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Crowning of Ivan IV the Terrible In the seventeenth year of his life, Ivan announced to Metropolitan Macarius that he wanted to get married and he also made a speech that he wanted to take the title of Tsar. On January 16, 1547, the solemn crowning of Grand Duke Ivan IV took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Signs of royal dignity were placed on him: the cross of the Life-Giving Tree, barmas and the cap of Monomakh. After receiving the Holy Mysteries, Ivan Vasilyevich was anointed with myrrh. The royal title allowed him to take a significantly different position in diplomatic relations with Western Europe. The grand ducal title was translated as “prince” or even “grand duke.” The title “king” was either not translated at all, or translated as “emperor”. The Russian autocrat thereby stood on a par with the only Holy Roman Emperor in Europe. And on February 3 we got married to Anastasia Zakharyina-Romanova. A union with such a woman, if it did not immediately soften the tsar’s violent character, then prepared for his further transformation. Over the course of thirteen years of marriage, the queen exerted a softening influence on Ivan and bore him sons. But a series of major fires in Moscow in the spring and summer of 1547 interrupted the reign of Ivan IV, which had so solemnly begun.

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Reforms of central and local authorities under Ivan the Terrible February 1549 marks the beginning of the activity of Zemsky Sobors in Rus' - estate representative bodies. “Zemstvo Sobors,” wrote L.V. Cherepnin, “are a body that replaced the veche,” which adopted the ancient Russian “traditions of the participation of public groups in resolving government issues,” but replaced “elements of democracy with the principles of class representation.” The first council is usually considered to be a meeting convened by the king on February 27. First, he spoke before the boyars, okolnichy, butlers and treasurers in the presence of the church "consecrated council", and on the same day he spoke before the governors, princes and nobles. The next step was the direct elimination of viceroyal administration in certain regions in 1551-1552. And in 1555-1556, by the tsar’s verdict “on feeding”, viceroyal administration was abolished on a national scale. Its place was taken by local government, which had come a long and difficult way.

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The zemstvo reform, along with the black-plowed lands, also affected the cities, where zemstvo elders were also elected (but from the wealthy townsfolk population). Guba and zemstvo elders, unlike feeders - newcomers - acted in the interests and benefit of their districts, cities and communities. In fairness, it should be noted that completely local reforms were carried out only in the North. The zemstvo reform, along with the black-plowed lands, also affected the cities, where zemstvo elders were also elected (but from the wealthy townsfolk population). Guba and zemstvo elders, unlike feeders - newcomers - acted in the interests and benefit of their districts, cities and communities. In fairness, it should be noted that completely local reforms were carried out only in the North. The time of the Elected Rada dates back to the strengthening of the importance of orders as functional governing bodies. It was in the middle of the 16th century. the most important orders arise. These include the Petition, which accepted complaints addressed to the king and conducted an investigation into them. At the head of this, essentially the highest control body, was A. Adashev. The ambassadorial order was headed by clerk Ivan Viskovaty. The local order was in charge of the affairs of local land ownership, and Rozboyny searched for and tried “dashing people.” The first order of the military department - Razryadny - ensured the collection of the noble militia and appointed the governor, and the second - Streletsky - was in charge of the army of archers created in 1550. For some time, the discharge order was led by clerk I.G. Vyrodkov, under whom he became, as it were, the general staff of the Russian army. Financial affairs were the responsibility of the Grand Parish and the Quarters (Chets). With the annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates, the order of the Kazan Palace was created. The final completion of the formation of the order system occurred in the 17th century.

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Reforms in the socio-economic sphere under Ivan the Terrible. Already in the Code of Laws of 1550, significant issues of land ownership are addressed. In particular, resolutions are adopted that make it difficult for the continued existence of patrimonial lands. Articles on the privately owned population occupy a special place. In general, the right of peasants to move on St. George’s Day under Art. 88 remained, but the fee for the “elderly” increased slightly. Art. 78 determined the position of another significant group of the population - indentured servants. It was forbidden, for example, to turn service people who became debtors into slaves. The main changes in the socio-economic sphere were aimed at providing land for service people - the nobles. In 1551, at the Council of the Stoglavy, Ivan IV declared the need to redistribute ("redistribute") lands between landowners: "whoever has a surplus, otherwise not enough." The "Code of Service" (1555) established the legal basis for local land ownership. Every service person had the right demand an estate of at least 100 quarters of land (150 acres, or approximately 170 hectares),

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Military transformations under Ivan the Terrible The basis of the armed forces was now the horse militia of landowners. The landowner or patrimonial owner had to go to work “on horseback, in crowds and armed.” In addition to them, there were service people “according to the instrument” (recruitment): city guards, artillerymen, archers. The militia of peasants and townspeople was also preserved - the staff, which carried out auxiliary service. In 1550, an attempt was made to organize a three-thousand-strong corps of “elected archers from the arquebus” near Moscow, who were obliged to always be ready to carry out important assignments. It included representatives of the most noble families and the top of the Sovereign's Court. The Streltsy were already a regular army, armed with the latest weapons and supported by the treasury. The organizational structure of the Streltsy army was later extended to all troops. The control of the noble army was extremely complicated by the custom of localism. Before each campaign (and sometimes during the campaign) protracted disputes took place. “No matter who they send with whomever they do, everyone will take their place,” noted Ivan IV in 1550. Therefore, localism in the army was prohibited and military service “without places” was prescribed. The principle of high-born princes and boyars occupying the highest positions in the army was thereby violated.

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Code of Law of 1550 At the first Zemsky Sobor, Ivan IV the Terrible decided to create a new legal code - Code of Law. The basis was the previous Code of Laws of 1497. In the Code of Laws of 1550, out of 100 articles, most are devoted to issues of administration and court. In general, the old governing bodies (central and local) were still retained, but significant changes were made to their activities. Thus, their evolutionary transformation continued within the framework of the emerging class-representative state. Thus, the governors were now deprived of the right of final judgment in higher criminal cases; it was transferred to the center. The Code of Law, at the same time, expanded the activities of city clerks and provincial elders: the most important branches of local government were completely assigned to them. And their assistants - elders and “best people” - according to the decree of the Code of Law, were required to participate in the viceroyal court, which meant control by the elected representatives of the population over the activities of the governors. The importance of service people - nobles - was also raised by the fact that they were not subject to the jurisdiction of the governors' court.

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Stoglavy Council of 1551 In January-February 1551, a church council was convened, at which the royal questions, compiled by Sylvester and imbued with a non-covetous spirit, were read out. The answers to them amounted to one hundred chapters of the verdict of the council, which received the name Stoglavogo, or Stoglav. The Tsar and his entourage were concerned “whether it was worthy for monasteries to acquire land and receive various preferential charters. By decision of the council, royal assistance to monasteries that had villages and other possessions ceased. Stoglav forbade giving money from the monastery treasury for “growth” and bread for “nasp”, i.e. - at interest, which deprived the monasteries of permanent income. A number of participants in the Stoglavy Council (Josephites) met the program outlined in the royal issues with fierce resistance. The program of the royal reforms outlined by the Elected Rada was rejected in the most significant points by the Stoglavy Council. IV of the Terrible attacked the most prominent representatives of the Josephites. On May 11, 1551 (i.e., a few days after the end of the council), the monasteries were prohibited from purchasing patrimonial lands “without reporting” to the tsar. All the lands of the boyars that they had transferred there during Ivan’s childhood were taken away from the monasteries. (since 1533) Thus, control of the royal power was established over the movement of church land funds, although the possessions themselves remained in the hands of the church. The church retained its possessions even after 1551.

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Death of the first Russian Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible A number of Ivan the Terrible's contemporaries believe that the Tsar was poisoned. Clerk Ivan Timofeev blames Boris Godunov (who became Tsar after Grozny) and Bogdan Believoy for this. The Dutchman Isaac Massa claims that Belsky added poison to the medicine he gave to the king. This is how the historian N. Kostomarov describes the death of Ivan the Terrible: “At the beginning of 1584, a terrible illness appeared in him; some kind of rotting inside; a disgusting smell emanated from him. Foreign doctors lavished their skills on him; abundant alms were distributed in monasteries, to pray for the sick king, and at the same time, the superstitious Ivan invited healers and healers to him from the distant north; some wise men, as they say, predicted the day of his death... Around the third hour, the king went to the prepared place. he took a bath and washed with great pleasure; after the bath, the king felt fresher. He was given a wide robe on top of his linen; his place and at that time he fell. A cry arose; some ran for vodka, some for rose water, some for doctors and clergy. The doctors appeared with their medicines, the Metropolitan appeared and quickly performed the rite of tonsure, naming him. John Jonah. But the king was already lifeless. They rang the bell for the outcome of the soul. The people became agitated, the crowd rushed to the Kremlin. Boris [Godunov] ordered the gates to be closed. On the third day, the body of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich was buried in the Archangel Cathedral, next to the grave of the son he killed."

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Ivan IV the Terrible went down in history not only as a tyrant. He was one of the most educated people of his time, possessed a phenomenal memory and theological erudition. He is the author of numerous messages (including to Andrei Kurbsky), music and text of the service for the feast of Our Lady of Vladimir, and the canon to Archangel Michael. The Tsar contributed to the organization of book printing in Moscow and the construction of St. Basil's Cathedral on Red Square to commemorate the conquest of the Kazan kingdom. Ivan IV the Terrible went down in history not only as a tyrant. He was one of the most educated people of his time, possessed a phenomenal memory and theological erudition. He is the author of numerous messages (including to Andrei Kurbsky), music and text of the service for the feast of Our Lady of Vladimir, and the canon to Archangel Michael. The Tsar contributed to the organization of book printing in Moscow and the construction of St. Basil's Cathedral on Red Square to commemorate the conquest of the Kazan kingdom.

IVAN IV the Terrible (), Grand Duke of “All Rus'” (from 1533), first Russian Tsar (from 1547), son of Vasily III. Since the late 40s. rules with the participation of the Chosen Rada. Under him, the convening of Zemsky Sobors began, the Code of Law was drawn up. Reforms of administration and the court were carried out (Gubnaya, Zemskaya and other reforms). In 1565 the oprichnina was introduced.

Under Ivan IV, trade relations were established with England (1553), and the first printing house was created in Moscow. The Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan (1556) khanates were conquered. The Livonian War was fought for access to the Baltic Sea, and the annexation of Siberia began (1581). The domestic policy of Ivan IV was accompanied by mass disgraces and executions, and increased enslavement of the peasants.

After the death of his father, 3-year-old Ivan remained in the care of his mother, who died in 1538, when he was 8 years old. Ivan grew up in an environment of palace coups, the struggle for power between the boyar families of the Shuisky and Belsky, warring among themselves. The murders, intrigues and violence that surrounded him contributed to the development of suspicion, vindictiveness and cruelty in him. Ivan’s tendency to torment living beings manifested itself already in childhood, and those close to him approved of the exam. One of the strong impressions of the tsar in his youth was the “great fire” and the Moscow uprising. After the murder of one of the Glinskys, a relative of the tsar, the rebels came to the village of Vorobyovo, where the Grand Duke had taken refuge, and demanded the extradition of the rest of the Glinskys. With great difficulty they managed to persuade the crowd to disperse, convincing them that they were not in Vorobyovo. As soon as the danger had passed, the king ordered the arrest of the main conspirators and their execution.

The king’s favorite idea, realized already in his youth, was the idea of ​​unlimited autocratic power. On January 16, 1547, the solemn crowning of Grand Duke Ivan IV took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Signs of royal dignity were placed on him: the cross of the Life-Giving Tree, barmas and the cap of Monomakh. After receiving the Holy Mysteries, Ivan Vasilyevich was anointed with myrrh. The royal title allowed him to take a significant position in diplomatic relations with Western Europe. The grand ducal title was translated as “prince” or even “grand duke.” The title “king” was either not translated at all, or translated as “emperor”. The Russian autocrat thereby stood on a par with the only Holy Roman Emperor in Europe. From 1549, together with the Elected Rada (A.F. Adashev, Metropolitan Macarius, A.M. Kurbsky, priest Sylvester), Ivan IV carried out a number of reforms aimed at centralizing the state: the Zemstvo reform of Ivan IV, the Guba reform, reforms were carried out in the army, 1550 the new Code of Law of Ivan IV was adopted. In 1549 the first Zemsky Sobor was convened, in 1551 the Stoglavy Sobor, which adopted a collection of decisions on church life “Stoglav”. Ivan IV abolished feeding and adopted the Code of Service.

Ivan the Terrible personally took part in the Kazan campaigns. In 1552 Kazan was conquered, then the Astrakhan Khanate (1556), the Siberian Khan Ediger and Nogai Bolshie became dependent on the Russian Tsar. In 1553, trade relations with England were established. In 1558, Ivan IV began the Livonian War for the capture of the Baltic Sea coast. Initially, military operations developed successfully. By 1560, the army of the Livonian Order was completely defeated, and the Order itself ceased to exist. Meanwhile, serious changes took place in the internal situation of the country. Around 1560, the king broke with the leaders of the Chosen Rada and placed various disgraces on them. According to some historians, Sylvester and Adashev, realizing that the Livonian War did not promise success for Russia, unsuccessfully advised the tsar to come to an agreement with the enemy. In 1563, Russian troops captured Polotsk, at that time a large Lithuanian fortress. The Tsar was especially proud of this victory, won after the break with the Chosen Rada. However, already in 1564 Russia suffered serious defeats. The king began to look for those “to blame”, disgraces and executions began.

The Tsar became increasingly imbued with the idea of ​​establishing a personal dictatorship. In 1565 he announced the introduction of oprichnina in the country. The country was divided into two parts: the territories that were not included in the oprichnina began to be called zemshchina, each oprichnik swore an oath of allegiance to the tsar and pledged not to communicate with the zemstvo people. The guardsmen dressed in black clothes, similar to monastic clothes. Horse guardsmen had special insignia; gloomy symbols of the era were attached to their saddles: a broom to sweep out treason, and dog heads to gnaw out treason. With the help of the oprichniki, who were exempt from judicial responsibility, Ivan IV forcibly confiscated the boyar estates, transferring them to the oprichniki nobles. Executions and disgraces were accompanied by terror and robbery among the population.

A major event of the oprichnina was the Novgorod pogrom in January-February 1570, the reason for which was the suspicion of Novgorod’s desire to go over to Lithuania. The king personally led the campaign. All the cities along the road from Moscow to Novgorod were plundered. During this campaign in December 1569, Malyuta Skuratov strangled Metropolitan Philip, who was trying to resist the tsar, in the Tver Otroch Monastery. It is believed that the number of victims in Novgorod, where no more than 30 thousand people lived at that time, reached thousands. Most historians believe that in 1572 the tsar abolished the oprichnina. The invasion of Moscow in 1571 by the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey, whom the oprichnina army could not stop, played a role; Posads were burned, the fire spread to Kitai-Gorod and the Kremlin.

The division of the country had a detrimental effect on the state's economy. A huge number of lands were ravaged and devastated. In 1581, in order to prevent the desolation of the estates, the tsar introduced reserved summers, a temporary ban on peasants leaving their owners on St. George’s Day, which contributed to the establishment of serfdom in Russia. The Livonian War ended in complete failure and the loss of the original Russian lands. Ivan the Terrible could see the objective results of his reign already during his lifetime: it was the failure of all domestic and foreign policy endeavors. Since 1578, the king stopped executing people. Almost at the same time, he ordered that synodics (memorial lists) be compiled for those executed and contributions sent to the monasteries for the commemoration of their souls; in his will of 1579 he repented of his deeds.

Periods of repentance and prayer were followed by terrible fits of rage. During one of these attacks on November 9, 1582 in the Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda, a country residence, the tsar accidentally killed his son Ivan Ivanovich, hitting him in the temple with a staff with an iron tip. The death of the heir plunged the tsar into despair, since his other son, Fyodor Ivanovich, was unable to rule the country. Ivan the Terrible sent a large contribution to the monastery to commemorate the soul of his son; he even thought about leaving for the monastery.

The exact number of wives of Ivan the Terrible is unknown, but he was probably married seven times. Not counting the children who died in infancy, he had three sons. From his first marriage to Anastasia Zakharyina-Yuryeva, two sons were born, Ivan and Fedor. The second wife was the daughter of the Kabardian prince Maria Temryukovna. The third is Marfa Sobakina, who died unexpectedly three weeks after the wedding. According to church rules, it was forbidden to marry more than three times. In May 1572, a church council was convened to permit a fourth marriage with Anna Koltovskaya. But that same year she was tonsured a nun. The fifth wife was Anna Vasilchikova in 1575, who died in 1579, the sixth was probably Vasilisa Melentyeva. The last marriage took place in the fall of 1580 with Maria Naga. On November 19, 1582, the third son of the Tsar, Dmitry Ivanovich, was born, who died in 1591 in Uglich.

Ivan IV went down in history not only as a tyrant. He was one of the most educated people of his time, possessed a phenomenal memory and theological erudition. He is the author of numerous messages, music and text of the service for the feast of Our Lady of Vladimir, the canon to the Archangel Michael. The Tsar contributed to the organization of book printing in Moscow and the construction of St. Basil's Cathedral on Red Square.

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Plan: 1) Regency of Elena Glinskaya. 2) Boyar rule. 3) The personality of Ivan ΙV the Terrible. 4) Royal wedding. 5) Reforms of the Chosen One. 6) Foreign policy.

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1530-1584 – years of life. Grand Duke of Moscow and All Rus' from 1533, first Tsar of All Rus' (from 1547) (except for 1575-1576, when Simeon Bekbulatovich was nominally the “Grand Duke of All Rus'”).

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1st Tsar of Moscow and All Rus' 1547 - 1584 Coronation: January 16, 1547 Predecessor: Title created Successor: Feodor I.

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Historiography Karamzin: “There were two kings John: one reigned until 1560, a hero of virtue, the other a frantic bloodsucker...”. According to the final results, it ranks alongside the Mongol yoke. Pogodin: “Grozny is a loud nonentity.” Solovyov: “The struggle between the old and the new order was in the foreground.” “Discord. The self-will of the boyars instilled in him two feelings - contempt for his caresses and hatred for his enemies.”

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Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye. The legend connects the construction of the temple with the birth of IvanΙV. Stone tented temple in Russia. Erected in 1528-1532 by Pyotr Fryazin).

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Sons. Dmitry (1552-1553) Ivan (1554-1581) Fyodor (1557-1589) Vasily (1563) Dmitry (1582-1591)

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Vasily ΙΙΙ (reigned 1505 -1533) Anticipating his imminent death, Vasily III formed a “seven-strong” boyar commission (“Seven Boyars”) to govern the state, more often in modern times associated exclusively with the boyar government of the Time of Troubles.

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Regency of Elena Glinskaya (153301538) According to legend, the Glinskys descended from the Tatar temnik Mamai, whose grandchildren received the city of Glinsk as their inheritance, which is why they began to be called the Glinskys.

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After the death of her husband in December 1533, Elena Vasilievna carried out a coup, removing from power the guardians (regents) appointed by her husband’s last will and becoming the ruler of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. She became the first ruler of the Russian state after Grand Duchess Olga. Mikhail Glinsky was sent to prison. In 1536, she forced the Polish king Sigismund I to conclude a peace beneficial for Russia. The Kitai-Gorod wall was built.

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Monetary reform (started in 1535) actually introduced a single currency on the territory of Rus'. It was a silver penny weighing 0.68 g; one fourth of a penny is half a penny. This was a significant step to stabilize the Russian economy. The result of the reign is a step towards the formation of centralization of the state. Helen died on April 4, 1538. According to rumors, she was poisoned by the Shuiskys.

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Boyar rule (1538-1547) 1538 - the death of Glinskaya intensified the struggle of the boyar groups. Difference from the struggle of feudal fragmentation: they competed for influence on the Grand Duke, and not overthrowing him in order to create a new dynasty.

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1547 – Establishment of royal power. January 16, 1547 - Ivan ΙV is crowned king on the initiative of Metropolitan Macarius. Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Duke of All Rus'. Equation of Ivan ΙV with the khans of Kazan and Astrakhan. The royal title puts Ivan ΙV above the kings of Denmark, Sweden, and France. Ivan ΙV rose above the Russian princes. The succession of the king's power from the Byzantine emperors was proclaimed. The king, as God's anointed one, protects the interests of the church. The royal title testifies to the foreign policy claims of Ivan ΙV.

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Reforms of the Chosen One are welcome. “The Chosen Rada” is a term introduced by Prince A.M. Kurbsky to designate the circle of people who made up the informal government under Ivan the Terrible in 1549-1560. The formation of a select circle of people around the tsar occurs after the Moscow events of the summer of 1547: a fire and then the Moscow uprising.

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Composition: Adashev, Kurbsky, Makariy, Sylvester. The purpose of the Elected Rada: development and implementation of reforms. The reforms were prompted by failures in the war with the Kazan Khanate. Reforms of the Chosen One are welcome.

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Reforms of the Chosen One are welcome. 1) 1549 The First Zemsky Sobor is the body of class representation. Condemnation of improper boyar rule, announcement of the need for reforms. 2) Code of Law of 1550 - development of the provisions of Code of Law of Ivan III, limitation of the power of governors and volosts, strengthening of control of the tsarist administration, uniform amount of court fees, preservation of the right of peasants to move on St. George’s Day.

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3) The Council of the Hundred Heads in 1551 - unification of church rituals, recognition of all locally revered saints as all-Russian, establishment of a strict iconographic canon, requirements for improving the morals of the clergy, prohibition of usury among priests. 4) Military reform of 1556 - the Code of Service was adopted: restriction of localism for the period of military operations, in addition to the mounted local militia, organization of a standing army - archers, gunners, a unified order of military service.

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Formation of the order system. Orders are established to provide for basic state needs: Petition, Ambassadorial, Local, Streletsky, Pushkarsky, Robbery, Printed, Sokolnichiy, Zemsky orders. In 1556, a reform of local government was carried out.

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Management system after the reforms of the Elected Rada. Tsar Metropolitan Army archers, noble militia Counties, volosts. Governors, governors are appointed Boyar Duma Church Council orders Zemsky Sobor

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The Fall of the Chosen One. Some historians see the reason for the tsar's disfavor in the fact that Ivan IV was dissatisfied with the disagreements of some members of the Rada with the late Anastasia Zakharyina-Yuryeva, the tsar's first wife. In 1553, Ivan the Terrible fell ill. In the Boyar Duma the question of transfer of power arose. Ivan forced the boyars to swear allegiance to their infant son, Tsarevich Dmitry. But among the members of the Rada, the idea arose to transfer the Moscow throne to the Tsar’s cousin, Vladimir, Prince Staritsky. In particular, Sylvester noted that Vladimir’s quality is that he loves advisers. However, Ivan recovered from his illness, and the conflict, at first glance, was settled. But the king did not forget this story and later used it against Sylvester and Adashev.

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The significance of the reforms of the Chosen Rada. Restriction of the noble boyars. The nobility is the social base of the autocracy. The new management system eliminated local management features. All links of the system are subordinate to the king. Zemsky Sobors are a counterweight to the boyars. Strengthening autocratic power.

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Western Southern Eastern Return of Old Russian lands. Liquidation of the Livonian Order. Access to the Baltic Sea. Development of direct trade relations with Europe. The beginning of Russian-English connections. Protection of borders from raids of the Crimean Khanate. First campaign (winter 1547/1548). Second campaign (autumn 1549 - spring 1550). The third campaign (June-October 1552) ended with the capture of Kazan. Security of the eastern borders and penetration into Siberia. 1581 – Ermak’s campaign in Siberia.

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Western Southern Eastern Campaign of 1556 - the Astrakhan Khanate was subordinated to Muscovite Rus'. The Volga trade route is in the hands of Moscow.

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Livonian War 1558 -1583. Return of Old Russian lands. Access to the Baltic Sea. Expansion of land, distribution to nobles. Reason: Delay by the Order of Yuryevskaya (since 1503) Foreign specialists were not allowed into Russia.

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Presentation competition “Great People of Russia” “Mutual Help Community for Teachers Pedsovet.su”

Russian Tsar

Ivan IV Vasilievich

Kalinina Natalya Vladimirovna,

primary school teacher

MBOU Secondary School No. 29, Novosibirsk

At the Moscow prince's Vasily III and Elena Glinskaya in August 1530, the long-awaited son was born - their heir John. When Ivan was 3 years old, his father died and he was raised by his mother, who also died in 1538, when he was 8 years old.

Birth

Ivan was left an orphan. His childhood was joyless. The boy was raised by strangers who were not thinking about him, but about how to become richer and seize power. Since childhood, he has seen cruel treatment of people. Such upbringing, or rather not upbringing, subsequently made Ivan anxious, irritable and

suspicious.

"Childhood with the boyars."

Igor Savchenko.

In 1547, on January 16, in the Moscow Kremlin in the Assumption Cathedral, Grand Duke Ivan IV was crowned king and became the first tsar in Rus'. Since then, the country has been ruled not by great princes, but by kings. Power passed by inheritance - from father to son. The young king was 16 years old.

Symbols of power of Russian tsars:

orb, scepter, Monomakh's hat.

Royal wedding

Miniature from the Facial Vault.

During his reign,

first Russian Tsar Ivan IV Vasilievich

carried out many

affairs useful for the state.

"Tsar Ivan the Terrible." Andrey Shishkin. 2009

The Kazan Khanate brought enormous harm to Rus'. The Kazan people constantly attacked, burned, killed and captured. There were so many Russian captives that they were sold to eastern merchants.

The Tsar decides to capture Kazan. But the first two trips were unsuccessful. Having understood the reasons for the failure, Ivan IV began to reorganize the army.

By order of the tsar, recruitment into the Streltsy army was announced. Sagittarius, the so-called service people who make up the standing army, were initially recruited from the free rural and urban population, then their service became lifelong and hereditary. They received a salary in money, bread, and sometimes land. Sagittarius were allowed to engage in trade and craft.

Creation of a regular army

Changes also occurred in weapons. Widely used as a hand-to-hand weapon in infantry troops, especially rifle units. berdysh. But from now on, firearms played the main role. Used as a handgun squeaked - matchlock guns. Artillery made a giant step forward. Small caliber guns were used, weighing 150–300 kg, firing cannonballs or buckshot. But Russian craftsmen were also able to cast huge guns weighing several tons. The record holder was the famous Tsar Cannon, caliber 890 mm, weighing 40 tons, which was cast by a master Andrey Chokhov.

Ivan IV moved a large army to Kazan and at the end of August 1552 besieged it. The Kazan people offered strong resistance. After a 38-day siege, Kazan fell. For the first time, Moscow troops conducted tunnels and blew up enemy walls with gunpowder. The Kazan Khanate became part of the Moscow state. There was peace along the entire eastern border of the state; Russian prisoners who had languished in Tatar captivity were returned from Kazan.

Capture of Kazan

"Siege of Kazan". Drawing from the English edition

The capture of Kazan by the Russian army entailed the annexation of vast territories to Moscow Middle Volga region, where many peoples lived: Bashkirs, Chuvash, Tatars, Udmurts, Mari. The Russian population began to gradually populate the rich Volga lands. Agriculture began to develop rapidly here. The local population adopted many useful economic skills from the settlers. A direct route beyond the Urals, through Vyatka and Kama, was opened.

In 1556 it was annexed to the Moscow state Astrakhan, and the Volga ended up in the possession of Russia.

"The Capture of Kazan". Hood. A. Kivshenko.

In honor of the capture of Kazan, the victory over which coincided with the church holiday of the Intercession of the Mother of God, in Moscow, on the square in front of the Kremlin, the tsar ordered the construction Intercession Church. Its construction lasted only 5 years, unlike European temples, which took centuries to create. The current name is St. Basil's Cathedral- he received it in 1588 after the addition of a chapel in honor of this saint, since his relics were located on the site where the church was built.

Having conquered Kazan, the Russians came close to the borders Khanate of Siberia- the last fragment of the former Blue Horde.

Ivan groznyj granted the right to develop these lands to wealthy merchants Stroganov, who owned salt factories and a vast territory along the Kama River. However, since the beginning of the 70s. XVI century possessions

Stroganovs began to be subjected to raids by troops of the Siberian Khan

Kuchuma. As a result of the appeal Stroganovs to the king, Ivan groznyj

allowed them to recruit free people

Cossacks to protect their settlements from the Tatars. In 1582, a detachment of Cossacks from the Volga, Yaik, Don and Terek appeared here under the command of an ataman Ermak. Salt industrialists equipped his detachment and sent him on a campaign for Ural.

Conquest of Siberia

"Ermak". Nikolay Ovechkin. 1988

"Conquest of Siberia by Ermak." Painting by V. Surikov, 1895

The first victories Ermak led to the collapse of the Siberian Khanate, and the Cossacks began to rule in the occupied territory in the name of the Russian Tsar, swearing in and taxing the local population.

In the 16th century Crimean Tatars regularly raided Muscovy. Cities and villages were set on fire, the able-bodied population was driven into captivity. Moreover, the number of captured peasants and townspeople was many times greater than the military losses. In July, the Crimean Khan Devlet I Giray went to Russian lands for the fourth time. This time he had about 120,000 soldiers - Turks and Tatars. Having learned about the Khan’s campaign, the Russian government sent an army of 40 thousand led by Prince M.I. Vorotynsky.

The battle took place near the village Juvenile near Serpukhov (not far from Moscow), lasted several days: July 29 - August 2, 1572. The defenders of Rus' used effective defense tactics in the battle in a mobile fortress made of wooden shields - walk in town, and strikes at the front and rear of the enemies exhausted in five days of fighting.

Battle of Molodi

Gulyai-city (Wagenburg) from a 15th-century engraving.

The outcome of the battle was decided in favor of the Russians. The victory of the Russian army was the result of the skillful use of defensive structures and terrain, the effective use of artillery, the precise timing of an outflanking maneuver and a decisive counterattack. After such a brutal blow, the Crimean khans no longer thought about raiding the Russian capital. The Crimean-Turkish aggression against the Russian state was stopped. By value Battle of Molodinskaya comparable to Kulikovo and other key battles in the history of Rus'. After all, victory in the battle allowed Russia to maintain freedom and independence.

In memory of the heroism of Russian soldiers, a reconstruction of the Battle of Molodin is being carried out. International military historical

The Battle of Molodi festival has been held since 2008 annually in the fourth week of July. The festival is held in the format of “living history”, where guests of the Festival can feel themselves not just eyewitnesses, but also become participants in the events of our history; they have a unique opportunity to visit the very center of historical events, come into contact with the reflection of a bygone era, and become involved in the spiritual and cultural heritage of Russia.

It was under Ivan the Terrible that the first border charter in history was created in Rus' - “The Judgment on the Village and Guard Service” (1571). By order of the tsar, the first border outposts were created on the border of Russian lands, which were supposed to warn the tsar about the raids of nomads. The system introduced by John took root for many centuries and was reformed only under Catherine II.

The first border outposts

"On the Sentinel Border of the Moscow State." Painting by artist S. V. Ivanov. 1907

For all these victories the people nicknamed Ivan Vasilyevich Grozny. Terrible - for enemies.

Changing the borders of Muscovite Rus' under Ivan the Terrible

In connection with the expansion of the territory of the Moscow State, economic and trade connections between the regions intensified. Bread was transported from the center to the north, and from there salt, furs, and fish. During the reign of Ivan IV, trade with Western Europe began through Novgorod and Smolensk. Trade with England became more regular. A route from Britain to Russia was opened through the White and Barents Seas. They founded the English trading house in Moscow, and in 1584 the port of Arkhangelsk on the shore of the Dvina Bay.

“Ivan the Terrible shows treasures to the English ambassador Horsey.” A. Litovchenko

Trade development

To open churches in the newly annexed lands of Kazan and Astrakhan, many books were required. Therefore, it was ordered to build state printing house for printing them.

The creation of a printing house was entrusted Ivan Fedorov. Ivan Fedorov learned about printing books from German masters who lived in Moscow and adopted this method after studying it. He worked for ten years on setting up a printing house. He built the machine himself, cast the molds for the letters himself, typed and edited the text himself.

Typography

Ivan Fedorov (“First Printer”) A.V. Moravian

Russia has not forgotten the name of the person to whom it owes the publication of the first printed book. In 1909, a monument to Ivan Fedorov, the Russian pioneer printer, was erected in Moscow.

Sculptor S.M.Volnukhin

The first Russian Tsar, Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible, was one of the most educated people, he had a phenomenal memory, and was an erudite in theology. He was author of many messages. He wrote the text and music for the service for the feast of Our Lady of Vladimir, as well as the canon to the Archangel Michael. On the initiative of Ivan the Terrible, something like conservatory, where the best musical masters worked. He loved to read, was the owner largest library and in Europe, he was a good speaker.

Educated king

Ivan the Terrible (sculptor M.M. Antokolsky)

During the reign of Ivan IV, even many priests were illiterate or illiterate at all. In this regard, it was ordered to create church schools.

In 1551, by order of the tsar, the Moscow Council obliged clergy to organize in all cities schools for children on “the teaching of literacy, and the teaching of book writing and church psalter singing.”

Ivan the Terrible - educator

Parsuna 17th century

By order of Tsar Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible, it was created Facial chronicle vault- a narration of events in world and especially Russian history, especially for the royal library in a single copy. The word “facial” in the title of the Code means illustrated, with images “in faces”. Covers the historical period from the “creation of the world” to 1567. In the history of world medieval writing, there is no monument similar to the Front Chronicle, both in breadth of coverage and in volume. It is no coincidence that it is unofficially called Tsar-Book.

Facial chronicle vault

Above the books Facial vault Metropolitan and “sovereign” artisans worked: about 15 scribes and 10 artists. The arch consists of about 10 thousand sheets and over 17 thousand illustrations, and the visual material occupies about 2/3 of the entire volume of the monument. Miniature drawings (landscape, historical, battle and everyday life genres) not only illustrate the text, but also complement it. Some events are not written, but only drawn. The drawings tell readers what clothing, military armor, church vestments, weapons, tools, etc. looked like in ancient times.

household items.

Battle on the Ice.

Battle of Kulikovo. 1380

Construction of St. Basil's Cathedral (Intercession on the Moat) on Red Square

The facial vault has survived to this day in 10 volumes, located in different ancient repositories: the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian National Library in St. Petersburg and the State Historical Museum in Moscow.

Several years ago, the ACTEON company, together with its curators, for the first time produced a scientific facsimile publication of the “Facebook Chronicle of the 16th Century.” For the first time, a huge array of unique historical material became available for study.

The main emphasis in the work of this company was on the use of cutting-edge technologies that emerged at the beginning of the 21st century. These are the first non-contact book scanners that allow you to illuminate ancient books with gentle light and non-contact, carefully scan them with the highest quality. In order to obtain high-quality book bindings, a division was created that carried out manual book binding, where the technology of the famous Russian book binding of the 16th century was reproduced.

Results of the reign of Ivan IV Vasilyevich

• The territory increased from 2.8 million km² to 5.4 million km².
• Population growth from 30% to 50% (up to 10-12 million people).
• Annexed: Kazan kingdom, Astrakhan, Siberian, Nogai Horde, part of the territory of the North Caucasus. The Russian state became larger than the rest of Europe.
• Development of trade. Sea with England. Land with Persia and Central Asia.
• The beginning of book printing.
• The Facial Vault was created.
• Free primary education (church schools) was introduced.
• The beginning of active settlement of the northern Black Earth Region (Oryol, Kursk, Lipetsk, Tambov regions).
• Creation of a regular army (and the first unified military uniform - among the Streltsy).
• The beginning of the Cossacks.
• 155 new cities and fortresses were built.
• More than 60 monasteries and temples were built.

Instead of a conclusion

I want people, especially young people, to be proud of their country, their history, to know this history. Only by knowing the past can you build the future. Our country has a difficult past. And her future depends on us. Will Russia become more beautiful, richer, happier?

Of course it will! We will try!

Sources of illustrations

• http://img3.postila.ru/storage/8160000/8148057/85e0bc75a7d5a7a9c44410e05a43ca26.jpg

• http://files.smallbay.ru/images7/litovchenko_02.jpg

• http://xn--80aa2bkafhg.xn--p1ai/articles/16391/pishchali.jpg

• http://proxy11.media.online.ua/uol/r3-4ffa97f13d/54065afc37c79.jpg

• http://fb.ru/misc/i/gallery/21144/660767.jpg

• http://statehistory.ru/img_lib2/2013/04/1365628468_ea05.jpg

• http://www.ohotniki.ru/upload/iblock_mk/475/5d/40/1e/DETAIL_PICTURE_601068.jpg

• http://www.litmir.me/BookBinary/229197/1419135423/_02.png

• http://www.tretyakovgallerymagazine.com/sites/default/files/illustratio ns/art_07_01.jpg

• http://s4.stc.all.kpcdn.net/f/4/image/14/05/710514.jpg

• http://www.peoples.ru/state/king/russia/grozniy/groznyi_ivan_the_terrible3_middle.jpg

Sources of textual information

• http://www.chrono.ru/index.php

• http://rushist.com/index.php/russia-children

• http://fb.ru

• http://akteon-sale.ru

• http://www.molodifest.ru

• The name of Russia. Historical choice 2008. Edited by A.N.

Sakharov. – M.: AST: Astrel, 2008.

• Kolosov D.V., Vronsky O.G. Great battles in Russian history. –

M.: LLC “House of Slavic Books”, 2008.

• Bushkov A. Ivan the Terrible. Bloody poet. – M.: OLMA Media Group, 2007.
• Solovyova T.A., Rogaleva E.I. Historical topics of the course “The World around us”: Activity-based developmental approach. 4th grade. – M.: “VAKO”, 2006.