§ 54.1
Quotes conclude in quotes. If the quotation is formatted as direct speech, that is, accompanied by the words of the author citing it, then the appropriate punctuation rules apply (see § 47 - 50):
Belinsky wrote: “Nature creates man, but society develops and forms him”;
“Twelve million people are outlaws!.. Horror!” - A.I. Herzen wrote in his diary, referring to the serfs in Russia at that time;
"The primary element of literature, - M. Gorky pointed out, - is language, its main tool and - together with the facts, phenomena of life - literature material";
The speaker cited the words of M.V. Lomonosov: “Russia’s power will increase with Siberia” - and with this he ended his speech.
§ 54.2
If after a poetic quotation the text continues, then dash placed at the end of a poetic line: Tatyana's husband, so beautifully and so completely described from head to toe by the poet with these two verses:
...And above everyone
And he raised his nose and shoulders
The general who came in with her -
Tatyana's husband introduces Onegin to her as his relative and friend(White) - words Tatiana's husband are repeated in order to connect the second part of the author’s words with the first part (cf. § 40, paragraph 2).
§ 54.3
If the quotation consists of several paragraphs, then quotes put only at the beginning and at the end of the entire text:
In the article “From the history of Russian literature” M. Gorky wrote:
“What makes literature so powerful?
Saturating ideas with flesh and blood, it gives them greater clarity, greater persuasiveness than philosophy or science.”
Often, to more clearly indicate the boundaries of a quotation, especially if there are also quotation marks inside it, an additional special printing method of highlighting the quotation is used (typing in a smaller format, typing in a different font, etc.).
§ 54.4
If, when giving a quotation, the author or editor (publisher) underlines certain words in it (such places are highlighted in a special font), then this is specified in a note enclosed in brackets, indicating the author’s initials or abbreviation Ed., before which are placed dot and dash: (underlined by us. - A.B.), (italics are ours. - A.B.), (discharge is ours. - Ed. ). Such a note is placed either immediately after the corresponding place in the quotation, or at the end of a sentence or quotation as a whole, or as a footnote (in the latter case, the note is given without parentheses).
§ 54.5
If the author or editor inserts his own text into the quotation, explaining the sentence or individual words of the quotation, then this text is placed in straight or angular parentheses; the author's initials, as well as the word Ed. in this case do not put: N. S. Shchukin recalled A. P. Chekhov: “To become a real writer,” he taught <А.П. Чехов>, “We must devote ourselves exclusively to this matter.”
§ 55. Ellipsis when quoting
§ 55.1
If the quotation is not given in full, then an omission is indicated ellipsis, which is put:
1) before a quotation (after opening quotation marks) that is not syntactically related to the author’s text, to indicate that the quotation is not given from the beginning of the sentence: L.N. Tolstoy wrote: “... in art, simplicity, brevity and clarity are the highest perfection of the art form”;
2) in the middle of a quote, when part of the text inside it is missing: Speaking about the merits of the language of folk poetry, A. A. Fadeev recalled: “It is no coincidence that our Russian classics... recommended reading fairy tales, listening to folk speech, studying proverbs, reading writers who possess all the richness of Russian speech”;
3) after the quotation (before the closing quotation marks), when the quoted sentence is not fully quoted: Speaking in defense of the culture of oral speech, A.P. Chekhov wrote: “In essence, for an intelligent person, speaking poorly should be considered the same indecency as not being able to read and write...”
§ 55.2
After a quotation ending with an ellipsis, put dot, if the quotation is not an independent sentence: M.V. Lomonosov wrote that “the beauty, splendor, strength and richness of the Russian language is evident from books written in past centuries...”.
If a quotation ending with an ellipsis is an independent sentence, then a period is not placed after the quotation marks (as in direct speech; see § 47, paragraph 5): V. G. Belinsky wrote: “In Onegin, all parts are organically articulated...”
§ 56. Punctuation marks when referring to the author and the source of the quotation
§ 56.1
If an indication of the author or source of a quotation follows immediately after it, then it is in brackets, and dot after the quote is omitted and placed after the closing parenthesis: “The significance of Belinsky in the history of Russian social thought is enormous” (Lunacharsky).
§ 56.2
The title of the work following the author's name after the quotation is separated dot and is not enclosed in quotation marks; dot the output data is separated: “One must be able to use words that most accurately and most subtly express the thoughts that concern the artist” (Fadeev A.A. Literature and life. M., 1939. P.155).
The first word indicating the source of the quotation is written with lowercase letters, if not a proper noun: The approach of a thunderstorm is artistically described as follows: “Lightning flashed between the distance and the right horizon, and so brightly that it illuminated part of the steppe and the place where the clear sky bordered on blackness. The terrible cloud was approaching slowly, in a continuous mass; large black rags hung on its edge; Exactly the same rags, crushing each other, piled up on the right and left horizons" (from story “The Steppe” by A. P. Chekhov).
§ 56.3
How can you not love your native Moscow?
Baratynsky
Oh, don't know these terrible dreams
You, my Svetlana!
Zhukovsky
§ 57. Uppercase and lowercase letters in quotations
§ 57.1
If the quotation is syntactically related to the author’s text, forming a subordinate part of a complex sentence, then the first word of the quotation is written, as a rule, with lowercase letters: Speaking about Pushkin’s poetry, N.A. Dobrolyubov wrote that “in his poems, living Russian speech was revealed to us for the first time, the real Russian world was revealed to us for the first time.”
§ 57.2
With lowercase letters are written in the first word of the quotation and in the case when it, being syntactically unrelated to the previous author’s words, is not given from the beginning of the sentence, that is, it has an ellipsis in front of it: D.I. Pisarev pointed out: “... the beauty of language lies solely in its clarity and expressiveness.”
§ 57.3
If a quotation precedes the author's words, then the first word in it is written with capital letters even in the case when the quote is not given from the beginning of the sentence, i.e. in the quoted text this word is written with a lowercase letter: “...The language of every people, whose mental life has reached a high development, is flexible, rich and, despite all its imperfections, beautiful,” wrote N. G. Chernyshevsky.
Quotations are enclosed in quotation marks. If the quotation is formatted as direct speech, then the appropriate punctuation rules apply:
- Belinsky wrote: “Nature creates man, but society develops and forms him”;
- “Nature creates man, but society develops and forms him,” wrote Belinsky;
- “Nature creates man,” Belinsky wrote, “but society develops and forms him”;
- The speaker quoted Belinsky’s words: “Nature creates man, but society develops and forms him,” and with this he ended his speech.
Quotes consisting of several paragraphs are highlighted with quotation marks only once, and not before each paragraph: M. Gorky wrote: “Herzen is the first Russian thinker, before him no one looked at Russian life so comprehensively and deeply.
His mind is exceptional in strength, just as his language is exceptional in beauty and brilliance...”
If the quotation is syntactically linked to the author’s text, forming a subordinate clause, then the first word of the quotation is written with a small letter: Chekhov wrote that “the language should be simple and elegant.” If the quotation is conveyed in your own words, then quotation marks are not placed.
If the author’s words follow the quotation, then the first word of the quotation is written with a capital letter, even if in the cited source it begins with a small letter (omission of part of the text is indicated by an ellipsis): “... This is the guarantee of future triumphs of our people in the field of art, education and humanity,” wrote N.G. about Lermontov. Chernyshevsky.
If the quotation is not given in full, then the omission is indicated by placing an ellipsis: before the text of the quotation (after the initial quotation marks), when the quotation is not given from the beginning of the sentence; in the middle of a quotation, when part of the text is missing; after the text of the quotation (before the closing quotation marks), when the quoted sentence is not fully quoted.
If the text continues after a poetic quotation, then a dash is placed at the end of the poetic line: Tatyana’s husband, so beautiful and so complete... characterized by the poet with these two verses:
And above everyone
And he raised his nose and shoulders
The general who came in with her, Tatyana’s husband, introduces Onegin to her as his relative and friend (V.G. Belinsky).
If the quotation is given in full and is framed as direct speech, then the appropriate punctuation rules apply.
a) A.V. Lunacharsky wrote: “You cannot be a literary critic without establishing for yourself the general principles of the theory of art.”
L.N. Tolstoy said about Chekhov’s mastery: “Chekhov is Pushkin in prose.”
I.V. Turgenev said: “There is no happiness outside the homeland, everyone takes root in their native land.”
Belinsky wrote: “Nature creates man, but man develops and shapes him.”
b) “Modernity is a great virtue in an artist,” Belinsky asserted.
"Twelve million people are outlaws!.. Horror!" - Herzen wrote in his diary.
“Brevity is the sister of talent,” said Chekhov.
“His mind is exceptional in strength, just as his language is exceptional in beauty and brilliance...” - M. Gorky wrote about Herzen.
c) “There is no doubt,” Turgenev said about Pushkin, “that he created our poetic, our literary language and that we and our descendants can only follow the path paved by his genius.”
“Someone else’s bread is bitter,” says Dante, “and the steps of someone else’s porch are heavy.”
“What is so powerful about literature? - wrote M. Gorky. “By saturating ideas with flesh and blood, it gives them greater clarity, greater persuasiveness than philosophy or science.”
“Herzen is the first Russian thinker,” writes M. Gorky, “before him no one looked at Russian life so comprehensively and deeply.”
If the quotation is syntactically linked to the author's text, forming a subordinate clause, then the first word of the quotation is written with a small letter.
Belinsky wrote that “to study a poet means not only to get acquainted with his works, but also to experience them.”
M. Gorky wrote that “language is a tool, you need to know it well, master it well.”
Chekhov argued that “brevity is the sister of talent.”
L.N. Tolstoy wrote that “in art, simplicity, brevity and clarity are the highest perfection of the art form.”
Dobrolyubov wrote about Pushkin that “in his poems, for the first time, living Russian speech was revealed to us.”
DI. Pisarev pointed out that “the beauty of language lies solely in its clarity and expressiveness.”
“...The more decisively a writer renounces his personality, the more easily he loses the small and insignificant and the deeper, wider the significant and objective in the world around him opens up to his perception,” wrote M. Gorky.
“...The language of every people, whose mental life has reached a high development, is flexible, rich and, despite all its imperfections, beautiful,” wrote N.G. Chernyshevsky.
“...To study a poet means not only to get acquainted with his works, but also to experience them,” wrote Belinsky.
“...Language is a tool, you need to know it well, master it well,” argued M. Gorky.
“...In art, simplicity, brevity and clarity are the highest perfection of the art form,” wrote L. Tolstoy
“...In his poems, for the first time, living Russian speech was revealed to us,” Dobrolyubov wrote about Pushkin.
“...The beauty of language lies solely in its clarity and expressiveness,” pointed out D.I. Pisarev.
If the quotation is not given in full, then the omission is indicated by placing an ellipsis.
L.N. Tolstoy wrote: “... in art, simplicity, brevity and clarity are the highest perfection of the art form, which is achieved only with great talent and great work.”
Speaking about the merits of the language of folk poetry, Fadeev recalled: “It is no coincidence that our Russian classics... recommended reading fairy tales.”
Gogol said this: “At the name of Pushkin, the thought of a Russian national poet immediately dawns on me... In him, as in the lexicon, lies all the wealth, strength and flexibility of our language.”
Speaking in defense of the culture of oral speech, Chekhov wrote: “In essence, for an intelligent person, speaking poorly should be considered the same indecency as not being able to read and write...”.
Belinsky wrote: “...to study a poet means not only to get acquainted with his works, but also to experience them.”
M. Gorky wrote: “...language is a tool, you need to know it well, master it well.”
Dobrolyubov wrote about Pushkin: “... in his poems, for the first time, living Russian speech was revealed to us.”
DI. Pisarev pointed out: “... the beauty of language lies solely in its clarity and expressiveness.”
If language were a product not of the poetic spirit, but of the logical spirit, there would be only one language. Friedrich Goebbel. // Flexible, rich and, despite all its imperfections, beautiful is the language of every people whose mental life has reached a high level of development. Nikolai Chernyshevsky. // Knowing many languages means having many keys to one lock. Francois Voltaire. // He who does not know foreign languages has no idea about his own. Johann Goethe. // The more foreign languages you know, the better. By getting to know them, a Russian person will become even more firmly convinced of what a wonderful gift has been entrusted to him. The Russian language is wonderful. And the best thoughts about the future will be expressed on it. Nicholas Roerich. // Without knowing other languages, you can’t love your own language. Udmurt proverb. // I was a completely normal trilingual child in a family with a large library. My head speaks English, my heart speaks Russian, and my ear prefers French. Vladimir Nabokov. // Any study of foreign languages develops the mind, giving it flexibility and the ability to penetrate into someone else's worldview. Dmitry Pisarev. // A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life. Karl Marx. // As many languages as you know, there are as many people in you. Azerbaijani proverb. // Language is the environment in which “I” and the world are united. Georg Gadamer. // The boundaries of my language mean the boundaries of my world. Ludwig Wittgenstein. // How many languages you know - how many lives you live, how many times you are human. Czech proverb. // To learn the customs of any people, try to first learn their language. Pythagoras. // It is not words that are important, but their meaning, and a person’s spiritual world will not become wider just because he learns a dozen languages. I knew polyglots, but I didn’t notice that they were smarter than other people. To learn to speak the language of a foreign country perfectly, to truly get to know its people and its literature, you need to devote your whole life to it. Somerset Maugham. // But you still cannot express everything you want in a foreign language. Even Leo Tolstoy said that in French he had some other, flatter thoughts. Dostoevsky is known to have said that any Parisian coiffeur can come up with and put into circulation a word, and it will take root, but a Russian Frenchman who has lived for years in Paris and speaks excellent French cannot. // It was painful for the polyglot Nabokov to make the transition in his work from his beloved Russian language to English: “My love, forgive the apostates!.. I doubt that anyone who could survive this could truly understand this torment.” The native language is the writer’s true and only wealth, and abandoning it in his work is as deep a personal tragedy as the inability to return to his homeland. // To the remark that it would not hurt him to thoroughly study any foreign language, Sergei Yesenin replied: “I don’t know and don’t want to know. I’m afraid to stain mine, my dear, with someone else’s.” // I still love my natural Russian language. Archpriest Avvakum.
INSTEAD OF POINTS INSERT AN ADJECTIVE Russian forest The Russian forest is good in winter. On... day you will go out into the forest on skis. They lie under the trees... and... snowdrifts. Above... the paths, the trunks of... trees bent under the weight of frost. Such a... hat will fall off the top... of the spruce tree, and will crumble... into dust... The... pine trees will sleep. ... the shadows of their ... trunks lie on ... snowdrifts.
RUSSIAN FOREST The Russian forest is good in winter. On a quiet winter day you will go out into the forest on skis. There are deep and clean snowdrifts under the trees. Above the forest paths, the trunks of young trees bent under the weight of frost. Such a white cap will fall from the top of a tall spruce and crumble into silvery light dust... The tall pines are sleeping. The bluish shadows of their slender trunks lie on the white snowdrifts.
The forest, like a painted tower, purple, golden, crimson, like a cheerful, motley wall, stands above a bright clearing. Birches with yellow carvings Like towers, fir trees darken, And between the maples they turn blue, Here and there, in the through foliage, There are gaps in the sky, like windows. The forest smells of oak and pine, and Autumn, a quiet widow, enters her motley mansion.
WORDS-ANTONYMS Cheerful (sad, sorrowful, dreary, gloomy, gloomy, gloomy,...) Rich (poor, beggar,...) New (old, ancient, antique,...) Hot (icy, cold,...) Close (distant, distant ,...) Ugly (beautiful, wonderful,...) Tall (small, short, stunted,...) Rude (polite, delicate, gentle, Affectionate,...) Beautiful (ugly, ugly,...) Young (old, ancient,...) Soft (hard, hard,...) Gentle (rough,...)
SYNONYMOUS WORDS 1. Purple (eggplant, lilac) 2. Red (crimson, scarlet, fiery, bloody, purple) 3. Yellow (gold, sunny, amber) 4. Blue (turquoise, sky, cornflower blue) 5. Green (emerald ) 6. Brown (coffee, chocolate)
A poem about the importance of adjectives. Very entertaining - Adjective. It will be difficult without him, If it disappears. Well, imagine this: Without signs of an object, how can we argue, talk, have fun and joke? What will happen then? Is it worth it to suffer? We won’t say “beautiful”, We won’t say “ugly”, We won’t say to mom “dear, Beautiful, beloved”. To father, and brother, and sister, We will not be able to speak anywhere about these wonderful adjectives.
- Quotations are enclosed in quotation marks. If the quotation is formatted as direct speech, that is, accompanied by the words of the author citing it, then the appropriate punctuation rules apply (see § 119–122):
Belinsky wrote: “Nature creates man, but society develops and forms him.”.
“Twelve million people are outlaws!.. Horror!..“- Herzen wrote in his diary, referring to the serfs in Russia at that time.
“Therefore, in order to understand the history of art and literature of this or that country,” G. points out. IN. Plekhanov, “it is necessary to study the history of the changes that have occurred in the situation of its inhabitants.”.
The speaker quoted Gorky’s words: “Every individuality is the result of a social grouping” - and ended his speech with this.
If the text continues after a poetic quotation, then a dash is placed at the end of the poetic line, for example: “Tatiana’s husband, so beautifully and so completely described from head to toe by the poet with these two verses:
...And above everyone
And he raised his nose and shoulders
The general who came in with her -
Tatiana’s husband introduces Onegin to her as his relative and friend” (Belinsky) (a comma and a dash are placed before the words “Tatiana’s husband”, which are repeated in order to connect the second part of the author’s words with the first part, see § 113, paragraph 2 ).
- If a quotation consists of several paragraphs, then quotation marks are placed only at the beginning and at the end of the entire text, for example:
In the article “From the history of Russian literature” A. M. Gorky wrote:
“What makes literature so powerful?
Saturating ideas with flesh and blood, it gives them greater clarity, greater persuasiveness than philosophy or science.
Being more readable and, due to its liveliness, convincing than philosophy, literature is also the most widespread, convenient, simple and victorious way of promoting class tendencies.”.
Often, to more clearly indicate the boundaries of a quotation, especially if there are quotation marks inside it, an additional special printing method of highlighting the quotation is used (typing in a smaller format, setting in a font of a different size, etc.).
- If, when giving a quotation, the author underlines certain words in it (such places are highlighted in a special font), then this is specified in a note enclosed in brackets, indicating the author’s initials, preceded by a dot and a dash, for example: ( emphasized by us. – A. B.), ( italics ours. – A. B.), ( our detente. - A.B.). Such a note is placed either immediately after the corresponding place in the quotation, or at the end of a sentence or quotation as a whole, or as a footnote (in the latter case, the note is placed without parentheses).
§ 125. Ellipsis when quoting
- If the quotation is not given in full, then the omission is indicated by an ellipsis, which is placed:
1) before the quotation (after the opening quotation marks), which is not syntactically related to the author’s text, to indicate that the quotation is not given from the beginning of the sentence, for example: L. N. Tolstoy wrote: “... in art, simplicity, brevity and clarity are the highest perfection of the art form, which is achieved only with great talent and great work.”;
2) in the middle of a quote, when part of the text inside it is missing, for example: Speaking about the merits of the language of folk poetry, the speaker recalled: “It is no coincidence that our Russian classics... recommended reading fairy tales, listening to folk speech, studying proverbs, reading writers who possess all the richness of Russian speech.”;
3) after the quotation (before the closing quotation marks), when the quoted sentence is not fully quoted, for example: Speaking in defense of the culture of oral speech, Chekhov wrote: “In essence, for an intelligent person, speaking poorly should be considered the same indecency as not being able to read and write...”
- A quotation ending with an ellipsis is followed by a period if the quotation is not an independent sentence, for example: M. IN. Lomonosov wrote that “the beauty, splendor, strength and richness of the Russian language are abundantly clear from books written in past centuries...”.
§ 126. Uppercase and lowercase letters in quotations
- If the quotation is syntactically related to the author’s text, forming a subordinate clause, then the first word of the quotation is written, as a rule, with a lowercase letter, for example: Speaking about Pushkin's poetry, N. A. Dobrolyubov wrote that “in his poems, for the first time, living Russian speech was revealed to us, for the first time, the real Russian world was revealed to us.”.
The first word of the quotation is written with a lowercase letter even in the case when it, being syntactically unrelated to the previous author’s words, is not given from the beginning of the sentence, i.e., has an ellipsis in front of it, for example: D. AND. Pisarev pointed out: “... the beauty of language lies solely in its clarity and expressiveness, that is, exclusively in those qualities that accelerate and facilitate the transition of thought from the writer’s head to the reader’s head.”.
- If a quotation precedes the author’s words, then the first word in it is written with a capital letter even in the case when it is not given from the beginning of the sentence (i.e. in the quoted text this word is written with lowercase letter), for example: “...The language of every people, whose mental life has reached a high development, is flexible, rich and, despite all its imperfections, beautiful,” wrote N.. G. Chernyshevsky.
§ 127. Punctuation when referring to the author and source of quotation
- If an indication of the author or source of a quotation immediately follows it, then it is enclosed in parentheses, and the period after the quotation is omitted and placed after the closing parenthesis, for example: “The significance of Belinsky in the history of Russian public thought is enormous”(Lunacharsky).
The title of the work is separated from the author's surname by a dot and is not enclosed in quotation marks; a dot separates the output data, for example: “Human memory is amazing.. After all, it seems that all this happened recently, and yet there is no way to reconstruct the events harmoniously and consistently.”(Bulgakov M.A. Theatrical novel. M., 1973, p. 394).
The first word indicating the source of the quotation is written in this case with a lowercase letter, if it is not a proper name, for example: The approach of a thunderstorm is artistically described as follows: “Lightning flashed between the distance and the right horizon, and so brightly that it illuminated part of the steppe and the place where the clear sky bordered on blackness. The terrible cloud was approaching slowly, in a continuous mass; more black rags hung on its edge; Exactly the same rags, crushing each other, piled up on the right and left horizons.”(from the story “The Steppe” by A.P. Chekhov).
- If the indication of the author or source of the quotation does not appear directly after it, but is placed below, then a period is placed after the quotation. Epigraphs are usually written without quotation marks, and references to the source are written without parentheses. For example (epigraph to chapter one of “Eugene Onegin”):
And live in a hurry and feel in a hurry.
TO. Vyazemsky
