Doctor of Biological Sciences - Dr. Biol. Sciences
Doctor of Veterinary Sciences - Dr. Veterinarian. Sciences
doctor of military sciences - doctor of military. Sciences
Doctor of Geographical Sciences - Dr. Geogr. Sciences
doctor of geological and mineralogical sciences - doctor of geol.-mineral. Sciences
doctor of art history - doctor of art history
Doctor of Historical Sciences - Dr. ist. Sciences
Doctor of Cultural Studies - Doctor of Cultural Studies
Doctor of Medical Sciences - Dr. med. Sciences
Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences - Dr. Ped. Sciences
Doctor of Political Science - Dr. Polit. Sciences
Doctor of Psychological Sciences - Dr. of Psychology. Sciences
doctor of agricultural sciences - doctor of agricultural sciences Sciences
doctor of sociological sciences - doctor of sociology. Sciences
doctor of technical sciences - doctor of techn. Sciences
Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Dr. Pharmacist. Sciences
Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences
Doctor of Philology - Dr. Philol. Sciences
Doctor of Philosophical Sciences - Doctor of Philosophy. Sciences
Doctor of Chemical Sciences - Dr. of Chem. Sciences
doctor of economic sciences - doctor of economics. Sciences
doctor of juridical sciences - dr. jurid. Sciences
Candidate of Biological Sciences - Cand. biol. Sciences
candidate of veterinary sciences - cand. veterinarian. Sciences
candidate of military sciences - cand. military Sciences
candidate of geographical sciences - cand. geogr. Sciences
Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences - Ph.D. geol.-mineral. Sciences
candidate of art history - cand. art history
Candidate of Historical Sciences - Ph.D. ist. Sciences
Candidate of cultural studies - Ph.D. cultural studies
Candidate of Medical Sciences - Cand. honey. Sciences
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences - Cand. ped. Sciences
Candidate of Political Science - Ph.D. polit. Sciences
Candidate of Psychological Sciences - Ph.D. psychol. Sciences
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences - Cand. s.-x. Sciences
candidate of sociological sciences - cand. sociological Sciences
candidate of technical sciences - cand. tech. Sciences
Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Cand. pharmacist. Sciences
Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Ph.D. Phys.-Math. Sciences
candidate of philological sciences - cand. philol. Sciences
Candidate of Philosophical Sciences - Cand. philosophy Sciences
Candidate of Chemical Sciences - Cand. chem. Sciences
candidate of economic sciences - cand. economy Sciences
candidate of legal sciences - cand. legal Sciences
There are also shorter, informal abbreviations for academic degrees:
Doctor of Architectural Sciences - Doctor of Architectural Sciences;
Candidate of Architectural Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Biological Sciences - Doctor of Biological Sciences;
Candidate of Biological Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Veterinary Sciences - Doctor of Veterinary Sciences;
candidate of veterinary sciences - Ph.D.
doctor of military sciences - doctor of military sciences;
candidate of military sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Geographical Sciences - Doctor of Geographical Sciences;
Candidate of Geographical Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences - Doctor of Geology and Mathematics;
Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences - Ph.D.
doctor of art history - doctor of arts;
Candidate of Art History - Ph.D.
Doctor of Historical Sciences - Doctor of Historical Sciences;
Candidate of Historical Sciences - Ph.D.
doctor of medical sciences - doctor of medical sciences;
Candidate of Medical Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences - Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences;
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences - Ph.D.
doctor of political sciences - d.pol.n.;
candidate of political sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Psychological Sciences - Doctor of Psychology;
Candidate of Psychological Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences - Doctor of Agricultural Sciences;
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Sociological Sciences - Doctor of Social Sciences;
candidate of sociological sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Technical Sciences - Doctor of Technical Sciences;
candidate of technical sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Doctor of Pharmacy;
Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences;
Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Philology - Doctor of Philology;
candidate of philological sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Philosophy - Doctor of Philosophy;
Candidate of Philosophical Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Chemical Sciences - Doctor of Chemistry;
Candidate of Chemical Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Economic Sciences - Doctor of Economics;
Candidate of Economic Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Law - Doctor of Law;
candidate of legal sciences - Ph.D.
"PhD" - academic degree. It has existed in Russia and the CIS countries since the days of the Soviet Union - since 1934. This is an intermediate step on the scientific path from master to doctor of science and is awarded to the applicant who:
- has higher education;
- passed all candidate exams;
- made a number of researches on the subject;
- presented and proved the novelty and practical value of scientific ideas;
- passed the procedure in accordance with the requirements established by law.
The Russian academic degree "PhD" is an analogue of the Western PhD (read as pi-h-di). PhD - Doctor of Philosophy. However, in essence, it is not identical to a degree in Russia. The latter implies an even higher level of results.
The degree "candidate of science" is differentiated depending on the specialty in which the applicant can defend his work. In Russia, there are 23 branches of awarding such titles. For example: candidate of physical and mathematical sciences, candidate of philological sciences. But there are a lot of specialties. One can be a candidate of legal, veterinary, biological, military, geological and mineralogical, geographical, historical, pedagogical, political, medical, psychological, sociological, technical, pharmaceutical, philosophical, agricultural, chemical, economic sciences. In addition, there is such a title as a candidate of architecture, art criticism, cultural studies.
The degree "PhD" should not be confused with the Western interpretation mentioned above - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD).
Walking along the scientific path, the applicant must understand the goal for which he is ready to go through many difficult stages to obtain the PhD degree. It should be understood that this title is not a guarantee of great material wealth in the future. At least the return will not be fast. Initially, this is an increase of about 10-15% of the salary. It is appropriate and really significant in the future at the university, participation in the competition for the scientific titles of associate professor or professor, work at the department.
Writing a dissertation is a complex, painstaking, multi-stage process. First of all, it is necessary to create a new, original intellectual product - the result of scientific activity. The next step is to organize the process of protection. It usually involves a lot of people: a supervisor, opponents, experts, reviewers, editors, consultants, etc. It is important to note that having made the decision to engage in science, one must be prepared to some extent for material investments. In no case is it about buying and not independently performing specific stages of work.
However, often real large-scale studies that would bring real benefits and have practical significance require certain resources. For example, conducting experiments, experiments, by its very methodology, can be costly.
It's no secret that the organizational issues associated with the measures of the defense itself, especially in the final period, may also require some financial investments. However, everything here is very individual, depending on the established traditions of the university, the council, and the circumstances.
There are two options for abbreviations of academic degrees. The first method is described in GOST and is official. In this way, it is worth abbreviating the name of the degree and title in official documents. The second method is published on the RAS website and is not official, but very convenient.
Reduction of academic degrees in accordance with GOST
Based on GOST 7.12-93 “System of standards for information, librarianship and publishing bibliographic record. Abbreviation of words in Russian general requirements and rules "The Ministry of Science and Technology of the Russian Federation issued an order of August 31, 1998 N 145" On approval of the regulation on the submission of a mandatory copy of dissertations ", which spells out the rules for reducing degrees, but at the moment this order has lost its power. You should focus on the design rules of GOST 7.12-93. These abbreviations are considered official.
Accepted abbreviations of academic titles:
- professor - prof.
- Associate Professor - Assoc.
For example, it is required to abbreviate "candidate of philosophical sciences, associate professor", in accordance with GOST, it will be correct like this: "candidate of philosophical sciences, associate professor." To abbreviate "doctor of physical and mathematical sciences, professor" you need to write "doctor of physical and mathematical sciences, prof."
Official list of abbreviations according to GOST
Doctor of Biological Sciences - Dr. Biol. Sciences
Doctor of Veterinary Sciences - Dr. Veterinarian. Sciences
doctor of military sciences - doctor of military. Sciences
Doctor of Geographical Sciences - Dr. Geogr. Sciences
doctor of geological and mineralogical sciences - doctor of geol.-mineral. Sciences
doctor of art history - doctor of art history
Doctor of Historical Sciences - Dr. ist. Sciences
Doctor of Cultural Studies - Doctor of Cultural Studies
Doctor of Medical Sciences - Dr. med. Sciences
Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences - Dr. Ped. Sciences
Doctor of Political Science - Dr. Polit. Sciences
Doctor of Psychological Sciences - Dr. of Psychology. Sciences
doctor of agricultural sciences - doctor of agricultural sciences Sciences
doctor of sociological sciences - doctor of sociology. Sciences
doctor of technical sciences - doctor of techn. Sciences
Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Dr. Pharmacist. Sciences
Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences
Doctor of Philology - Dr. Philol. Sciences
Doctor of Philosophical Sciences - Doctor of Philosophy. Sciences
Doctor of Chemical Sciences - Dr. of Chem. Sciences
doctor of economic sciences - doctor of economics. Sciences
doctor of juridical sciences - dr. jurid. Sciences
Candidate of Biological Sciences - Cand. biol. Sciences
candidate of veterinary sciences - cand. veterinarian. Sciences
candidate of military sciences - cand. military Sciences
candidate of geographical sciences - cand. geogr. Sciences
Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences - Ph.D. geol.-mineral. Sciences
candidate of art history - cand. art history
Candidate of Historical Sciences - Ph.D. ist. Sciences
Candidate of cultural studies - Ph.D. cultural studies
Candidate of Medical Sciences - Cand. honey. Sciences
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences - Cand. ped. Sciences
Candidate of Political Science - Ph.D. polit. Sciences
Candidate of Psychological Sciences - Ph.D. psychol. Sciences
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences - Cand. s.-x. Sciences
candidate of sociological sciences - cand. sociological Sciences
candidate of technical sciences - cand. tech. Sciences
Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Cand. pharmacist. Sciences
Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Ph.D. Phys.-Math. Sciences
candidate of philological sciences - cand. philol. Sciences
Candidate of Philosophical Sciences - Cand. philosophy Sciences
Candidate of Chemical Sciences - Cand. chem. Sciences
candidate of economic sciences - cand. economy Sciences
candidate of legal sciences - cand. legal Science
This is a list of shorter abbreviations for academic degrees adopted by the Academy of Sciences, but this list of abbreviations is unofficial.
List of abbreviations of the RAS
Ph.D. - candidate of biological sciences
Ph.D. - candidate of military sciences
d.g.s. - Doctor of Geography
Ph.D. - candidate of geographical sciences
d.g.-m.s. - Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences
PhD - candidate of geological and mineralogical sciences
d.h.s. - Doctor of Historical Sciences
Ph.D. - Candidate of Historical Sciences
disk. - Doctor of Arts
k.isk. - Ph.D. in History of Arts
MD - Doctor of Medical Sciences
PhD - Candidate of Medical Sciences
d.ped.n. - Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences
Ph.D. - candidate of pedagogical sciences
d.polit.sci. - Doctor of Political Sciences
Ph.D. - candidate of political sciences
d.p.s. - Doctor of Psychology
Ph.D. - candidate of psychological sciences
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences - Doctor of Agricultural Sciences
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences - candidate of agricultural sciences
d.soc.sci. - Doctor of Sociological Sciences
Ph.D. - candidate of sociological sciences
d.t.s. - Doctor of Technical Sciences
Ph.D. - candidate of technical sciences
Ph.D. - candidate of pharmacological sciences
Ph.D. - Doctor of Philology
Ph.D. - Candidate of Philology
d.p.m.s. - Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
Ph.D. - Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
Doctor of Philosophy - doctor of philosophical science
PhD in Philosophy - candidate of philosophical sciences
d.h.s. - Doctor of Chemical Sciences
Ph.D. - PhD in Chemistry
Dan. - Doctor of Economic Sciences
Ph.D. - candidate of economic sciences
Doctor of Law - Doctor of Law
Ph.D. - candidate of legal sciences
How should the abbreviations of the titles of associate professor and professor be spelled correctly in combination with the degrees of candidate and doctor of science. The title "candidate of physical and mathematical sciences, associate professor" should be written as "candidate of physical and mathematical sciences, associate professor". The name "Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Professor" is correct to abbreviate as "PhD, prof."
In completely unofficial correspondence on the Internet or on forums, abbreviations like: khn, ken are used. They look like an abbreviation, but this is not correct. There are dots between letters.
If the teacher is an academic
academician - ac.
If you look at GOST, then you need to abbreviate like this
academician - acad.
Frequently asked Questions
Question. But as abbreviations like Ph.D. consistent with the requirements of the Russian language ALWAYS put a space between words, especially after a period?
Answer. According to the rules of the Russian language, such an abbreviation is appropriate. But there is GOST 7.12-93, which spells out the rules for reducing degrees. Although the document has expired, the data is still considered official. So, the candidate of physical and mathematical sciences should be abbreviated as follows: cand. Phys.-Math. Sciences.
Moreover, there is a list of abbreviations adopted in the RAS. But it is considered unofficial. In accordance with it, it is just customary to abbreviate as YOU wrote.
Academic degrees and titles should be reduced in accordance with the recommendations of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.
| Reduction | Full spelling |
|---|---|
| Degrees | |
| Dr. of Architecture | doctor of architecture |
| Dr. Biol. Sciences | Doctor of Biological Sciences |
| dr veterinarian. Sciences | doctor of veterinary sciences |
| dr. Sciences | doctor of military sciences |
| Dr. Geogr. Sciences | doctor of geographical sciences |
| Dr. geol.-mineral. Sciences | doctor of geological and mineralogical sciences |
| Doctor of Arts | doctor of art history |
| dr ist. Sciences | Doctor of Historical Sciences |
| Doctor of Cultural Studies | Doctor of Cultural Studies |
| dr med. Sciences | Doctor of Medical Sciences |
| dr. ped. Sciences | doctor of pedagogical sciences |
| dr. polit. Sciences | doctor of political sciences |
| Dr. Psychol. Sciences | Doctor of Psychology |
| Dr. Sociology Sciences | doctor of sociological sciences |
| Dr. S.-H. Sciences | doctor of agricultural sciences |
| Dr. tech. Sciences | Doctor of Technical Sciences |
| dr. pharmacist. Sciences | Doctor of Pharmacy |
| Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences | Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences |
| dr. philol. Sciences | Doctor of Philology |
| Dr. Philosophy Sciences | doctor of philosophical science |
| dr. chem. Sciences | Doctor of Chemical Sciences |
| Doctor of Economics Sciences | Doctor of Economic Sciences |
| Dr. jurid. Sciences | Doctor of Law |
| cand. architecture | PhD in Architecture |
| cand. biol. Sciences | candidate of biological sciences |
| cand. veterinarian. Sciences | candidate of veterinary sciences |
| cand. military Sciences | candidate of military sciences |
| cand. geogr. Sciences | candidate of geographical sciences |
| cand. geol.-mineral. Sciences | candidate of geological and mineralogical sciences |
| cand. art history | Ph.D. in History of Arts |
| cand. ist. Sciences | Candidate of Historical Sciences |
| cand. cultural studies | PhD in Cultural Studies |
| cand. honey. Sciences | Candidate of Medical Sciences |
| cand. ped. Sciences | candidate of pedagogical sciences |
| cand. polit. Sciences | candidate of political sciences |
| cand. psychol. Sciences | candidate of psychological sciences |
| cand. sociological Sciences | candidate of sociological sciences |
| cand. s.-x. Sciences | Candidate of Agricultural Sciences |
| cand. tech. Sciences | candidate of technical sciences |
| cand. pharmacist. Sciences | candidate of pharmaceutical sciences |
| cand. Phys.-Math. Sciences | Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences |
| cand. philol. Sciences | Candidate of Philology |
| cand. philosophy Sciences | PhD in Philosophy |
| cand. chem. Sciences | PhD in Chemistry |
| cand. economy Sciences | PhD in Economics |
| cand. legal Sciences | PhD in Law |
| Academic titles | |
| Assoc. | docent |
| prof. | Professor |
| Other ranks | |
| Art. scientific collaborator | Senior Researcher |
| ml. scientific collaborator | junior researcher |
| acad. | academician |
| corresponding member | corresponding member |
Encyclopedic YouTube
1 / 5
✪ Associate Professor, Professor, Academician, Doctor of Sciences. What does it mean?
✪ What is a PhD in life? // Knowledge Greed
✪ WHY DO WE NEED A PHD? // Knowledge Greed
✪ PhD or PhD? Is it worth getting a PhD already having a Ph.D. Oxford University.
✪ Dagestan became the youngest doctor of science
Subtitles
Professional portrait of Ph.D.
Candidates of Sciences are highly qualified specialists with professional experience accumulated for at least three to four years after graduating from a university (master's or specialist's degree). Most often, they are people under the age of a little under thirty, prone to research work and necessarily having published scientific works. Most of these specialists are employees of various (academic, industrial) universities or lecturers.
Usually the applicant for a scientific degree is aimed at a further scientific and pedagogical career. Obtaining a Ph.D. degree (or its foreign equivalents) greatly contributes to career growth both in the Russian Federation and abroad. In Russia, the possession of this degree makes it easier to take the position of an associate professor at a university or a senior researcher at a research institute, and is also taken into account outside the scientific and educational sphere. Having a degree is absolutely necessary for obtaining the academic title of associate professor. A holder of the degree of a candidate of science in Russia, who continues active research activities, may become a doctor of science and a professor in the future.
Scientists with PhD equivalent status form the backbone of many scientific organizations and universities around the world. According to the 2010 census, there were 595,526 people in Russia who had a Ph.D. The largest number of them lived in Moscow (197897 people).
The history of the degree "candidate" in Russia
Immediately after the October Revolution of 1917, all degrees, ranks and titles were abolished. The degree of Candidate of Sciences - already in the modern sense - was established along with other academic degrees and titles of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on January 13, 1934 and inherited by the Russian Federation in the post-Soviet period.
The procedure for awarding the degree of candidate of sciences in the Russian Federation
Basic moments
The most important requirement of pre-defense preparation is the availability of scientific articles published in peer-reviewed journals from the list of HAC, containing the results of the dissertation research and reflecting the scientific novelty of the research.
A dissertation research is carried out by an applicant under the guidance of a supervisor who has a doctorate or a candidate of science degree in a given specialty, usually (but not necessarily) while studying in graduate school (adjuncture).
The typical length of a PhD dissertation is about 150 pages, but there are no hard boundaries.
The procedure for defending a dissertation
Before defending the degree, the applicant must pass a series of exams (the so-called candidate minimum): in the history and philosophy of science, a foreign language and specialty.
The applicant publishes a dissertation abstract (circulation of about 100 copies), which a month before the defense is sent to major scientific libraries and universities in Russia, as well as members of the dissertation council and specialists in this field of science. In addition, the texts of the dissertation and abstract are posted on the website of the organization under which the dissertation council was created, which accepted the dissertation for defense.
The dissertation itself - also for a month - is transferred for free access to the library of the institution where the defense will take place, and to two official opponents who write in advance, and on the day of the defense they announce their review. Opponents cannot be related by co-authorship or place of work with the applicant; one of them must be a doctor of sciences.
During the defense, the dissertator makes a presentation on the results of the dissertation work, answers questions from members of the dissertation council on his report, dissertation and abstract. Further, the reviews of the leading organization are read out, as well as the reviews received for the abstract. The applicant responds to the comments contained in these reviews. This is followed by the speeches of the official opponents and answers to questions from the reviews of the opponents. The final part of the defense is a free discussion, during which anyone present has the right to speak. Then the applicant answers the questions and comments made during this discussion, after which they proceed to a secret ballot, in which only members of the dissertation council take part.
Approximately the same procedure for awarding the degree existed in the USSR and continues to exist in some CIS countries.
Issuance of a degree document
In the event of a positive vote, the documents (the so-called "certification case") are sent to the Higher Attestation Commission under the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, where a decision is made to issue a candidate of science diploma. It usually takes several months for a case to be reviewed by the Higher Attestation Commission.
Persons who have been awarded academic degrees in violation of the established procedure may be deprived of these degrees by the Higher Attestation Commission, as a rule, on the basis of petitions from the dissertation councils at the meeting of which the dissertations were defended.
Varieties of Ph.D. degree by field of science
Depending on the specialty in which the Ph.D. thesis is defended, the applicant in Russia is awarded one of the following academic degrees:
| List of degrees by branch of science |
|---|
|
There is, but is not currently awarded the degree of candidate of naval sciences (awarded from the 1930s to the late 1970s). For some time (in the 1940s), the degree of candidate of art history was called "candidate of art history". The degree of candidate of political sciences existed in the 1940s, then was abolished, in the 1990s. reintroduced.
In the pedagogical sciences until 1950, a description of a narrow specialization was necessarily added to the name of a scientific degree (“... according to the methodology of history”, “... in physical culture”, etc.). Sporadically, such clarifications were present in the name of a scientific specialty until the end of the 1960s. The degree in psychological sciences began to be awarded in 1968. Prior to that (since 1953), the academic degree "candidate of pedagogical sciences (in psychology)" was awarded.
On September 25, 2015, the Higher Attestation Commission approved the passport of the new scientific specialty "Theology". Now, in this specialty, you can defend dissertations and receive academic degrees of candidate and doctor of science.
Many specialties allow applicants to be awarded a degree in several branches of science, depending on the predominant subject area of a particular dissertation. For example, in the specialty 02.00.04 (Physical Chemistry), Candidate's degrees in physical and mathematical, technical or chemical sciences can be awarded. At the same time, however, the principle "one dissertation - one branch of science" is observed, regardless of the number of specialties of the dissertation and branches of science of the specialty. Also, a particular dissertation council may be limited in the range of degrees awarded, depending on the industry.
The list of degrees awarded to Ukrainian scientists is basically the same as the Russian one, with the following exceptions:
- Geological and mineralogical sciences in the titles of degrees are replaced by geological sciences;
- The degrees of Candidate of Science in Physical Education and Sports, Candidate of Science in Public Administration, and Candidate of Science in Social Communications have been introduced. The branch of science "National Security" is also distinguished, however, it awards the degrees of candidates of military, technical, legal and other sciences - there is no candidate of science degree in national security.
International aspects
Analogues of the degree of candidate of sciences abroad
The most common analogue of the Soviet and Russian degree of candidate of sciences is the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.). Such a degree exists in the USA, Canada and other states.
In Germany, the analogue of the Russian candidate's degree is the degree of doctor (German Doktor), despite its name.
In many European countries, a degree was previously awarded, the name of which in the local language contained the concept of "candidate", abolished during the Bologna process. At the same time, the abolition does not mean the elimination of the corresponding level, but the replacement of the name with Ph.D. This happened in a number of CMEA countries - Bulgaria (Bulgarian). PhD in Science, abolished in the mid-1990s), Czechoslovakia (Czech Kandidát věd, Slovak Kandidát vied, abolished in the Czech Republic in 1998, in Slovakia in 1996). In 2014, with the adoption of the new Law of Ukraine "On Higher Education", the PhD degree was also abolished there and equated to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. A similar degree, preceding the degree of doctor of sciences and called in Latin lat. candidatus/candidata with the addition of the name of the science also existed in Denmark, Norway, and Iceland. In Yugoslavia, the degree of candidate of science corresponded to the degree of master of science (Magister Scientiæ, mr. sci, now abolished), as was the case in the Russian Empire in the 19th century.
Germany
The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, whose competence includes academic qualifications, recognizes the German academic qualification "Habilitation" at the level of the Russian academic degree "Doctor of Science", and the German academic degree "Doktor" at the level of the Russian academic degree "PhD". In the Federal Republic of Germany, recognition falls within the competence of the ministries of the states when it comes to issuing permission for the use of academic degrees in society, and within the competence of higher education institutions when it comes to the academic field, including research activities. These bodies recognize the Russian academic degree "Doctor of Science" at the level of the German academic qualification "Habilitation", and the Russian academic degree "PhD" at the level of the German academic degree "Doctor".
see also
Notes
- Candidate of Sciences / M. N. Volkov // Italy - Kvarkush. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1973. - (Big Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed.
