Case is a morphological form denoting the connection of a noun with other words and its role in a sentence. It connects speech turns in meaning, forming a structured construction. Our great language contains six kinds of cases, the nominative being direct and the rest being indirect. Each country has a special system for designating syntactic links.

The correct analysis of the construction of the sentence is the key to determining the case. Subordination must be properly defined. We find the word on which our noun depends. Next, you need to raise a semantic question, according to which the case is established. There are six of them in Russian:

1. Nominative;
2. Genitive;
3. Dative;
4. Accusative;
5. Instrumental;
6. Prepositional.

Nominative case. Question: Who? What?

Example: "The seller reported that the goods had fallen in price."

Reported (who?) The seller.

The question posed from the verb “reported” proves that the seller is a noun in the nominative case.

Genitive. Question: Who? What?

Example: "He asked the boy if he was confident in his abilities."

I asked (whom?) Nicholas.

In this sentence, the word "boy" is in the genitive case.

Dative. Question: To whom? What?

Example: "Today he can take as much as he needs."

Need (who?) Him.

The question posed clearly shows the dative case.

Accusative. Question: Who? What?

It is worth noting that this form is often confused with the nominative case. To distinguish between them, you need to understand a simple pattern. Nouns in the nominative case are always the main members of the sentence, and accusatives are secondary.

Example: "The mistress so fiercely hated her husband's dog that she did not allow her to enter the house."

Hated (who?) the dog.

As can be seen from this example, the word "dog" acts as a complement and plays a secondary role. Another case:

The dog will not be able to enter the house.

In this example, the word “dog” is the subject and answers the question: “who?”.

Instrumental case. Question: By whom? How?

Example: "The battle was the only way out of the resulting trap."

It was (what?) the way out.

This case denotes an object that performs certain actions or affects other objects.

Prepositional. Question: About whom? About what?

Example: “Caring for relatives and friends is the virtue that should be in every person.”

Caring (for whom?) about relatives and friends.

The last case in our language is prepositional. Its striking feature is that it is never used without a preposition, hence the name.

Questions to a noun can be posed with a preposition. They play a significant role and help to establish case meanings.

Prepositions in the genitive case introduce a spatial designation into the description: “To get to the village”.

In combination with the dative case, there is an approach to the scene of action: “I went to the closed door.”

When the preposition is connected with the accusative case, the focus on the subject becomes stronger: “Pull the collar”.

Declension of nouns is an important factor for building a competent sentence. It is worth carefully remembering each case and prepositions for it, then you will not make gross mistakes.

Irregular signs.

How to determine the declension of a noun.

1. Put the name of the noun. in I.p., in units (to original form).

2. Determine the gender.

3. Define the ending.

4. Determine the declination.

For example: The baby was sleeping in the cradle.

1. The initial form is a cradle.

2. Gender - female.

3. The end is zero.

4. Declination - 3

Cases of nouns.

The nominative singular form is initial form noun. All cases except the nominative are called indirect cases.

REMEMBER!

1. Find the word to which the name of the noun refers.

2. Put from this word to noun. both case questions.

3. For questions, determine the case.

For example: They stopped on the doorstep Houses.

1. The word to which the name of the noun refers. - stopped.

2. We ask both case questions - we stopped (on whom? on what?) on the threshold.

3. Questions of the prepositional case.

Noun endings.

case	questions	1st fold.	2nd fold.	3rd fold.	pl. number
f.b., m.b. -and I	m.r., cf. , -o, -e	zh.r. b,	all declensions
I. p.	Who? What?	-and I	, -o, -e		-a, -i, -i, -s
R. p.	whom? what? (whose? from what? from where?)	-s, -and	-a, -i, -o, -e	-And	-ov, -ev, -ey,
D. p.	to whom? what? (Where?)	-e	-u, -u	-And	-am, -yam
V. p.	whom? What? (Where?)	-u, -u	-o, -e, -a, -i,		-a, -i, -i, -s, -ey, -ov, -ev, zero
T. p.	by whom? how? (where when?)	-oh, -oh, -oh, -oh	-om, -em, -em	-Yu	-ami, -ami
P. p.	about whom? about what? (where? how? what?)	-e	-e	-And	-ah, -ah

The number of nouns.

The number indicates the number of items.

Role in a sentence (syntactic role)

A noun in a sentence can be:

subject, predicate, definition, object, circumstance.

Noun parsing scheme (morphological parsing)

I. Part of speech.

II. Morphological features.

(object, natural phenomenon, etc.)

Initial form (I. p., singular)

Permanent signs:

a) own or common noun;

b) animate or inanimate;

d) declination.

Irregular symptoms:

III. syntactic role.

For example: The river flows from North South.

I. From the north - noun.

II. (from where? - from what?) from the north, n. f. - north

Fast. - nav., inanimate, m.p., 2 cl.

Non-post. - R. p., units. h.

III. In a sentence, an adverb of place

Case in languages ​​of an inflectional (synthetic) or agglutinating system is a category of a word (usually a name), showing its syntactic role in a sentence and linking individual words of a sentence. Cases are called both the functions of words in a sentence and the forms of words that correspond to them.

Term case, like the names of most cases, is a tracing paper from Greek and Latin - other Greek. πτῶσις (fall), lat. casus from cadere (to fall). There are direct cases (nominative and sometimes also accusative) and indirect cases (others). This terminology is associated with the ancient idea of ​​“declension” (declinatio) as “deviations”, “falling away” from the correct, “direct” form of the word, and was supported by associations with dice (where one or another side falls out at each throw - in this case, one "direct" and several "indirect").

Below in the table you can see the cases of the Russian language and their endings for various genders, declensions of nouns.

Russian name of the case	Latin case name	Questions	Prepositions	Ending
				Singular			Plural
				1 cl.	2 fold.	3 fold.
Nominative	Nominative	Who? What? (There is)	--- ---	-and I	---, -o, -e	---	-s, -i, -a, -i
Genitive	Genitive	Whom? What? (No)	without, at, before, from, with, about, from, near, after, for, around	-s, -and	-and I	-And	---, -ov, -ev, -ey
Dative	Dative	To whom? What? (ladies)	to, by	-e, -i	-u, -u	-And	-am, -yam
Accusative	Accusative	Whom? What? (see)	in, for, on, about, through	-u, -u	-o, -e	---	---, -s, -i, -a, -i, -ey
Instrumental	instrumental	By whom? How? (proud)	for, over, under, before, with	-oh (-oh), -ee (-ee)	-om, -em	-Yu	-ami, -ami
Prepositional	Prepositive	About whom? About what? (Think)	in, on, oh, about, both, at	-e, -i	-e, -i	-And	-ah, -ah

It is standardly believed that in modern Russian there are 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional), however, some linguists (Zaliznyak) distinguish at least seven more with limited distribution and functions. The six main cases are determined by means of grammatical questions that can be put in place of the word (who?, what? one question: about / on / in whom, what?)

Nominative- who?, what?, is the only direct case in Russian, used as the main part of the sentence.

Genitive- no one ?, what ?, determines belonging, kinship and some other relationships.

Dative- to give to whom?, to what?, determines the end point of the action.

Accusative- see who?, what?, denotes the immediate object of the action;

Instrumental case- I create by whom?, with what?, determines the instrument, some types of temporal belonging (at night);

Prepositional- to think about whom, about what

Second prepositional case, or locative- the original (non-prepositional) form of the local case was almost completely lost and passed into the prepositional and instrumental forms, however, some nouns have a grammatically different form of the prepositional case: in the forest, in the shade. The unprepositional forms doʹma and domʹ are, apparently, adverbs.

vocative- is identical in form to the nominative, but forms an independent turn of speech, similar in function to an interjection. The original vocative case has been completely lost, the forms of the Old Russian language - human, doctor, etc. However, a new vocative can be distinguished, including the colloquial forms of some names: Sing, Sash, Tan, etc. and several nouns.

Quantitative-separative case- a variety of the genitive and is in many ways similar to it, but has some different forms: a cup of tea (along with tea), set heat (not heat), add a move (not a move).

deprivative case- a kind of accusative case, but is used exclusively with negation with the verb: not to know the truth (not the truth), not to have the right (not the right).

Waiting case actually coincides with the genitive, but stands out due to the fact that some words in the same grammatical form are declined in the form of the accusative. Wed wait for (whom? what?) letters, but wait (whom? what?) for mom. Also: wait by the sea for the weather.

Turning case or inclusive- answers questions similar to the accusative case (to whom? to what?), but is used exclusively in turns of the type to become welders, run for president, take in-laws, etc.

Counting case- a somewhat different form from the genitive used in counting: three hours (not hours), two steps.

All world languages ​​can be conditionally divided into inflectional and non-inflectional. This means that the words that are part of the languages ​​of the first group have endings, while the lexical units belonging to the second group of languages ​​do not have them. The Russian language belongs to the first type of languages. This is explained by the fact that the words in the native language in the sentence and phrase are connected in meaning and grammatically, that is, with the help of endings.

The endings of nominal parts of speech indicate in which case the desired part of speech is used. In general, the category of a name in Russian has such a grammatical feature as a case. It is he who allows you to connect lexemes into phrases, and phrases into sentences, that is, larger units of expression of thought.

The case is usually called one of the morphological features of nominal parts of speech. It is intended to ensure that it is grammatically correct to determine in what relationship the constituent phrases or

The category of the case of a noun is defined as a feature included in the group of morphologically inconstant ones. When a part of speech changes, its case also changes. In general, there are six cases in Russian. They are also included in, studied as part of the school curriculum.

• The nominative is a case in which the noun is in the singular form. For comparison: lilac(What?), child(Who?). The noun in this I. p. is never used in speech with a preposition. For this reason, I. p. is direct.
• Genitive. Indirect. It is always used with prepositions. You can substitute the auxiliary word "no" for verification. For example: (no one?) Misha.
• Dative. Auxiliary word - "lady". Indirect, its use is possible without a preposition and with it. Example: (give to whom?) Nikita.
• Accusative. Helps to correctly define his word "see". Indirect. Nouns in V. p. are objects in a sentence. According to the above signs, it cannot be confused with the nominative. For example: through (what?) time,(see what?) banner.
• Instrumental. For him, the auxiliary word will be "satisfied." Indirect. It is used with . Example: (happy with whom?) daughter, (happy with what?) result.
• Prepositional. Indirect. Its name directly indicates that it is always used with a preposition. Auxiliary word "think". For example: (thinking about whom?) about my beloved; (think about what?) about defending a dissertation.

Russian case table with questions:

Case system

It turns out that the case system of our native language is represented by fifteen cases. Six of them are studied in the course. And the rest will be discussed later.

• Vocative. It was part of the case system of the Old Slavonic language. Now its form can be considered the word God. Today, similar forms in the language are formed when inflection is cut off. It turns out not quite “full-fledged” in the grammatical sense of the word: mom, dad, dad and similar forms.
• Local. It is easy to guess by prepositions in, on, at and on the question where?: (where?) at the shelf, (Where?) on the wardrobe, (Where?) in the nose.
• Dividing. It is a derivative of the parent. Defined in context. Eg: drink tea, there will be no spark, piping hot.
• Countable. An indicator is a word denoting a number or quantity in context: two hours, two steps.
• Deferral. It is used with the preposition from. It matters the beginning of the movement. Eg: from home and so on.
• Depriving. It is easy to recognize it from the context. Always used with the particle not. For example: cannot have a child.
• Waiting. It looks like an accusation. It can only be defined in context. Eg: wait for the weather from the sea.
• Transformative or inclusive. It is also recognizable in context. For example: I will take as a wife, suitable for a daughter and so on.

How to determine

The definition of a grammatical category, for example, cases of nouns and their endings, students should be able to perform both orally and in writing.

First, consider the algorithm by which you can verbally determine the case:

1. In a sentence, it is necessary to highlight such a phrase so that the noun in it is a dependent word.
2. Ask a question about a noun.
3. at the noun.

For example: I hear my dad call. Call(whom?) dads(R. p.)

Now we will describe the scheme for determining the case of a noun in writing:

1. In a sentence, signs // indicate the boundaries of a phrase.
2. The main word in the phrase is denoted by X.
3. Draw an arrow from the main to the dependent word.
4. Write a question above the arrow.
5. Determine case.
6. Write a case over the noun.

Case endings

Indirect cases in Russian and their endings require careful study by schoolchildren as part of the general education program.

Despite the fact that most often it is not difficult for native speakers to correctly write the ending in nouns, however, there are also special cases that require the ability to identify cases and correctly write endings in words.

Endings in cases of the Russian language:

1 cl.	Name	Endings in the singular	Plural endings
	Nominative	-and I	-s, -and
	Genitive	-s, -and	-, -to her
	Dative	-e, -i	-am, -yam
	Accusative	-u, -u	-s, -and, -her
	Instrumental	-oh, she	-ami, -ami
	Prepositional	-e, -and	-ah, -ah
2 declension	Nominative	-o, -e (cf.)	-a, -i, -s, -and
	Genitive	-and I	-, -ov, -ev, -ey
	Dative	-u,-u	-am, -yam
	Accusative	-o, -e (cf.)	-a, -i, -s, -and
	Instrumental	-om, -em	-ami, -ami
	Prepositional	-e, -and	-ah, -ah
3 declension	Nominative	-	-And
	Genitive	-And	-to her
	Dative	-And	-am, -yam
	Accusative	-	-And
	Instrumental	-Yu	-ami, -ami
	Prepositional	-And	-ah, -ah

Useful video

Summing up

With case change in mind, we are actually talking about declension. By the way, there are three types of them in the Russian language system. The case is formally expressed through the endings (inflections) of words. Thus, in the course of reflection, we came to the conclusion that the case category in the Russian language performs the function of changing words. It is needed in order for words to be combined into phrases and form a sentence. Moreover, this sentence must be logically complete and grammatically correct.

In contact with

In Russian everything six independent cases, and decline (change in cases) nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns. But schoolchildren often have difficulties in determining the case. Students are not always able to correctly put the question to the word, and this leads to errors. Particular difficulties arise when the word in different cases has the same form.

There are several tricks that will help you accurately determine the case of a word.

1. Statement of the question.

Let us note that the question should be case, not semantic. For questions where? Where? When? Why? it is not possible to determine the fall.

Both applicants(who? – R. p.).

What happened in 1812?(in what? – P. p.).

After the concert five(I. p.) spectators(whom? – R. p.) stayed in the hall(in what? – P. p.).

In ten minutes(through what? – V. p.) he (I. p.) returned.

She is happy with the new car(how? – T. p.).

2. Exist auxiliary words, which can help in determining the case:

case	Auxiliary word	case question
Nominative
Genitive		whom? what?
Dative		to whom? what?
Accusative		whom? what?
Instrumental
Prepositional	speak	about whom? about what?

To distinguish between homonymous case forms, the following techniques are used.

3. Replacing the singular with the plural.

To go on the road(ending -e both in D. p., and in P. p.).

Walk the roads(Why? – D. p., in P. p. – about roads).

4. Replacing the masculine gender with the feminine.

met a friend(ending -a both in R. p., and in V. p.).

Met a girlfriend(whom? – V. p., in R. p. – girlfriends).

5. Magic word mom.

Particular difficulties arise when distinguishing between the forms of accusative and genitive, accusative and nominative cases. Help, as always, will come "Mother". It is this word that can be substituted in a sentence. Framed, look at the end: mom A – nominative, mom S – Genitive; mom At – accusative.

Die yourself, and comrade(ending -a both in R. p., and in V. p.) help out.

Die yourself, but mom(V. p.) help out.

6. Knowing the characteristic prepositions also helps to determine the case.

case	Prepositions
Nominative
Genitive	without, at, from, before, with, from, near
Dative
Accusative	on, for, under, through, in, about,
Instrumental	over, behind, under, with, in front of, between
Prepositional	in, oh, about, on, at

As you can see, there are prepositions that are characteristic of only one case: without– for the genitive (no hitch); by, to – for the dative case (through the forest, towards the house), oh, oh, at – for prepositional case (about three heads, with you).

Recall that the case of an adjective is determined by the case of the word being defined. In order to determine the case of an adjective, it is necessary to find in the sentence the noun to which it refers, because the adjective is always in the same case as the word being defined.

I'm happy with my new coat. Adjective new refers to a noun coat in T. p., therefore, new – T. p.

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