Schools of "mathematical and navigational, that is, nautical cunning arts of learning" (See School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences). The school was ordered to be in charge of the armory, and to recruit “voluntarily wanting, others even more so with coercion”. The first teacher was the Englishman Henry Farvarson, who entered the Russian service in 1698. Since 1713, it was supposed to allocate 22,456 rubles a year for the maintenance of the school.
Corps and Academy of the Marine Guard
The first director was a Frenchman, Baron P.-A. de Saint-Hilaire. With the establishment of the academy, only 5,600 rubles were left for the maintenance of the Moscow navigation school, and the rest of the amount was turned to the maintenance of the academy.
The academy and school existed until December 15, 1752, when "Naval nobility cadet corps" for 360 students. Pupils of the senior class were called midshipmen, and the two younger ones were called cadets. 46,561 rubles were allocated annually for the maintenance of the corps. A house, the former Minikha, on Vasilevsky Island, at the corner of the Bolshaya Neva embankment and line 12, has been allocated for the premises.
Naval Cadet and Naval Nikolaev Academy
Transition to the modern state
With the general reform of military educational institutions, in the 60s, "Marine Corps" was renamed to "Naval School" and received in 1867 a new charter.
Modern events
Literature
A large amount of literature is devoted to the history and traditions of the naval cadet corps, which is located in the largest book depositories in St. Petersburg and Moscow.
- Belyavsky K.V. To the centenary of the Church of the Naval Cadet Corps. - St. Petersburg, 1897.
- Veselago F.F. Essay on the history of the Naval Cadet Corps. - St. Petersburg, 1852.
- Golenishchev-Kutuzov L.I. About the naval cadet corps. Additions to the article placed in Otechestvennye zapiski about military schools in the reign of Paul I. - St. Petersburg, 1840.
- Korguev N. A. Overview of the transformations of the Naval Cadet Corps in 1852, with a list of graduate students 1753-1896 - St. Petersburg, 1897.
- Krotkov A.S. Naval Cadet Corps. Brief historical outline. - SPb., 1901. (Naval Cadet Corps: Brief historical essay with illustrations / Compiled by A. Krotkov. - Reprint edition of 1901 - St. Petersburg: Alfaret, 2006. - 228 p.: ill.)
- Maksimov G.S. Naval Cadet Corps and the Nikolaev Naval Academy in St. Petersburg. - St. Petersburg, 1908.
- Naval Cadet Corps: 1701-1901. - St. Petersburg, 1901. (Naval Cadet Corps: 1701-1901: Album. - Reprint edition of 1901 - St. Petersburg: Alfaret, 2006. - 6 p.; 35 sheets. ill.)
- Sea posts., book. III, cont. 1895
- Pavlinov Ya. I. Description of the celebration of the bicentennial anniversary of the founding on January 14, 1701 by Emperor Peter I the Great of the Navigation School, later renamed the Naval Cadet Corps. - St. Petersburg, 1901.
- Pavlinov Ya. I. List of those who completed the course in the Naval Cadet Corps from 1897 to 1905. - St. Petersburg, 1905.
- List of pupils of the Naval Cadet Corps from 1762 to 1843. - St. Petersburg, 1843.
- Code of maritime regulations. - St. Petersburg, 1887. - Prince. III.
In the 2000s in St. Petersburg, the institute's anniversary editions were reissued - the album Naval Cadet Corps 1701-1901 and the book by A. S. Krotkov "Naval Cadet Corps: a Brief Historical Sketch".
Links
- About the building of the Marine Corps. Peter the Great in St. Petersburg
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
See what the "Naval gentry corps" is in other dictionaries:
January 14, 1701 was followed by an imperial decree on the establishment in Moscow of a school of mathematical and navigational, i.e., nautical cunning arts of learning. The school was ordered to be in charge of the armory, and to recruit volunteers for teaching, others ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
HISTORY OF THE CREATION OF THE MARINE CADET CORPS
The history of the creation of the Naval Cadet Corps dates back to the first years of the existence of the Russian regular fleet, founded by Peter I in 1969. To staff the fleet with national command personnel, on January 14 (January 25, according to the new style), 1701, by decree of Peter I, the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences was founded, or navigational school. From June 1701, the school was located in Moscow, in the Sretenskaya (Sukhareva) tower. It consisted of 200 students and trained specialists not only for the fleet, but also for the army, as well as for the civil civil service.On October 1, 1715, in the new capital of Russia, Petersburg, on the basis of the senior nautical classes of the Navigation School, the Naval Academy, or the Academy of the Naval Guards, was created, a purely military educational institution for the training of fleet officers. The navigational school lost its former significance and became a kind of preparatory school. The Maritime Academy was designed for 300 students from the privileged classes and was organizationally divided into 6 brigades (departments) of 50 people each.
In 1716, the military rank of "midshipman" was established (from the French garde de marine - guardian of the sea or marine guard). This title replaced the title of "navigator" as a transitional one from a student of the Naval Academy to the rank of midshipman (established in 1713).
On December 15, 1752, the Navigational School and the cadet company were abolished, and the Naval Academy was transformed into the Naval Cadet Corps. The new name emphasized the recruitment of it exclusively by persons of noble origin.
From 1771 to 1798 the Corps was located in Kronstadt in the building of the Italian Palace
Since 1802, the word "gentry" was excluded from the name of the educational institution, but this change did not affect the principles of recruitment.
In 1861, new admission rules were established in the Naval Corps, which for the first time provided for competitive examinations and the so-called trial voyages - for a preliminary acquaintance with maritime affairs. Young men aged 14 to 17 were accepted into the corps, while in addition to noble children, the children of “hereditary honorary citizens”, honored army and navy officers, and civil officials had the right to enter.
On June 2, 1867, the Naval Cadet Corps was renamed the Naval School. According to the Charter of the Naval School, classified as a higher educational institution, young men at the age of 16 were admitted to it.
In 1891, the Naval School was again renamed the Naval Cadet Corps. According to the new provision, a 6-year training period was established, in terms of combat, the corps was divided into 6 companies, of which four seniors made up a battalion, and in training - into 6 classes: 3 general and 3 special.
On September 15, 1918, an order for the fleet and the maritime department announced the creation of courses for the command staff of the fleet in Petrograd. The completion of courses began on the training ship "Peter the Great", and in the first days of October 1918, students were transferred to the premises of the former Naval School.
The history of the Naval Cadet Corps continues today within the walls of the Kronstadt Naval Cadet Corps.
On April 25, 1995, by order of the Mayor of St. Petersburg A. Sobchak, in pursuance of the order of the President of the Russian Federation of April 3, 1995 No. 155-rp and the joint decision of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation and the Mayor of St. Petersburg of March 31, 1995, a state educational institution of secondary (complete) general education - "First Cadet Marine Corps".
October 1, 1995 75 pupils of 5-7 grades were first gathered in St. Petersburg. After a three-week training camp in the village. Komarov, the first training company arrived in Kronstadt. On October 25, 1995, classes began in the renovated premises of the building on the street. Zosimova, d.15.
On November 22, 1995, the Cadet Corps was solemnly presented with the Banner of the Corps by the First Deputy of the Civil Code of the Navy, Admiral I. Kasatonov. This day became the birthday of the Naval Cadet Corps.
On February 19, 1996, the President of the Russian Federation issued a Decree "On the Creation of the Kronstadt Naval Cadet Corps." This document determined that the KMKK is being created in the system of the Russian Ministry of Defense and is an educational institution of secondary (complete) general education with additional educational programs aimed at military training of underage male citizens. The planned recruitment of KMKK began to the number indicated in the Order of the RF Ministry of Defense No. 310 of August 27, 1996 - 700 students.
Today, about 700 pupils from all regions of Russia study at KMKK. Most of them honorably bear the high rank of cadet of the Naval Corps: they study well, conscientiously fulfill their duties (commanders of subunits should name the names of the best pupils).
Perhaps the most difficult topic for me: HIS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS HEIR TSESAREVICH'S MARINE CADET CORPS. There are quite a lot of materials and documents related to the history of the Corps, and photographs constantly emerge from various sources: museums and private archives. I also picked up some interesting and rather rare pictures.
So, HIS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS HEIR TSESAREVICH'S MARINE CADET CORPS.
A Brief History of the Corps.
FOUNDATION: - 1701.
HOLIDAY: - 6th NOVEMBER ST. PAUL THE CONFESSOR.
Founded by Tsar Peter I in 1701 on January 14 in Moscow in the Sukharev Tower "School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences", to prepare young people for naval service.
On October 1, 1715, the School was transferred from Moscow to St. Petersburg, and placed on the banks of the Neva in the house of Kisin, where the Winter Palace was later located, and was named the ACADEMY OF THE MARINE GUARDS.
In 1752, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna renamed the Academy into the Naval Noble Corps with three classes:
senior - cadets and two cadets.
In 1802, Emperor Alexander I reorganized the Marine Corps of the Nobility and called it the Marine Corps. In 1848, Emperor Nicholas I granted the corps the First Chief Vel. Book. General-Admiral Konstantin Nikolayevich and among the cadets was commissioned Vel. Book. Alexander Alexandrovich.
In 1867, Emperor Alexander II renamed the Naval Corps into the Naval School.
In 1891, Emperor Alexander III renamed again the Naval Cadet Corps.
In 1906, Emperor Nicholas II gave the Corps the name of the Naval Corps. After that, it was decided to transport the junior cadet classes from St. Petersburg to Sevastopol, where it was ordered to build a proper building on the Black Sea coast.
In 1914, the Marine Corps was granted a chief: Heir Tsesarevich Alexei Nikolaevich.
In 1916, the Marine Corps was again renamed the Marine E.I.V. Heir to the Tsesarevich School.
In 1917, after the communist takeover on October 25, the Naval School ceased to exist.
In 1917, the Vladivostok Naval School was founded from the midshipmen and cadets of the Naval School and the midshipmen of the midshipmen classes who were on the voyage, which existed until 1920.
In 1919, in the south of Russia, occupied by the Volunteer Army, from the midshipmen and cadets of the Naval School was
formed by order of Gen. Denikin Sevastopol Cadet Corps, which existed until 1920.
In 1920, the Vladivostok Naval School and the Sevastopol Morokoy Corps merged into the Bizerte Naval Corps, which existed until 1925.
FORM: - marine, white epaulettes with a gold butt.
The cadets on white epaulettes have the stenciled monogram of the chief; midshipmen have cadet gold stripes along their shoulder straps and
false gold anchor. Black trousers and black uniforms with gold braid on the turn-down collars and on
sleeve cuffs. 
The midshipmen wear black leather belts, black naval broadswords with leather lanyards. The cadets and midshipmen have a black naval peakless cap with three white edgings, a cockade on the crown and a black ribbon with the gold inscription of the school. Black overcoats with white shoulder straps and black buttonholes. In winter, a blue galanka with narrow white shoulder straps. In summer, white navy shirts with blue collars.
The sergeant has an officer's naval black cap with three white piping and an officer's broadsword.
DIFFERENCE: - Guards ordinary banner.
Silver badge to be worn on the left side. 
PARKING: - Petrograd, Vasilyevsky Island.
FOUNDER OF THE MARINE CORPS: Imp. Peter the Great and Chief Assistant to Peter the Great in the creation and
to the leadership of the Russian fleet: - Gen.-Admiral gr. Apraksin.
Marine Corps pets:
ADMIRAL SPIRIDONOV, - a prominent participant in the battle of Chios.
Gr. ORLOV CHESMENSKY, - the winner of Chesma and Chioss.
Admiral Ushakov, Sinyavin, c. Heyden.
Admiral Lazarev, explorer of the Southern Arctic Ocean and creator of the Lazarev school, which gave famous victorious admirals: NAKHIMOV, KORNILOV, ISTOMIN, NOVOSILSKO-GO, BUTAKOV, LIKHACHEV, and other prominent admirals of the Russian fleet.
Vice Admiral 3. P. Rozhdestvensky.
Admiral Essen - Hero of Port Arthur.
Admiral KOLCHAK.
August Grandfather of Her Highness Princess Vera Konstantinovna, EIV Vel. Book. KONSTANTIN NIKOLAEVICH, - general-lieutenant. admiral and creator of the Russian steam armored fleet, which took third place in the world.
Rear Admiral Prince. V. V. Trubetskoy, - head of the Black Sea mine brigade.
Capital of the 1st rank V.P. Rusin, - head of the marine general. Headquarters, the closest employee of the Imp. Nicholas II to guide the actions of the fleets during the 1st World War.
Rear Admiral R. N. Viren, the last commander of the Pacific Squadron.
Rear Admiral N. N. Mashukov - Head of the Black Sea Fleet.
And many other maritime figures and heroes of the Russian Imperial. Fleet.
In commemoration of the 200th anniversary of the Marine Corps, this badge was issued for full-time ranks and cadets of the 3rd senior companies. 
Along with the military educational institutions of Russia in the late 18th - early 19th centuries, which produced officers for the ground forces, there was a cadet corps that trained naval officers.
It must be said that after the death of Peter I, the prestige of service in the navy fell sharply. The nobles preferred to enroll their sons, if not in the cadet corps, then as privates in the guards infantry or cavalry regiments, and not send them to the navy, where the service was much harder and more dangerous than in the ground forces. An important circumstance was the fact that the main force in the palace coups that followed the death of Peter I was the land and guard regiments, which had a certain influence on the supreme power, which the representatives of the fleet did not have.
In 1733, a special commission reviewed the state of the naval forces. The idea was expressed that “Russian subjects, and especially the gentry, avoid naval service as much as possible and try more to serve in the land army, since there they are more likely to curry favor and receive ranks than in the fleet, where there are so many cases and so many vacancies can not be". The commission proposed a number of measures so that the nobles "would be more willing to serve in the naval service." In particular, it was recommended to transfer the nobles - natives of the Novgorod province from the land gentry cadet corps to the Naval Academy. The fact is that even Peter I ordered to recruit people from the Arkhangelsk and Novgorod provinces to the fleet, since, in his opinion, good sailors could be made of them faster.
The supreme power supported the commission, and 35 nobles - Novgorodians changed their beautiful cadet uniforms for the modest dresses of the midshipmen of the Naval Academy. (By the way, one of these "losers" was Ivan Loginovich Golenishchev - Kutuzov - the uncle of M.I. Kutuzov, later director of the Naval Cadet Corps). The commission also determined that the Naval Academy, like the Land Cadet Corps, should graduate officers, not non-commissioned officers, as was practiced until recently at the Naval Academy; and the financial allowance of the cadets was significantly higher than that of the poor “academicians”, who, “looking at their own kind, found in the cadet corps, who, although they are not in such difficult sciences, but are in any contentment, remain courageous.”
In 1749, Prince Mikhail Beloselsky submitted a petition to Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, in which, among other things, he wrote: “A midshipman should not be less in learning and, according to the regulations, learn all the sciences, like 6 or 7 years, and then have to join only non-commissioned officers, why and even more so, the courage to learn and the desire to serve can get cold and cool ... But since the sea service is laborious, there are very few hunters for it, and if I dare to convey - no one; although the academy consists of the nobility, it is very poor, almost does not have clothes and good food, and consequently, it is impossible to put hope in high ranks in the future, according to their upbringing. The current officers, who are almost all of the plant of the sovereign Emperor Peter I (for during the time of Empress Anna Ioannovna, almost all of the academy was transferred and consisted of a very small number of nobles), if in any way from now on they can soon be transferred from the lack of courage, then in the very In fact, it’s not without difficulty who will correct the naval service, because in the land of an officer in 3 years you can get a good one, but it’s impossible to achieve a naval officer for less than 12 years ”(Naval Cadet Corps. Brief historical essay.)
All these numerous appeals eventually led to the fact that on December 15, 1752, the Naval Cadet Corps was created. It included pupils of the Naval Academy, nobles who studied at the Moscow Navigation School on the Sukharev Tower, at the Naval Artillery School and in the midshipman company. The building of the Naval Academy on Vasilyevsky Island and all its property was transferred to a new military educational institution. The staff of the corps was defined as 360 pupils, who in combat terms were divided into three companies, and in training into three classes (respectively, there were 120 people in each company and class). Pupils of the first, or graduation, class were called midshipmen, and the second and third cadets. From the second class, it was planned to select about 30 people for artillery cadets. With regard to practical training, it was prescribed that all midshipmen and artillery cadets of the second class be sent annually to warships of various squadrons.
The companies consisted of midshipmen, cadets of the second and third classes (40 people in all). From the best in academic performance and discipline, the midshipmen in each company were appointed captainarmus, ensign, furier, sergeants, corporals and corporals. The company was commanded by a captain of the 3rd rank, and besides him, the company had a captain-lieutenant, a non-commissioned lieutenant and an ensign, who was made from cadet non-commissioned officers. From each company, following the example of the Ground Cadet Corps, 13 grenadiers were determined, who differed from their comrades in uniform, ammunition and weapons. Each pupil had a gun and a cleaver on a belt belt with copper buckles, the second belt over the left shoulder was intended for a satchel bag. As a daily uniform, the cadets relied on a green frock coat with a white collar and cuffs or a white camisole. All their salaries were deducted for uniforms and food, and it was supposed to be 18 rubles a year for third-class cadets, 24 rubles for second-class cadets, and 30 rubles for midshipmen and corporals (but midshipmen were left 6 rubles a year for personal expenses - “for better difficult maritime service of courage and so that in training they prostrate more zealously").
According to the permanent staff of the Naval Cadet Corps, the teaching of mathematical and navigational sciences was conducted by a professor, two teachers and six apprentices with them, as well as six so-called "students of great astronomy" (of which apprentices were subsequently appointed). Artillery and fortification were taught by two teachers and two apprentices with them. Two teachers were also provided for "geography, genealogy and for teaching in calm and in rhetoric, history, politics, morality, heraldry and other gentry sciences." It is difficult to say how two teachers could cope with so many courses, and it is not clear what "other gentry sciences" are.
Cadets and midshipmen were taught three foreign languages - French, English and German, as well as drawing, dancing, fencing. The staff of the cadet corps also provided for a translator from the Latin language - to translate scientific technical literature, which was then published in the corps printing house. The printing house was "inherited" from the Naval Academy. It published materials not only for the needs of the corps, but also various books, manuals, maps commissioned by the Admiralty (by the way, the funds received by the printing house for completed orders went to the treasury of the corps).
The first director of the Naval Cadet Corps was a prominent scientist, hydrographer and geographer, captain 1st rank A.I. Nagaev.
Alexei Ivanovich was from a poor family, having inherited ten peasant households from his parents. At the age of eleven, he entered the Naval Academy, graduated from it as a midshipman, and three years later became a midshipman. He quickly rose in rank and by 1757 he was already a captain-commander. He sailed on the White, Baltic and Caspian Seas, commanded the frigates "Cavalier" and "Mercury", seriously engaged in the hydrography of the Caspian Sea and the Gulf of Finland, compiled maps of the Kamchatka Sea and the American coast from Bering's expedition journals, developed and published "Atlas" for six years. Baltic Sea", was engaged in the compilation of the "Code of Maritime Signals". Having accepted the cadet corps and selecting teachers and officers, he himself reviewed textbooks, conducted classes with pupils, was engaged in the reconstruction of corps buildings and even prepared uniforms and food for the future for the cadets. In 1760, Alexei Ivanovich Nagaev handed over his position to Captain 1st Rank A.M. Davydov.
The results of the final exams, which were scrupulously noted in special examination notebooks for each graduate, indicate that in the Naval Cadet Corps of that time, future naval officers received solid theoretical knowledge and practical skills.
The great merit of the teachers of the Naval Cadet Corps, many of whom transferred from the Naval Academy, is that the students perfectly answered numerous and, I must say, not at all simple questions. We have already mentioned some of them. But I want to at least briefly talk about one more thing - Nikolai Gavrilovich Kurganov. As a student of the academy, in 1718 he already helped his teacher Bukharin to conduct classes and for this he received "2 rubles in addition to 5 rubles of a monthly salary." This Kurganov showed remarkable abilities not only in mathematical and navigational sciences, but also in foreign languages. He studied, for example, the French language so deeply that he translated from it the book “Geometric Elements, Physical Astronomy and Part of the Marine Lamp (Sailing Pilots)”. In addition, he successfully mastered German and Latin, and read books on astronomy in Latin. Sent with Professor Grishin from the Academy of Sciences on an expedition for astronomical observations, he proved himself so well that the Academy officially asked the Naval Corps to transfer Kurganov to them “forever”. However, the command of the Naval Cadet Corps did not want to part with the young scientist, appointing him "an apprentice in mathematical and navigational sciences with a salary of 180 rubles a year." In 1755, he presented to the Admiralty Board his “Universal Arithmetic, containing a solid doctrine, how to produce various arithmetic and algebraic calculations that belong to mathematics in the easiest way.” After a laudatory review of this work by Professor Popov, by decision of the Admiralties - collegiums, the book was published "for his cost, Kurganov" in 1757, partly replacing Leonty Magnitsky's Arithmetic.
Major changes took place in the Naval Cadet Corps in 1761, when Lieutenant Commander Ivan Loginovich Golepishchev - Kutuzov was appointed there, since “he is still weak in health and cannot be in the campaign, but he can be with the corps, and the Collegium sees him to that for a capable one. Soon he received the rank of captain of the 2nd rank. At the presentation of the Admiralties - collegiums on the appointment of a new director of the Naval Cadet Corps, Catherine II wrote: “Captain 2nd rank Golenishchev - Kutuzov to be in this corps until the decree instead of the captain of the 1st rank prescribed by the state ... and the aforementioned Kutuzov from quartermaster Davydov Naval gentry cadet corps accept".
Golenishchev - Kutuzov was born into the family of a lieutenant of the fleet and at the age of thirteen he was assigned to the Land Gentry Corps, from where, as already mentioned, he was also transferred to the Naval Academy.
In 1743 he was promoted to midshipman, and in 1746 to midshipman. For two years he served under the command of Nagaev, worked with him on the hydrography of the Gulf of Finland, as a ship commander he made transitions from Kronstadt to Arkhangelsk and back, then due to illness he was sent on a year's leave, after which he was assigned to the Naval Cadet Corps; in 1763 he received the rank of captain of the 1st rank, and the next year - major general and was officially approved as director of the Naval gentry cadet corps, quartermaster general of the fleet and member of the Admiralties - collegiums.
Golenishchev - Kutuzov, like Nagaev, an excellent sailor, unlike his former commander, was not an armchair scientist. Ivan Loginovich was excellently educated, fluent in French and German, passionately loved Russian literature - famous scientists, artists, writers and poets gathered in his house. In a word, he was a secular person who used his knowledge, diplomatic skills, family ties, and the favor of Empress Catherine II to enhance the prestige of the naval service and improve the training of naval officers. If Nagaev once spent a lot of time and health on endless litigation with the Admiralty Board, then Ivan Loginovich became a member of this all-powerful naval management body and, having taken his rightful place there, he could calmly solve many problems that previously seemed simply insoluble.
To be continued...
