexts since childhood,
I can't stand being around me.
My questions are WHO? So what?
Nobody messes with anything.

And I'm Genitive
My character is sociable.
WHOM? WHAT? And here I am!
Prepositions are often my friends.
Prepositions are often my friends.
I look accusatory
I am sometimes
But in the text you can tell
Always two cases.

I'm called Dative,
I work diligently.
TO whom to give? What to call for?
Only I can say.

And I am the accusative case,
And I blame the ignorant for everything.
But I love excellent students
For them, "five" I catch.
Who to name, what to play,
Ready for advice guys.
Do not mind making friends with suggestions,
But I can live without them.

And I am instrumental
I am filled with every hope.
Create! - How? Create! - With whom?
I'll tell you - no problem!

And I'm a prepositional case,
My case is complicated.
The world is not nice to me without pretexts.
ABOUT COM? ABOUT WHAT? I told?
Oh yes, I need suggestions.
Without them, I have no way.
Then I can tell
What is the dream about.

nominative, genitive,
Dative, accusative,
Creative, prepositional…
It's hard to remember them all.
You always keep in mind
Names. These are cases.

Nominative

He is a beginner
Questions - WHO? So what?
In it - mom, dad, elephant, arena,
And school, and coat.

Genitive

Questions: No WHOM? WHAT?
I don't have a brother
And hamsters - not a single one ...
It's all mom's fault!

Dative

It's an apple, tell me
I will give to WHOM? WHAT?
Maybe Lena? Or Vite?
No, probably no one...

Accusative

Oh! The toys are a mess!
I don't understand myself:
Blame WHO? So what?
Doll? Cubes? Lotto?

Instrumental

I want to write songs.
WITH WHOM? WITH WHAT should I study music?
Write to me with a pen or pen,
Or colored pencil?

Prepositional

Who am I thinking? ABOUT WHAT?
About school, about verbs.
Come on, I'm thinking about
How tired of school...

But now all cases
I learned hard.
Try to teach like this too
After all, knowledge is POWER!

Polak Frida

The nominative is you
picking flowers,
and the parent is for you
the trill and clicking of a nightingale.
If the dative is all for you,
happiness, named in fate,
then accusative ... No, wait,
I'm not easy in grammar
you want new cases
offer you? - Suggest!
- Conversative is a case,
recognition is a case,
loving, affectionate,
kissing is a case.
But they are not the same...
expectant and weary,
parting and painful,
and jealous is a case.
I have a hundred thousand of them
and only six in grammar!

Kirsanov Semyon

The NOMINAL exclaimed:
- My birthday is THAT,
Which is amazing
Learn science!
- TOGO, - said the GENENT, -
I deny who
Can't live without parents
Put on your coat.
- THAT, - answered DATIVE, -
Bad name ladies
Who didn't love diligently
Do the lessons yourself.
- TOGO, - said the accusatory, -
I will blame
Who book expressively
Can't read.
- WITH THAT, - said the CREATIVE, -
I'm just fine
Who is very respectful
Relates to work.
- ABOUT THAT, - said the PROPOSITIONAL, -
I'll offer a story
Who in life can do
Useful for us.

Tetivkin A.

Spring cases

Everything has awakened from sleep:
SPRING is sweeping the world.

It's like we're blooming
Feeling the arrival of SPRING.

And I wanted to get out
Towards the young SPRING.

I'll drown in the green leaves
And I blame VESNA for this.

Nature breathes only one
Unique SPRING.

A starling perched on a pine tree
Bawling songs ABOUT SPRING.

Tell others about it
And you repeat the cases.

Klyuchkina N.

Genitive

I ran away from home
I walked until evening
I dived from a tree into a snowdrift,
I dreamed of living without lessons.
For collection of snowflakes
I collected with my tongue.
Dancing around the fire
And jumped around the yard.
Do I need to do lessons?
I didn't care!
Here I stand at the blackboard
And I sigh in anguish.
But the genitive
I won't forget, at least slaughter. (T. Rick)

Dative

If I had names
He gave cases
I would then gift
DATALY called!
And how I dream
Santa Claus dress up
And I bring gifts to everyone:
Brother, sister, dog.
And who else? WHAT?
Chick, horse, catfish,
Cat, hare, hippo,
Crocodile and elephant!
I'm in a hurry to the steam locomotive,
I'm flying on the ground, I'm rushing!
I will bring gifts to everyone
And then I'll be back home! (T. Rick)

Accusative

I am accusative
I blame everyone everywhere.
I don't have any hope
That I won't make a mistake.
Substitute the word "see"
And define me.
- "If you want to know a lot,
Hurry up and learn to read!"
To remember the accusatory
I learned ... to fly!
How to fly up to the ceiling
Let me wave over the threshold,
I fly out the window
I am heading for the meadow.
I hate to blame
I will list everything.
WHAT I SEE AND WHO -
I'll name one!
I see a river, I see a garden
I name everything!
I see a cherry, I see a plum.
How beautiful all around!
Building a club nearby
Painting a boat in the sand...
Enough, I'm going back to school
I fly light into class. (T. Rick)

Instrumental case

To keep up with everyone
To sound smart
Gotta understand now
In the CREATIVE case.
What is there to say for a long time.
So I decided ... to create!
Pencil, take paper
And I painted the landscape.
I am an artist, I am a creator!
Wow, what a great guy I am!
In front of the castle the bush blooms,
A snake lives under a snag,
A falcon flies over the road
Behind the fence, the horse neighs.
I create with a pencil
On a big sheet.
I decorated the view with difficulty
Forest, cloud over the pond.
Come on, I'll turn the leaf
And I'll start creating again.
My hero goes to war
He wants to rule the country
Hit enemies with an arrow
Pour pitch from the tower.
Stop! Think with your head
Why go to war!
It's better to end things peacefully!
I will close my album (T. Rick)

Prepositional

I'm bored in class.
Well, I better dream.
I really love to dream!
If only I could become a princess!
I dream of a crown
I will sit on the throne in it.
I dream of an elephant
To ride in the moonlight.
I dream of earrings
I dream about boots.
Evenings in the semi-darkness
I dream of an eagle
I will fly freely with him.
I will go to school...
Oh, I'm already dreaming...
About the PREPOSITIONAL case! (T. Rick)

All existing cases of the Russian language

1) Nominative case - who ?, what?
2) Genitive case - no one ?, what?
3) The dative case - to give to whom ?, to what ?, determines the end point of the action.
4) Accusative case - I see whom ?, what ?, denotes the immediate object of the action;
5) Instrumental case - I create by whom ?, with what ?, determines the instrument, some types of temporal belonging (at night);
6) Prepositional case - think about whom ?, about what?

7) Vocative case. From the Church Slavonic vocative case, we only have the word “God!” (well, Father, mentor Ambrose, Panteleimon, etc. for those who read prayers). In modern Russian, this case occurs when we address: Mom, Dad, Uncle, Aunt An, where it is formed by “cutting off” the ending or a specially added ending: Vanyush (Tanyush), come out!

8) Local case. Usually used with the prepositions "At", "In" and "On". Descriptive question: Where? At what? On what? - In the forest (not in the forest), On the closet (not on the closet), On the shelf (not on the shelf) - but what about in Holy Rus', in Ukraine?

9) Separative case. It is formed as a derivative of the genitive case: Pour kefir into a glass (Drink kefir), Lies a head of garlic (eat garlic) Take a sip of tea (drink tea), Set heat (not heat), Add move (not move), Young man, no spark there?

10) Counting case - found in phrases with a numeral: Two hours (not even an hour has passed), Take three steps (not a step).

11) Deferent case - determines the starting point of movement: From the forest, From the house. The noun becomes unstressed: I came out of the forest; there was severe frost.

12) Deprivative case - used exclusively with negative verbs: I don’t want to know the truth (not the truth), I can’t have the right (not the right).

13) Quantitative-separative case - similar to the genitive case, but has differences: a cup of tea (instead of tea), set heat (instead of heat), add a move (instead of add a move).

14) Waiting case - He is also a genitive-accusative case: Wait (for whom? What?) Letters (not a letter), Wait (for whom? What?) Mom (not mom), Wait by the sea for weather (not weather).

15) Transformative (aka inclusive) case. Derived from the accusative case (to whom? to what?). It is used exclusively in turns of speech like: Go to the pilots, Run for deputies, Marry, Become sons.

Case is a form of education and a function of a word, endowing words with certain syntactic roles in a sentence, a link between the individual parts of a sentence's speech. Other definition of case is the declension of words, parts of speech, characterized by a change in their endings.

Possession to perfection of the ability to decline different parts of speech according to cases is a hallmark of a literate, educated person. Often, the school curriculum, which explains in detail the cases of the Russian language, is forgotten after a few years, which leads to gross errors in compiling the correct structure of the sentence, which is why the members of the sentence become inconsistent with each other.

An example of an irregular declension of a word

To understand what is at stake, it is necessary to consider an example showing the incorrect use of the case form of a word.

• The apples were so beautiful that I wanted to eat them right away. Their shiny red skin hid their juicy flesh, promising a truly amazing taste experience.

There is an error in the second sentence, indicating that the cases of nouns in Russian are safely forgotten, so the word "taste" has the wrong declension.

The correct variant would be to write the sentence as follows:

• Their shiny red skin hid their juicy flesh, promising a truly amazing delight in (what?) taste.

How many cases in the Russian language, so many forms of changing the endings of words that determine the correct use of not only the case form, but also the number, gender.

I wonder what percentage of adults who are not associated with writing, editorial, educational or scientific activities remember how many cases are in Russian?

The disappointing results of this year's Total Dictation leave much to be desired, showing the insufficient level of literacy for most of the population. Only 2% of all participants wrote it without a single mistake, receiving a well-deserved "five".

The largest number of errors were found in the placement of punctuation marks, and not in the correct spelling of words, which makes the results not so deplorable. With the correct spelling of words, people do not experience any special problems.

And for their correct declension in a sentence, it is worth remembering the names of the cases, as well as what questions the word answers in each specific case form. By the way, the number of cases in Russian is six.

Brief description of cases

The nominative case most often characterizes the subject or other main parts of the sentence. It is the only one always used without prepositions.

The genitive case characterizes belonging or kinship, sometimes other relationships.

The dative case defines a period that symbolizes the end of an action.

The accusative case is a designation of the immediate object of the action.

The instrumental case denotes the instrument with which an action is performed.

The prepositional case is used only with prepositions, indicates a place of action or points to an object. Some linguists tend to divide the prepositional case into two types:

• explanatory, answering the questions “about whom?”, “About what?” (characterizing the subject of mental activity, story, narration);
• local, answering the question "where?" (directly the area or the hour of the action).

But in modern educational science, it is still customary to distinguish six main cases.

There are cases of Russian adjectives and nouns. Word declension applies to both singular and plural.

Cases of Russian nouns

A noun is a part of speech denoting the name of objects, acting in a sentence as a subject or object, answering the question "who?" or "what?".

The variety of ways of declension of words makes the multifaceted and rich Russian language difficult for foreigners to perceive. Cases of nouns inflect a word by changing its ending.

Case forms of nouns can change endings, answering questions:

• regarding animate subjects - “whom?”, “to whom?”;
• inanimate objects - “what?”, “what?”.

Noun cases with prepositions

Cases	Questions	Examples of changing endings	Prepositions
Nominative		boy(), ball()
Genitive	Whom? What?	Boy(s), ball(s)
Dative	To whom? What?	Boy(s), ball(s)
Accusative	Whom? What?	Boy(s), ball()	On, for, through, about
Instrumental		Boy(om), ball(om)	For, under, over, before, with
Prepositional	About whom? About what?	Boy(s), ball(s)	Oh, on, in, about, at, about

Indeclinable nouns

There are nouns that are used in any case without declension endings and do not form a plural. These are the words:

• kangaroo, taxi, subway, flamingos;
• some proper names of foreign origin (Dante, Oslo, Shaw, Dumas);
• common foreign nouns (Madame, Mrs., Mademoiselle);
• Russian and Ukrainian surnames (Dolgikh, Sedykh, Grishchenko, Stetsko);
• complex abbreviations (USA, USSR, FBI);
• surnames of women denoting male objects (Alisa Zhuk, Maria Krol).

Changing adjectives

Adjectives are an independent part of speech denoting the signs and characteristics of an object, answering the questions “what?”, “what?”, “what?”. In a sentence, it acts as a definition, sometimes a predicate.

Just like a noun, it is declined in cases by changing endings. Examples are shown in the table.

Cases of adjectives with prepositions

Cases	Questions		Prepositions
Nominative
Genitive	Whom? What?	Good	From, without, at, to, near, for, around
Dative	To whom? What?	Good
Accusative	Whom? What?	Good	On, for, through, about
Instrumental			For, under, over, before, with
Prepositional	About whom? About what?		Oh, on, in, about, at, about

Non-inflected adjectives

Cases of the Russian language are able to change all adjectives, if they are not presented in a short form, answering the question "what?". These adjectives in the sentence act as a predicate and are not declined. For example: He is smart.

Plural cases

Nouns and adjectives can be in the singular and plural, which also reflect the cases of the Russian language.

The plural is formed by changing the ending, declension of words depending on the question that the case form answers, with or without the same prepositions.

Plural cases with prepositions

Cases	Questions	Examples of changing the endings of nouns	Examples of changing the endings of adjectives	Prepositions
Nominative		Boy(s), ball(s)	Good(s), red(s)
Genitive	Whom? What?	Boy(s), ball(s)	Good(s), red(s)	From, without, at, to, near, for, around
Dative	To whom? What?	Boy(s), ball(s)	Good, red
Accusative	Whom? What?	Boy(s), ball(s)	good(s), red(s)	On, for, through, about
Instrumental		Boy(s), ball(s)	Good (s), red (s)	For, under, over, before, with
Prepositional	About whom? About what?	Boy(s), ball(s)	Good(s), red(s)	Oh, on, in, about, at, about

Features of the genitive and accusative cases

For some people, two cases with seemingly identical questions that the inflected word answers are difficult and somewhat confusing: the genitive case and the question “who?”, and the accusative case with the question “who?”.

For ease of understanding, it should be remembered that in the genitive case the inflected word answers the following questions:

• there was no “who?” at the party (Paul), "what?" (champagne);
• there was no “who?” in the store (seller), "what?" (of bread);
• there was no “who?” in the prison cell (prisoner), "what?" (beds).

That is, the case indicates the ownership of the object, focusing on the event itself, and not on the subject.

In the accusative case, the same phrases would sound as follows:

• brought to the party "who?" (Paul), "what?" (champagne);
• they didn’t bring “who?” to the store (salesperson) "what?" (bread);
• in the prison cell they did not find “who?” (prisoner) "what?" (bed).

The case refers directly to the object around which the action is performed.

The ability to correctly inflect various parts of speech according to cases, number, gender is a hallmark of a smart, literate person who highly appreciates the Russian language and its basic rules. The desire for knowledge, repetition and improvement of knowledge is a hallmark of a highly intelligent person capable of self-organization.

Nouns are very widely represented in Russian. They can act as main and secondary members of the proposal. Using the cases of nouns, the speaker and writer can connect these parts of speech with others in the context of the sentence. Cases are directly related to another category of a noun - its declension. From the correct definition of which, by the way, the spelling correctness of the written depends.

Case category

The case of nouns is such a grammatical category that indicates the relation of a given part of speech to other words in a sentence. These connections can be realized not only with the help of case forms - prepositions help in this, as well as intonation coloring and even word order.

In modern Russian, there are only 6 case forms.

Case name	Issues of cases of nouns
Nominative
Genitive	Whom? What?
Dative	To whom? What?
Accusative	Whom? What?
Instrumental
Prepositional	About whom? About what?

Once upon a time in the Old Russian language there was another, seventh, vocative case. But it has lost its significance in the course of the development of linguistic culture. Echoes of the vocative case remained in common speech. Previously, it was comparable to the nominative and denoted the appeal: father, man. At the present stage of development of the Russian language, it is realized in such colloquial appeals: Sing, Vas, Tan, etc.

Meaning and form of expression of cases. Nominative

In addition to grammatical meaning, cases of nouns have lexical meaning. Let's sort them out.

Nominative. This is the basic form of the noun. Used in academic literature (dictionary entries). In this case, there is always a subject, as well as a word in it. n. can be an integral part of the predicate.

Example: Roses bloomed in time. Subject roses is in the nominative case.

Another example: This tree is a birch. Subject tree(Name p., predicate birch- the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate, stands in Im. P.).

Genitive case meanings

Genitive. Can associate nouns with different parts of speech. So, if the genitive case connects two nouns, then it will denote:

• a substance whose measure is indicated: liter of kvass;
• affiliation: mom's shoes b;
• object of any action: boiling water;
• definition relationships: the beauty of the fields.

The genitive case is used in the comparative degree of adjectives: stronger than (whom?) Bull. With a quantitative numeral: a thousand (what?) rubles.

As for the verb and verb forms, this case is used in the following cases:

• denotes a specific object when associated with a transitive verb: issue a receipt;
• used after verbs like to be afraid, to seek, to deprive me and others: seek (what?) permission.

The genitive case is used when reporting the exact date. For example: She was born on the sixth (what?) of March, nineteen eighty-two.

Meanings of the dative and accusative cases

Other cases of nouns are not so rich in lexical meanings and grammatical connections. So, the dative case is associated with verbs and some nouns (verbal). Has a side object value: to help parents(compare: help around the house- direct object).

The accusative case indicates that we have a direct object: writing a poem.

Instrumental and prepositional cases

A noun in the instrumental case will have the following meanings:

• tool or method of action: to beat (with what?) with a fist(way), beat (with what?) with a hammer(tool);
• the subject performing the action: spelled (by whom?) by mother; washed (with what?) with a rag;
• is part of the nominal part of the predicate: she was (who?) a doctor.

The prepositional case is special, this is clear from its name. He always asks for a preposition. May refer to:

• topic of conversation, thoughts, etc.: let's talk (about what?) about the work of Goethe; I think (about whom?) about a beautiful stranger;
• temporal and geographical indicators: met (when?) last weekend; work (where?) in a cafe.
• used to indicate a date, but not a full one, but with an indication of the year: I was born (when?) in 1990.

Noun declension

To write spelling correctly, you need to know not only cases. The declension of nouns has a paramount role. There are three types of declension in Russian, each of them requires certain endings. To determine whether nouns belong to one of them, case, gender, you need to know first of all.

Nouns such as homeland, land, frame, belong to the first declension. They are united by belonging to the feminine gender and the endings -а/-я. Also, few masculine nouns fell into these declensions: Vitya, grandfather, father. In addition to the gender, they are united by the endings -а / -я.

The group of masculine nouns is much larger: son-in-law, wolf, sofa. They have a null ending. Such words belong to the second declension. The same group includes neuter nouns with inflection -о/-е: sea, building, crime.

If you have a feminine noun ending in a soft sign (zero ending), it will refer to the third declension: rye, youth, daughter, brooch.

Nouns can have an adjective declension, that is, they change in cases like adjectives and participles. This includes those who have made the transition from these parts of speech to a noun: living room, meeting.

To determine which cases of nouns are used in a sentence, you need to find the word to which the noun refers and ask a question.

For example, let's define cases and declensions of nouns in a sentence: The motorcyclist was driving on level ground.

Subject motorcyclist does not refer to any other word, because it is the main member of the sentence, therefore, it is in the nominative case. We determine the declension: the zero ending and the masculine gender indicate that the word is 2 declensions. Noun with preposition by terrain depends on the word rode. We ask a question: drove (where?) through the area. This is a matter of prepositional case. terrain- feminine, ends in b, so the declension is third.

Declension of singular nouns

To determine with what ending you want to write a noun, gender, number, case and declension, you must know. Declension is hard and soft: the word can end in a soft or hard consonant. For example: lamp- solid type; pot- soft.

Let us give examples of the declension of singular nouns and pay attention to the endings in some forms.

first declension

	solid type	soft type
Nominative			Provocation
Genitive			Provocations
Dative			Provocations
Accusative			Provocation
Instrumental			Provocation
Prepositional			About provocation

Pay attention to the dative and prepositional cases. They require the ending -e. In a noun on -iya, on the contrary, in these cases one should write the ending -и.

Second declension

	masculine		Neuter gender
	solid type		solid type	soft type
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Prepositional

Here we pay attention to the prepositional case: it requires the ending -e. If the noun ends in -й / -е, then in this case it is necessary to write -и.

third declension

Pay attention to the genitive, dative and prepositional cases: they require the ending -i. It should also be remembered that after hissing in the singular in this declension, it is required to write a soft sign. It is not needed in the plural.

Declension of plural nouns

Let's analyze the cases of plural nouns.

	1 declination		2 declension		3 declension
	solid type	soft type	masculine	Neuter gender
Nominative		pans
Genitive		saucepans
Dative	Pictures	pots
Accusative		pans
Instrumental	paintings	pans	barracks
Prepositional	About the paintings	About pots	About barracks

Nouns in the dative, instrumental, and prepositional cases have identical endings.

The endings -i/-ы or -а/-я have plural nouns. The first can be in all three declensions, the second - in some nouns of the second declension: director, watchman, professor.

To distinguish the lexical meanings of plural nouns, different endings are used: sheet, But leaves (of a tree) And sheets (of a book).

Nouns like contracts, elections, engineers, officers, designers it is required to write only with the ending -s. Another flexion is a violation of the norm.

Inflected nouns

The Russian language has a unique group of nouns. When changing in cases, they have endings of different declensions. The group includes those words that end in -my (for example, time, stirrup), as well as the word path.

	Singular		Plural
Nominative			stirrups
Genitive	stirrup
Dative	stirrup		stirrups
Accusative			stirrups
Instrumental	stirrup		stirrups
Prepositional	about the stirrup		about stirrups

Like nouns of the 3rd declension, these words in the singular, genitive, dative and prepositional cases require the ending -i.

Immutable nouns

Another special group of nouns is invariables. They are not put in the form of number and case. They always have the same form: without kimono(R. p.) - about kimono(P. p.); new kimono(units) - bought kimonos(plural).

How to determine in this case how the noun is grammatically expressed? Number, case, look at the word to which it refers. Examples:

1. Pedestrians hurried along the new highway.

2. New highways are laid.

In the first sentence, we determine the number and case by adjective new(singular h., D. p.). In the second - also by adjective new(pl., Im.p.).

Invariable nouns are, as a rule, foreign words, like common nouns ( soda, cafe) and own ( Baku, Hugo). Complexly abbreviated words (abbreviations) are also invariable. For example: computer, nuclear power plant.

At the noun. Unfortunately, not everyone succeeds at once. You need to have enough information to complete this task without difficulty.

Noun as a part of speech

Each of us is familiar with the noun. We, without hesitation, use it daily in our speech. Now imagine that this part of speech is no more. Try to talk about an event without his help. It is unlikely that this will be possible, since im. gives a name to all objects and phenomena that exist in our life. Everything that we see around and talk about cannot do without it. Therefore, its main function is considered to be nominative, that is, to give names to all objects.

Calling each other by name, we also do not do without a noun. Being fluent in our native language, we correctly put this part of speech in the required form. From a scientific point of view, we will try to determine which case and number are used in a word in our article.

declination

Before you learn how to determine the case of a noun, you need to understand what declension is. The word itself means "change". That is, to incline - it means to change them. by numbers and cases.

There are several types of declension in Russian.

The first includes words that end in -a or -ya. They must be either masculine or feminine. For example: car, uncle, picture, nature.

Words in the second declension have different criteria. Such nouns have the endings -o, -e or zero and are neuter and masculine. For example: resolution, aggregate, fiber.

If we have a feminine word with a soft sign at the end (respectively, a zero ending), then it belongs to the third declension. For example: daughter, thing, speech, night.

Each of the groups has its own system of endings. It is them that must be remembered when receiving the task: "Determine the case and declension of nouns."

Genus

In Russian, there are three types of it. Before we learn how to correctly determine the case of nouns, we need to know this information.

The masculine gender includes words that are combined with the personal pronoun "he": boat, boss, result.

The neuter gender is determined by the word "it". It includes most of the abstract and inanimate concepts: perception, happiness, well-being.

Women, respectively, include such words that are combined with the word "she": love, photography, life.

In order to determine the gender, it is necessary to take into account which personal pronoun the desired noun agrees with.

case

Now is the time to learn how to identify. To do this, you need to know what questions each of them answers.

The initial form of the words of this part of speech is always the nominative case. It performs the function of the main member in the sentence - the subject.

Before determining the case of a noun, ask a question. In them.p. - "who what?". For example: vase, flower.

The dative case requires the word "give" ("to whom?", "what"?). For example: a vase, a flower.

The accusative is often confused with the nominative. He answers the questions "who?" or "what?". An auxiliary form “see” or “blame” is also added to it. For example: a vase, a flower.

Creative requires questions "by whom?" or “what? It is combined with the word "admire". For example: a vase, a flower.

And the last, prepositional: “about whom?” or "about what?". The words “think” or “speak” are added to help him.

Now we know how to determine For this simple task, you only need to correctly select a question for the required word.

Features of nominative and accusative

With all the seemingly simplicity of determining the case, sometimes questions still arise. All this happens because some forms may overlap. Such absolute similarity between words is called homonyms.

For example, very often their forms coincide. and wine. cases. In order to distinguish between them, we need to carefully study the context.

Let's compare two sentences:

1. A beautiful tree grew in the clearing.
2. Approaching the clearing, we saw a beautiful tree.

The word forms are exactly the same.

The question arises of how to determine the accusative case of a noun. To do this, we must follow the syntactic role of this word. In the first sentence, the word "tree" is the subject, consistent with the predicate "grew". It independently performs the action, so we can easily determine that its case is nominative.

Now let's look at the second example. The grammatical basis is "we saw". Some action is being performed on the tree, and therefore in this case we have an accusative case.

Dative and prepositional

Also, in some cases, the prepositional case and the dative coincide.

1. We walked along the road.
2. I thought about the upcoming road all evening.

Again, a complete match of word forms. In this case, we will use the method of artificial substitution of the plural. Get:

1. We walked along the roads.
2. I thought about roads.

Now we see that the plural it is easier to distinguish cases in the number: in the first case - dative (what?), in the second - prepositional (about what?).

There is another little trick. The dative case has two prepositions "to" and "to". Thanks to them, it is easy to distinguish it from other forms.

Parsing

Often in the lesson, students are given the task to determine the gender, number, case of nouns. This is usually required to hold a word.

Let's give an example of parsing a noun.

Our boys competed.

• In competitions - noun
• The initial form (what?) is a competition.
• Permanent signs:

Does not denote the name of any objects, therefore it is a common noun;

inanimate;

Avg. genus (it);

Has the ending -e and refers to environments. genus, then the type of declension is the second.

• Irregular symptoms:

Plural number;

It answers the question “in what?”, Combines with the auxiliary word “think”, therefore, the case is prepositional.

• In the proposal, it will play the role of a minor member - additions.

Conclusion

We have studied in detail how to determine the case of a noun. In addition, we were able to execute the words in order to confirm all the information received. Thus, we will not have any more difficulties in this matter. It is enough just to ask the right question, and the case is easily determined. When homonymous forms appear, it is enough to look at the syntactic role of the word or replace the only

Case is a variable characteristic of a word, which is inherent only in nouns, adjectives, numerals or pronouns. Given the above, we can determine the meaning of the term "case".

case- this is a characteristic denoting the form in which the noun is located, denoting its relationship with another object or person, determining its action, state or attribute.

A more complex concept of case sounds like this:

case- a changing characteristic of the grammar of the Russian language, which corresponds to a noun, pronoun, numeral or adjective, as well as their hybrids, which determines their meaning in a sentence in relation to the semantic or syntactic position.

Cases help connect parts of speech with each other, endowing a sentence or phrase with a certain thought. Visually, it is expressed with the help of the text through the transformation of the form of the word. For clarity, you can compare:

• month, sheep, yellow, face, sun, clear;

The moon hides behind the barns its yellow face from the blazing sun.

In the first case, a set of words is used that are not connected in any way and therefore represent a meaningless enumeration. In the second - parts of speech are changed, the idea is stated clearly and clearly, this was facilitated by cases.

In total there are 6 cases, which are characterized by a certain ending. One or another case can be determined by asking the appropriate question, or recognized by the presence of certain prepositions. The presented table shows all existing cases, defining their questions and the corresponding prepositions, if any.

Case table

Cases in Russian (table with questions and endings)

Before analyzing each case separately using the example of specific words, let's recall the terminology of this word once again and correlate it with the noun.

case- this is a form of a noun that changes it and reveals its relation to another object, person, action or event, creating a semantic connection in a sentence or phrase.

Cases of nouns. Case prepositions

Nominative

Nominative is the base or initial form of the item's name. Used to denote an object, in the nominative case the word will always express the answer to a question Who? or What?

• Who? mom-a, hare_, doctor_;
• What? pen-a, sun-e, pond_, silence.

Prepositions are not used when using the word in the nominative case. It belongs to the category of direct case (the rest are called indirect). In a sentence, a noun in the nominative case is the subject or part of the predicate.

• I really liked this book. (« book" in the nominative case, is the subject)
• A dog is man's best friend. (« Friend"- part of the predicate)

Genitive

Denotes the attraction or belonging of an object to another object or person, answers questions whom? what?

• (no) who? mom-s, hare-a, doctor-a;
• (no) what? pen-i, sun-a, pond-a, quiet-i.

This case belongs to the category of indirect and can be used both with and without prepositions. Example:

• (nothing?) handles - broke off at (what?) handles.

Prepositions are used to more accurately connect the meaning of a noun with another word. If the noun is in the genitive case, then the prepositions will correspond to it without, from, around, with, about, at, after, from, for, before.

• walk without a hat;
• learn from a book
• walk around the building;
• ask a passerby;
• move away from the entrance;
• reach for the shoulder.

Dative

Used in combination with verbs that denote an action in relation to a given subject, it corresponds to questions: to whom? or what?

• I give (to whom?) mom-e, hare-y, doctor-y;
• I give (to what?) pen-e, sun-y, pond-y, quiet-y.

This case (which is also indirect) corresponds to the prepositions to (ko), according to, in spite of, after, like.

• Run up to your sister;
• act according to conviction;
• go towards the train;
• do against the advice.

Accusative

The noun in the accusative case indicates the object of the action, is used in combination with the verb, it corresponds to questions: whom? or What?

• I blame (who?) mom-y, hare-a, doctor-a;
• blame (what?) pen-y, sun-e, pond-d, quiet.

Prepositions used with a noun in the accusative case: with (co), through, in (in), about (about), on, through, under, about, through, by, for.

• Carry through the years;
• talk about yourself;
• peek through glass
• dance to the music
• avenged his father.

Some of these suggestions on, under, for, in) specify the direction of the action performed on the subject:

• hid (into what?) in a box;
• put (for what?) on the box;
• put (for what?) per box;
• adjusted (under what?) under the box.

Instrumental case

A noun in the instrumental case denotes an object that acts on another object, it is determined by questions: by whom? or how?

• Satisfied (with whom?) mom-oh, hare-eat, doctor-ohm;
• satisfied (what?) pen-oh, sun-eat, pond-ohm, silence-th.

Prepositions used with a noun in the instrumental case: for, with (co), between, under, over, before, together with, in connection with, according to

• Speak with pride;
• fly over the earth;
• think before buying;
• look after the child;
• laugh with grandma
• stand between the trees;
• stop due to the rules.

Prepositional

Standing in the prepositional case, the noun answers questions about whom? about what?

• I think (about whom?) about mom-e, hare-e, doctor-e;
• Think about what?) about the pen, about the sun, about the pond, about silence.

Prepositions used if the noun is in the prepositional case: by, on, about (about), in, at.

• Establish at the department;
• walk in the museum;
• sit on a bench;
• talk about the movie
• swim on a boat.