Spelling adjective suffixes
Especially often in writing mistakes are made when choosing vowels in adjective suffixes before the letter V.
Need to remember:
1. The suffix -IV- is written only under stress (PLAYFUL, SUITE), and -EV- is written in an unstressed position (RULEVY, GAUGE). Exceptions are the words merciful and holy fool;
2. The suffixes -CHIV- and -LIV- are always written with the letter I. (In the Russian language there are no suffixes -CHEV- and -LEV-.) Consider the words PARTICIPATIVE-LIV-YY, NACHO-CHIV-YY, VERMISHEL-EV-YY . In order not to make a mistake, you need to parse the word according to its composition. In the first two words, the root is followed by the suffixes -CHIV- and -LIV-, and in the third word the root ends in L and is followed by the suffix -EV-.
Also, spelling of the suffixes -SK- and -K- causes difficulties in writing.
1. Using the suffix -SK-, relative adjectives are formed that do not have a short form, except for those whose stem ends in K, Ts, CH, for example: CITY - CITY, BELORUS - BELORUS-SK-IY, MATROS - MATROS-SK -II. Please note: the final consonant of the stem before the suffix -SK- is retained.
2. With the help of the suffix -K-, qualitative adjectives are formed that have a short form (VISCIOUS - KNITTING, DARLING - DERZOK), and relative adjectives with a stem ending in the letters K, C, CH (TKATSKY - WEaver, GERMAN - GERMAN). Exceptions in this case will be the words UZBEK, TAJIK AND UGLICH: in them, after the final K and CH, the suffix -SK- follows.
3. You need to be especially careful when writing geographical names. If the stem of a noun ends in C, preceded by a consonant (for example, WORMS, REIMS, ODESSA), then when forming an adjective with the suffix -SK- one C is usually omitted (WORMS, REIMS, ODESSA). Exceptions are the words HELSINGFORS and DAUGAVPILS.
Exercise
1. It happened that an hour after the offense he answered the offender, or spoke to him himself, with such a trusting and clear look, as if nothing had happened between them at all. (F. Dostoevsky. The Karamazov Brothers.)
2. Kovalev was a Caucasian college assessor. (N. Gogol. Nose)
3. At that time he was even very handsome, slender, of medium-tall height, dark-haired, with a regular, although somewhat elongated oval face, with shiny dark gray widely spaced eyes, very thoughtful and, apparently, very calm . (F. Dostoevsky. The Karamazov Brothers.)
4. Since early morning, the whole sky was covered with rain clouds; it was quiet, not hot and boring, as happens on gray cloudy days, when clouds have long hung over the field, you wait for rain, but it doesn’t come. (A. Chekhov. Gooseberry.)
5. Of course, you need to have a sailor’s stomach, that is, you need a sailor’s exercise to digest these pieces of corned beef and onions with boiled cabbage - a dish beloved by sailors and healthy at sea. (I. Goncharov. Frigate “Pallada”.)
6. The poor fellow’s heart sank so much that he could have been buried in a walnut. (A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky. Mulla-Nur.)
7. She, perhaps, wanted to declare female independence, to go against social conditions, against the despotism of her kinship and family, and a helpful fantasy convinced her, let us assume for just one moment, that Fyodor Pavlovich, despite his rank as a hanger-on, is still one of the bravest and most mocking people of that era, transitional to everything better, while he was only an evil jester and nothing more. (F. Dostoevsky. The Karamazov Brothers.)
8. Having celebrated several days at home and having straightened out everything that had gone wrong in the household without her, Marya Nikolaevna again set off on foot a hundred miles to her factory, until, finally, at the end of the second year, she appeared from there, cheerful and happy, with a bag of wares, patterns and wool, and, having installed a weaving mill in the bright corner of the poor room, she began to weave carpets at home as an experienced craftswoman. (N. Leskov. Seedy family.)
9. Having become acquainted with the editors, Ivan Fedorovich never broke ties with them and in his last years at the university began to publish very talented analyzes of books on various special topics, so that he even became famous in literary circles. (F. Dostoevsky. Brothers Karamazov.)
10. In the end, some smart people decided that the whole article was just a daring farce and mockery. (F. Dostoevsky. The Karamazov Brothers.)
11. The people, stubbornly maintaining their beard and Russian caftan, were pleased with their victory and looked indifferently at the German way of life of their shaved boyars. (Alexander Pushkin. Notebooks.)
12. Meanwhile, he entered this house in such infancy, in which one cannot expect in a child calculating cunning, cunning or the art of currying favor and being liked, the ability to make oneself fall in love. (F. Dostoevsky. The Karamazov Brothers.)
13. Richer and more remarkable than all the Lavretskys was Fyodor Ivanovich’s great-grandfather, Andrei, a cruel, daring, intelligent and crafty man. (I. Turgenev. Noble nest.)
14. “Pretty little old man,” Miusov remarked out loud when the landowner Maksimov ran back to the monastery. (F. Dostoevsky. The Karamazov Brothers.)
15. To anyone who looked at this sight from the top of one of the hills surrounding the place, it might seem that this gigantic beast was stretched out along the road near the chapel and lay there motionless, from time to time only moving its matte scales of different colors. (V. Korolenko. Blind musician.)
16. There, in the Saltovsky village, the lieutenant’s son went to school. (E. Limonov. We had a Great Epoch.)
17. He sat down on the step and soaped his long hair and neck, and the water around him turned brown. (A. Chekhov. Gooseberry.)
18. In a tavern there is a tavern custom. (A. Chekhov. On the high road.)
19. I roll bread balls, think about the dog tax and, knowing my hot temper, try to remain silent. (A. Chekhov. From the notes of a hot-tempered man.)
20. The Ukrainian people were not hoarders of hay, but the Tula people saved food for themselves, just like the Kerzhaks. (D. Mamin-Sibiryak. Three ends.)
21. The prince tried to be in time for the Permian holiday of the Return of the Birds. (A. Ivanov. The Heart of Parma.)
22. Mattresses, old tattered dressing gowns, trousers, shirts with blue stripes, worthless, worn-out shoes - all this rags are piled up, crushed, tangled, rotting and emitting a suffocating smell. (A. Chekhov. Chamber No. 6.)
23. Go to the Kronstadt raid in the summer, to any warship, address the commander, or the senior, or, finally, the watch (guard) officer with a request to inspect the ship, and if there is no “emergency” work on the ship, then I guarantee you for the most pleasant welcome. (I. Goncharov. Frigate “Pallada”.)
24. It should be noted that Kovalev was an extremely touchy person. (N. Gogol. Nose.)
25. Beat him! - he shouted frantically, turning to Porfiry and Pavlushka, and he grabbed the cherry chibouk in his hand. (N. Gogol. Dead souls.)
26. He, dressed in a Circassian costume, rode horseback and went into ambush with Bogdanovich twice, although both times they did not watch for anyone and did not kill anyone. (L. Tolstoy. Hadji Murat.)
27. She gives underwear, shoes, comes up with some fancy sundress, spends all her pocket money and saves money for a long time after that. (I. Goncharov. Break.)
28. “Last year,” noted Vasily Ivanovich, “I bought myself a flannel coat on the Kuznetsky Bridge.” (V. Sollogub. Tarantas.)
29. Well, of course, the usual fishing chatter began... (G. Vladimov. Three minutes of silence.)
30. He was a clever, resourceful man, he started with a penny and soon managed to make a lot of capital. (P. Melnikov-Pechersky. On the mountains.)
31. The waves hit the plank sides of the boat, the steering wheel turned the wheel sharply, and the shore began to quietly move away from us, as if thrown back by the swell hitting it. (V. Korolenko. Killer.)
32. They bought her two dresses on the boat in the shop, boots and a ski suit, big, really, manly, but Kasyanka will grow up, and it will be just right for her. (V. Astafiev. Tsar Fish.)
33. He was a thoughtful man, as if he was carrying the fate of the world on himself, and on the way he went into a tavern, sat down at the counter, became sad and began to manage things, but without any pleasure, since it was not his business. (N. Leskov. Antuka.)
34. The new director, an arrogant man, with modern ideas, with his head bent back, seemed inaccessible to his subordinates. (I. Panaev. A wonderful person.)
35. The nail with which they hammered the carriage door more in order to amuse Vasilyev when he slept through it was taken out, and Vasilyev appeared into the light of day, dirty, unkempt and tattered. (F. Dostoevsky. The village of Stepanchikovo and its inhabitants.)
The exercise was prepared by B. A. Panov (“League of Schools”).
Suffix -sk-
In adjectives, when adding the suffix -sk- to the root, the consonant of the root is preserved in some cases, but changes in others.
1. If -sk- is added to a root that ends in d, t, z, s, c (if there is a consonant before the c), then they are preserved: Kyrgyz-sk-y (Kyrgyz), Canadian, Dutch, Scottish, Flemish, Kurdish, abbey, candidate, giant, post office, lieutenant, occupier, amateur, adjutant, Bolshevik, positivist, subjectivist, propaganda, pacifist, Abkhazian, Vosges, Polesie, Circassian, Eskimo, sailor, Palatinate, Constance.
Note. If the root ends in ts (or tsts), which is preceded by a vowel, then the suffix -k- is added to the root: Yeletsky (Elets), Nitstsky (Nice). Exceptions: Graz (Graz), Metz (Metz).
2. If the suffix -sk- is added to a root that ends in k, h, then they change to c, and the letter from the suffix is omitted: miner (gornyak- 4- -ote-; the final consonant of the root k changes to c, and the suffix loses s - miner -f kiy), Cossack, poor peasant, tramp" burlatsky, tavern, fisherman, Slovak, kulak, stupid, bursatsky, Greek, Turkish, peasant, Kalmyk, Permyak, middle peasant, weaver.
3. If the root ends in s, preceded by a consonant, and then followed by the suffix -sk-, then one s in the word is omitted: Ems (Ems), Rheims (Reims), Worms (Worms), Welsh (Wales), etc. Exceptions: Helsingfors (Helsingfors), Daugavpils (Daugavpils), Tammerfors (Tammerfors).
Note. In the adjectives Odessa (Odessa), Cherkasy (Cherkasy) two s are written, since it is not customary to write three s.
4. If the root ends in sk, and then the suffix -sk- follows, then one k in the word drops out (the word is written -sskiy, not “-skskiy”): Damascus (Damascus), San Francisco (San Francisco) , Etruscan (Etruscan). Exceptions: Oscan, Basque.
5. If the root ends in l, and then the suffix -sk- follows, then before the suffix ь is written: Ural (Ural), rural (village), posolsky (ambassador), Portuguese (Portugal), generalskiy (general), angelskiy (angel ), bibliophilic (bibliophile), consular (consul), Mongolian (Mongolia).
If the root ends in н or р, and then the suffix -sk- follows, then ь is not written before it: Astrakhansky (Astrakhan), Sibirsky (Siberia), Gavansky (harbour), konskiy (horse), bogatyrsky (bogatyr), brutal ( beast), clerk (scribe), secretarial (secretary), rebel (rebel), medicine man (witch doctor), plowman (plowman), royal (king), knightly (knight), huntsman (jaeger), monastic (monastery).
Exceptions: month names: June, September. November, etc. (except January)", as well as adjectives formed from Chinese and Vietnamese names that are written with ь: Yunansky, Taiwanese. The expression day-to-day is written with ь.
Suffixes -ev-, -iv-
The suffix -ev-, included in many adjectives, is unstressed: enamel; the suffix -iv- is always stressed: truthful.
The suffix -ev- is included in the following adjectives: aluminum, sodium, potassium, nickel, flannel, crevice, style, pain, lobe, salt, zero, bullet, shadow, armor, rod, root, guest, drinking, mirabelle, fabric, gauze, astrakhan, tulle, ermine, soy, etc. (For the spelling of the suffixes -ev-, -ov- after hissing ones, see §7.)
In the adjectives truthful, arrogant, playful, beautiful, courteous, flattering, etc., the suffix -iv- is written. Exceptions: merciful, kindly, holy fool.
Please note: brown and buckwheat are written with -ev-.
Suffixes -liv-, -chiv-
The suffixes -liv-, -chiv- (in Russian there are no suffixes “-lee-”, €-chev-u>) are written in adjectives: fastidious, restless, whimsical, gluttonous, flirtatious, calculating, sympathetic, envious, compassionate, conscientious , accommodating, forgetful, sympathetic, touchy, resourceful, intrusive, enterprising, talkative, arrogant, picky, reckless.
It is necessary to distinguish between adjectives formed with the suffixes -liv-, -chiv-, and adjectives in which the stem ends in l, h, and then the suffix -ev-. For example, in gutta-percha the letter h belongs to the root, and not to the suffix; in enamel, the letter l also belongs to the suffix.
Suffix -й
If the base of a noun includes the suffixes -nik, -chik, -iki', then the adjective is formed using the suffix -й (a variant of the suffix -/-): hunting (hunter), gardener (gardener), colonel (colonel), bureaucrat (official) , cobbler (shoemaker), gardener (gardener), robber (robber), carpenter (carpenter), carrier (carrier), cabman (carrier), landowner (landowner).
The adjectives turkey, cat, frog are outdated; in modern language the forms turkey, cat, frog are used.
Pay attention to the spelling of the words old lady and boyish.
Suffixes -dvat-, -evat-
If the root ends in a hard consonant (except for sibilants and [ts]), then the suffix -ovat- is written after it: whitish, angular, hooked, dirty, rather poor, sweetish.
If the root ends in a soft consonant, hissing or [ts], then the suffix -evat- is written after it: bluish, spongy, acneous, reddish, dashing.
Suffixes -onk-, -enk-
If the root ends in g, k, x, then after it the suffix -onk- is written: deep, high, soft, small, pitiful, inferior, dry, quiet, light, piebald, wretched.
Note. The “Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language” (M., 1982) gives parallel forms with the suffix -enkmyakenky, bad, dry, quiet, light, piebald.
If the root ends in any consonant except g, k, x, then the suffix -enk- is written after it: blue, pretty, ve-
8* At the same time, [k] alternates with [h], "... .. ,. L., little little, cheap, pretty, young, thin, petty, lukewarm, sour, nice, trashy, miserable, drunk, short.
Suffixes -insk-, -in + sk-
The suffix -insk- is written in adjectives formed from nouns ending in -а(-я), -и(-ы): Yalta (Yalta), Pyiiminsky (Pyshma), Zhizdrinsky (Zhizdra), Gagrinsky (Gagra), Karaganda ( Karaganda), Okhta (Okhta), Elninsky (Yelnya); Mytishchi (Mytishchi), Khimki (Khimki), Sochi (Sochi), Taborin (Tabory), Saatlinsky (Saatly).
The suffix -in + sk-is written: 1) if the adjective is formed from a possessive adjective with the suffix -in: Olginsky (Olga - Olgin), Elizavetinsky (Elizaveta - Elizavetin), Nastasinsky (Nastasya - Nastasin), Anninsky (Anna - Annin), Mariinsky (Maria - Mariin), sisterly (sister - sisters); 2) if the adjective is formed from a noun ending in -in: Hellenic (Hellene); military (warrior).
In all other cases, the suffix -ensk- is written: cemetery (cemetery), beggar (beggar), gorodische (city), Zarechensky (Zarechye), Frunzensky (Frunze), Grozny (Grozny), Kerchensky (Kerch).
Note: The adjectives Livensky, Krapivensky, Kolomna, Pesochensky, Rivne, etc. are formed from nouns using the suffix -sk- (“fluent”, e is included in the root): Livn(s)-livensk(ii), Krapiv(na)- Krapi-Vensk(ii). Sometimes the choice of suffix is determined by tradition: Penza (although Penza), Presnensky (Presnya), Lopasiensky (Lopasnya), Inzensky (Inza), Svobodinsky (in Kursk), but Svobddensky (on the Amur), etc.
Literacy is a vital need for many people. In our country, a total dictation is held annually. Important officials and people of other professions in dozens of cities are diligently thinking about how to correctly write this or that word, where to put a comma, a dash, etc. There is something to think about, because Russian is not such a simple language. And it is impossible to write in it accurately without knowing the rules.
The issue of spelling is acute, primarily for schoolchildren. After all, dictations for them are not held once a year. They write test papers almost weekly on different subjects. Therefore, they should know not only the rules given in this article, but also others. For example, be able to write English adjective suffixes correctly. Or know when some famous figure was born and died...
Suffixes -chiv, -liv, -iv, -ev. Exception words
They say that you need to get into the water to learn to swim, and to learn to write without mistakes, you need to train and develop the skill of competent writing.
The choice of vowels in a given morpheme depends on several reasons: stress, hardness or softness of the preceding sound, meaning. And even the origin of Stress and literate writing are related to each other due to the fact that only stressed vowels are clearly audible in the flow of our speech, but with unstressed letters it is more difficult. If you don't know the rules, mistakes will appear.
Remember! If you are in doubt which adjective suffixes to write, put the emphasis: -iv-- if it’s shock, but -ev-- if e is unstressed (playful, false, but key); -chiv-, -liv- are derived from -iv, so they write and (assiduous, noisy). Exception: holy fool, merciful.
Now check yourself: zero... howl, caring... howl, playful... howl, merciful... howl, bo... howl, arrogant... howl, trust... howl. (Answers: e, and, and, and, e, and, and).
Suffixes -ov, -ovat and -ev, -evat
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov did not like ugly, dissonant sounds and in every possible way avoided the use of hissing and whistling sounds. Our spelling cannot do without them.
Over the spelling of suffixes - ov -, - ev- after the unloved classics, w, w, c are often thought about. The letters o and e sound alike are confusing. It's simple: O- stressed, and without stress - e(kumac, penny, plush).
What if the stress falls on the root or prefix? In this case, adjective suffixes become dangerous for an illiterate person. Here you need to remember the rules! The last letter of the base You should write suffixes -ov-, -ovat-, -ovit-(rough). And if the consonant is soft, hissing or c, then -ev-, -evat-, -evit- (key, glossy, apple, blind).
Now let’s check the knowledge we’ve gained: gifted...twisted, demanding, watchman...howl, floor...howl, blue...wavy, canvas...well done...well done. (Answers: o, o, e, e, e, o, e).
Suffixes -onk and -enk
It is impossible not to be surprised by the possibilities of the Russian language. In order for a word to change its meaning, it is enough to replace the suffix in it. And now the fat one turns into a plump one, and the thin one into a thin one. Expresses a completely different attitude towards the subject of speech. The adjective suffixes -onk- and -enk- give words shades of sympathy, endearment, irony, disdain, as well as real diminution. Only they have the ability to use these formative means.
Adjectives with a diminutive meaning are formed using a suffix -enk and - onk(blue, plump).
After the letters g, k, x, and are possible -onk and -enk(light and light).
Check yourself! Bad...cue, round...cue, beautiful...cue, good...cue (oh, e, e, e).
Showing your attitude to what is being said helps and -okhonk, -okhonk, -usenk, -usenk(small, tiny, thin).
Suffixes -ensk, -insk. Exceptions
Adjectives are formed not only from common nouns, but also from proper nouns and geographical names. Morphemes -insk- and -ensk- are used to form such words. Unstressed suffixes of adjectives sound unclear. Speech situations arise when it is necessary to both write and use a word in oral speech. An incorrectly formed shape hurts the ear. If you don't want to make mistakes, remember the rule.
Suffix -insk- serves to form nouns with final -a, -я, -и. (Yalta - Yalta, Mytishchi - Mytishchi, Ekaterina - Catherine). In other cases the suffix is used -ensk-(Grozny - Grozny, Grodno - Grodno).
The Russian language is beautiful. And he does not tolerate cacophony, so there are exceptions to the rules that are worth learning. These are Presnensky (from Presnya), Penza (from Penza), Kolomna (from Kolomna), etc.
It is impossible, and it is not necessary, to remember exceptions to all the rules. If you have any difficulties, you should consult dictionaries and reference books.
Spelling of adjectives formed from the nouns na-shka, the words “wind” and “oil”
Nouns with finite -shka(frog, cat) form adjectives, about the spelling of which you need to know the following: both “frog” and “frog” are written, cat - cat. Both spellings are correct. Only the emphasis is different.
The spelling of some adjectives is related to their lexical meaning. From the words “wind” and “oil” you can form word forms that have different adjective suffixes. Examples of such words: anemone - windy, oily - oily. There are no mistakes here.
Worth remembering! 1. Windy (with the meaning of “wind” in literal and figurative meaning. The wind on the street (direct) and the wind in the head (trans.) 2. Windy (with the meaning “set in motion by the force of the wind”) 3. Chickenpox ( from the colloquial word "chickenpox") 4. Oily (consists of any oil) 5. Oily (greased, soaked, stained with oil) 6. Oily eyes (figurative meaning) 7. Maslenitsa - Shrovetide week.
Suffixes -sk and -k. Exceptions
“It’s not a shame not to know, it’s a shame not to learn,” says popular wisdom. And it’s worth constantly expanding your knowledge. Spelling adjective suffixes is often difficult. In the words "sharp" and "sailor" the end of the word sounds the same. How to choose the correct spelling? Let's think like this. Since adjectives are formed from the stem of a noun, then we highlight this stem and see which letter is the last (weaver - weaver). If k, h, ts- feel free to substitute the suffix -To. Alternation may occur. This is normal. Are there no such letters? Create a shape. Happened? Then feel free to write the suffix -To.
At the end of the base k, h, ts(giant - gigantic), and it’s impossible to form a short form - feel free to write the suffix -sk.
Remember: b before -sk- written only after l, and also in the words: day-day, names of months, but we write “January” without a soft sign.
Adjectives starting with -aty: suffixes -schat, -chat
Mikhail Sholokhov said that the language of the people has been accumulating treasures of thought and experience for thousands of years. Formed from nouns using the suffix - chat-, -chat- the words seemed to bring mystery and charm from time immemorial (iridescent, log, patterned). They indicate the presence in large quantities of what is expressed by the base (fragmentous).
The spelling of adjective suffixes depends on the letters in front. Alternation occurs, which changes the composition of the morpheme and its sound.
An error may appear when writing.
Dosch-at-y (from board sk/sch).
Smoke-chat (from smoke).
Brus-chat-k-a (from brus).
Tile-chat (tiles c/t).
Adjectives with such suffixes are widely used in professional and terminological vocabulary.
not formed from verbs
“The old abandoned garden was beautiful in its picturesque desolation,” we read from the classic. But in order to excel in literacy in dictation, you need to remember the rule of how to choose suffixes of adjectives and participles. The difficulty is that it is impossible to determine by ear "n" or "nn" choose.
Let's remember the rule! If you forgot, look in the reference book. Next, we analyze how this word was formed (picture-n y - the base is on -n, and the suffix was added -n - here is the double "n").
"Nn" it is also written when the adjective appears with the help of the suffix -onn-, -enn- (excursion-onn-y, craft-enn-y).
The letter "n" is written in adjective suffixes if in the word -in-, -an-, -yang-(os-in-y, skin-an-y).
Exceptions:
1) glass, tin, wood;
2) young, green, porky, spicy, drunk, windy, crimson.
Spelling "n", "nn" in adjective suffixes it makes you rack your brain if you don’t know the rules. Therefore, it is worth training them.
Spelling "n" and "nn" in nouns and adverbs starting with -o, formed from non-verbal adjectives. Words to remember to spell
The vocabulary wealth of our language is constantly growing. One of the ways of replenishment is the formation of new names of objects and phenomena from the names of adjectives. "N", "nn" in adjective suffixes determines the number of letters in formed nouns. Examples: living room - hotel, relative - relative, wood - woodshed, horse - cavalry.
Adjectives can also form adverbs with a final -O. Interestingly, the suffixes of adverbs and adjectives are the same. The number of "n" is also the same. You can check the spelling of “n”, “nn” in adverbs by selecting the full adjective from which the adverb is formed. Write as many of these letters as in the original adjective. Examples: courageously - courageous, magnificently - magnificent, excitedly - excited.
Remember the spelling of the following words: welcome, smart, uninvited guest, sworn brother, unseen, unheard, etc.
Theoretical part
1. Suffixes of adjectives -IV- and -EB-.
In adjectives, the suffix -IV- is written under stress, and -EV- is written without stress:
beautiful, truthful, edge oh, orderly, gauze.
Exceptions: merciful, holy fool.
2. Suffixes of adjectives -CHIV-, -LIV-.
The suffixes -CHIV-, -LIV- are written only with the vowel I (in Russian there are no suffixes -LEV- and -CHEV-):
persistent, caring, touchy, calculating.
BUT: enamel y, diagonal y, gutta-percha y (the consonants Ch and L belong to the root).
3. Adjective suffix -CHAT-.
In the suffix -CHAT- the letter A is written: stepped, membranous.
Before the suffix -CHAT- the final C of the noun stem alternates with T: krupitchchatyy (grain), ciliated (eyelash), imbricated (tile).
4. Adjective suffix -IST-.
The adjective suffix -IST- is written only with the vowel I:
floody, teary, rolling, clayey, broad-shouldered.
5. Suffixes of adjectives -ONK- (-ENK-).
In adjectives, after the consonants G, K, X, the suffix is written -ONK-, after other consonants - ENK-:
young, heavy, dry.
Possible spelling options: easy, easy.
The suffix -INK- is not written in adjectives.
6. Verb suffixes -OVA- (-EVA-), -IVA- (-YVA-)
In the indefinite form and in the past tense, the suffix -OVA- (-EVA-) is written on verbs, if in the 1st person singular form of the present or future simple tense this suffix alternates with -УУ (-УУУ):
conversations oh wa l, conversations oh wa yup - I'm talking
potch e va l, potch e va yea - I'll treat you
In the indefinite form and in the past tense, the suffix -YVA- (-IVA-) is written on verbs, if in the 1st person singular form of the present or future simple tense this suffix is preserved:
examination y va l, look y va t - look yva Yu
unbuttoned and va l, unbuttoned and va th - unbuttoned willow Yu.
Note. Verbs with the root -VED-, having the 1st person form in -YU (-YUYU)-, are written with the suffix -OVA- in the indefinite form and in the past tense:
confess - confessed, preach - preached, led - led (as I confess, preach, lead),
but: reconnaissance - reconnaissance, vyvydyvat - vyvydyvat, vyvydyvat - vyvydyval'l, vyvodyvat' - vyvydyvat' l, visit - visited, vyvydyvat - vyvyvydyva l (since the suffix is preserved).
Verbs with the suffix -EVA-, -IVA- should not be confused with verbs in which the stressed suffix -BA- is combined with the preceding root vowel A or I. Such a root vowel, unlike the suffixal one, is preserved in an indefinite form in verbs without the suffix - VA-:
To entwine - to entwine, to fill - to fill, to overcome - to overcome.
In the verbs to get stuck, to overshadow, to intend, to prolong, to corrupt, the suffix -EVA- is written.
