Biography
Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev - (November 28, 1906, St. Petersburg, Russian Empire - September 30, 1999, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation) Russian philologist, member (academician) of the USSR Academy of Sciences, then of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Author of fundamental works devoted to the history of Russian literature (mainly Old Russian) and Russian culture. Author of hundreds of works (including more than forty books) on a wide range of problems in the theory and history of ancient Russian literature, many of which have been translated into English, Bulgarian, Italian, Polish, Serbian, Croatian, Czech, French, Spanish, Japanese, Chinese, German and other languages. Author of 500 scientific and about 600 journalistic works.
Father - Sergei Mikhailovich Likhachev, electrical engineer, mother - Vera Semyonovna Likhacheva, nee Konyaeva.
From 1914 to 1916 he studied at the gymnasium of the Imperial Philanthropic Society, from 1916 to 1920 at the K.I. May Real School, then until 1923 at the Soviet Unified Labor School named after. L. D. Lentovskaya (now it is secondary school No. 47 named after D. S. Likhachev). Until 1928, a student of the Romano-Germanic and Slavic-Russian section of the Department of Linguistics and Literature, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leningrad State University.
On February 8, 1928, he was arrested for participating in the student circle “Space Academy of Sciences,” where shortly before his arrest he made a report on the old Russian spelling, “trampled and distorted by the enemy of the Church of Christ and the Russian people”; sentenced to 5 years for counter-revolutionary activities. Until November 1931 he was a political prisoner in the Solovetsky special purpose camp.
In November he was transferred from the Solovetsky camp to Belbaltlag and worked on the construction of the White Sea-Baltic Canal.
Released from prison early and without restrictions as a drummer. Returned to Leningrad.
Literary editor of Sotsekgiz (Leningrad).
Proofreader for foreign languages at the Komintern printing house (Leningrad).
Scientific proofreader, literary editor, editor of the Department of Social Sciences of the Leningrad Branch of the Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
He married Zinaida Aleksandrovna Makarova.
Publication of the article “Features of primitive primitivism of thieves’ speech” in the collection of the Institute of Language and Thought named after. N. Ya. Marra “Language and Thinking.”
On July 27, at the request of the President of the Academy of Sciences A.P. Karpinsky, the criminal record was expunged by a resolution of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.
Twin daughters Vera and Lyudmila Likhachev were born.
Junior, since 1941 - senior researcher at the Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkin House) of the USSR Academy of Sciences (IRLI AS USSR).
Autumn 1941 - spring 1942
I was with my family in besieged Leningrad.
Publication of the first book “Defense of Old Russian Cities” (1942), written jointly. with M. A. Tikhanova.
He defended his dissertation for the degree of candidate of philological sciences on the topic: “Novgorod chronicles of the 12th century.”
Together with his family, he was evacuated along the Road of Life from besieged Leningrad to Kazan.
Awarded the medal "For the Defense of Leningrad".
Father Sergei Mikhailovich Likhachev died in besieged Leningrad.
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Scientific maturity
Publication of the books “National Identity of Ancient Rus'. Essays from the field of Russian literature of the 11th–17th centuries.” M.-L., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences. 1945. 120 p. (phototype reprint of the book: The Hugue, 1969) and “Novgorod the Great: Essay on the cultural history of Novgorod 11–17 centuries.” L., Gospolitizdat. 1945. 104 p. 10 t.e. (reprint: M., Sov. Russia. 1959.102 p.).
Awarded the medal “For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.”
Publication of the book “Culture of Rus' in the era of the formation of the Russian national state. (End of the 14th – beginning of the 16th century).” M., Gospolitizdat. 1946. 160 p. 30 t.e. (phototype reprint of the book: The Hugue, 1967).
Associate Professor, since 1951 Professor at Leningrad State University. At the Faculty of History of Leningrad State University he taught special courses “History of Russian Chronicles”, “Paleography”, “History of the Culture of Ancient Rus'”, etc.
He defended his dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philology on the topic: “Essays on the history of literary forms of chronicle writing of the 11th-16th centuries. "
Publication of the book “Russian Chronicles and Their Cultural and Historical Significance” M.-L., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences. 1947. 499 p. 5 t.e. (phototype reprint of the book: The Hugue, 1966).
Member of the Scientific Council of the Institute of Literature of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Publication of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” in the “Literary Monuments” series with translation and comments by D. S. Likhachev.
Publication of “The Tale of Bygone Years” in the “Literary Monuments” series with translation (jointly with B. A. Romanov) and comments by D. S. Likhachev (reprinted: St. Petersburg, 1996).
Publication of the articles “Historical and political outlook of the author of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”” and “Oral origins of the artistic system of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign””.
Publication of the book: “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”: Historical and literary essay. (NPS). M.-L., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences. 1950. 164 p. 20 t.e. 2nd ed., add. M.-L., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences. 1955. 152 p. 20 t.e.
Confirmed with the rank of professor.
Publication of the article “Literature of the XI-XIII centuries. "in the collective work "The History of Culture of Ancient Rus'". (Volume 2. Pre-Mongol period), which received the USSR State Prize.
The Stalin Prize of the second degree was awarded for the collective scientific work “The History of Culture of Ancient Rus'. T. 2″.
Publication of the book “The Emergence of Russian Literature”. M.-L., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences. 1952. 240 p. 5 t.e.
Member, since 1971 - Chairman of the Editorial Board of the USSR Academy of Sciences series “Literary Monuments”.
Elected corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Publication of the articles “Folk poetic creativity during the heyday of the ancient Russian early feudal state (X-XI centuries)” and “Folk poetic creativity during the years of feudal fragmentation of Rus' - before the Tatar-Mongol invasion (XII-early XIII centuries)” in the collective work “Russian folk poetic creativity."
Awarded the Prize of the Presidium of A.N. USSR for the work “The Emergence of Russian Literature.”
Awarded the medal “For Labor Valor”.
Head of the Sector, since 1986 - Department of Old Russian Literature of the Institute of Literature of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
The first speech in the press in defense of ancient monuments (Literary Newspaper, January 15, 1955).
Member of the Bureau of the Department of Literature and Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Member of the Union of Writers of the USSR (Criticism Section), since 1992 - member of the Union of Writers of St. Petersburg.
Member of the Archaeographic Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1974 - member of the Bureau of the Archaeographic Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
First trip abroad - sent to Bulgaria to work in manuscript repositories.
Participated in the work of the IV International Congress of Slavists (Moscow), where he was chairman of the subsection of ancient Slavic literatures. A report was made “Some tasks of studying the second South Slavic influence in Russia.”
Publication of the book “Man in the Literature of Ancient Rus'” M.-L., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences. 1958. 186 p. 3 t.e. (reprint: M., 1970; Likhachev D.S. Selected works: In 3 vols. T. 3. L., 1987) and the brochure “Some tasks of studying the second South Slavic influence in Russia.” M., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences. 1958. 67 p. 1 t.e.
Deputy Chairman of the permanent Editorial and Textological Commission of the International Committee of Slavists.
Member of the Academic Council of the Museum of Ancient Russian Art. Andrey Rublev.
A granddaughter, Vera, was born, the daughter of Lyudmila Dmitrievna (from her marriage to Sergei Zilitinkevich, a physicist).
Participated in the I International Conference on Poetics (Poland).
Deputy Chairman of the Leningrad branch of the Soviet-Bulgarian Friendship Society.
Member of the Academic Council of the State Russian Museum.
Member of the Soviet (Russian) Committee of Slavists.
Participated in the II International Conference on Poetics (Poland).
Since 1961, member of the editorial board of the journal Izvestia of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Department of Literature and Language."
Publication of books: “Culture of the Russian people 10−17 centuries.” M.-L., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences. 1961. 120 p. 8 t.e. (2nd ed.) M.-L., 1977. and “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” - the heroic prologue of Russian literature.” M.-L., Goslitizdat. 1961. 134 pp. 30 ie 2- ed. L., HL.1967.119 p. 200 e.
Deputy of the Leningrad City Council of Workers' Deputies.
Trip to Poland for a meeting of the permanent Editorial and Textual Commission of the International Committee of Slavists.
Publication of the books “Textology: Based on the material of Russian literature of the X - XVII centuries.” M.-L., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences. 1962. 605 p. 2500 e. (reprint: Leningrad, 1983; St. Petersburg, 2001) and “Culture of Rus' during the time of Andrei Rublev and Epiphanius the Wise (late XIV - early XV centuries)” M.-L., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences. 1962. 172 p. 30 t.e.
(republished: Likhachev D.S. Reflections on Russia. St. Petersburg, 1999).
Elected foreign member of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
The Presidium of the People's Assembly of the People's Republic of Bulgaria awarded him the Order of Cyril and Methodius, 1st degree.
Participated in the V International Congress of Slavists (Sofia).
Sent to Austria to give lectures.
Member of the Artistic Council of the Second Creative Association of Lenfilm.
Since 1963, member of the editorial board of the USSR Academy of Sciences series “Popular Science Literature”.
Awarded an honorary doctorate of science from the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun (Poland).
Trip to Hungary to read papers at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Trip to Yugoslavia to participate in a symposium dedicated to the study of the work of Vuk Karadzic, and to work in manuscript repositories.
Trip to Poland to give lectures and reports.
Trip to Czechoslovakia for a meeting of the permanent Editorial and Textual Commission of the International Committee of Slavists.
A trip to Denmark to the South-North Symposium, organized by UNESCO.
Member of the Organizing Committee of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments.
Member of the Commission for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of the Union of Artists of the RSFSR.
Awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor for services to the development of Soviet philological science and in connection with the 60th anniversary of his birth.
Trip to Bulgaria for scientific work.
Trip to Germany for a meeting of the permanent Editorial and Textual Commission of the International Committee of Slavists.
A granddaughter, Zina, was born, the daughter of Vera Dmitrievna (from her marriage to Yuri Kurbatov, an architect).
Elected honorary doctor of the University of Oxford (Great Britain).
Trip to the UK to give lectures.
Participated in the General Assembly and scientific symposium of the Council for History and Philosophy of UNESCO (Romania).
Publication of the book “Poetics of Old Russian Literature” L., Science. 1967. 372 p. 5200 e., awarded the State Prize of the USSR (republished: Leningrad, 1971; Moscow, 1979; Likhachev D.S. Selected works: In 3 volumes. T. 1. Leningrad, 1987)
Member of the Council of the Leningrad city branch of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments.
Member of the Central Council, since 1982 - member of the Presidium of the Central Council of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments.
Member of the Academic Council of the Leningrad Branch of the Institute of History of the USSR of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Elected corresponding member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.
Participated in the VI International Congress of Slavists (Prague). I read the report “Ancient Slavic Literatures as a System.”
Awarded the USSR State Prize for the scientific work “Poetics of Old Russian Literature.”
Participated in a conference on epic poetry (Italy).
Member of the Scientific Council on the complex problem “History of World Culture” of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1970 - member of the Council Bureau.
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Academician
Elected full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Elected foreign member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
Awarded a 1st degree diploma from the All-Union Society “Knowledge” for the book “Man in the Literature of Ancient Rus'.”
Awarded an honorary doctorate degree from the University of Edinburgh (UK).
Publication of the book “The Artistic Heritage of Ancient Rus' and Modernity” L., Science. 1971. 121 p. 20 t.e. (together with V.D. Likhacheva).
Mother Vera Semyonovna Likhacheva died.
Member of the editorial board of the Brief Literary Encyclopedia.
Head of the Archaeographic Group of the Leningrad Branch of the Archives of the A.N. USSR.
Awarded a 1st degree diploma from the All-Union Society “Knowledge” for participation in the collective scientific work “A Brief History of the USSR. Part 1″.
Elected an honorary member of the historical and literary school society “Boyan” (Rostov region).
Elected foreign member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Participated in the VII International Congress of Slavists (Warsaw). The report “The Origin and Development of Genres of Old Russian Literature” was read.
Publication of the book “Development of Russian Literature X - XVII centuries: Epochs and Styles” L., Science. 1973. 254 p. 11 t.e. (republished: Likhachev D.S. Selected works: in 3 volumes. T. 1. L., 1987; St. Petersburg, 1998).
Member of the Academic Council of the Leningrad Institute of Theater, Music and Cinematography.
Member of the Leningrad (St. Petersburg) branch of the Archaeographic Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1975 - member of the bureau of the Branch of the Archaeographic Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Member of the Bureau of the Archaeographic Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Chairman of the editorial board of the yearbook “Cultural Monuments. New discoveries” of the Scientific Council on the complex problem “History of World Culture” of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Chairman of the Scientific Council on the complex problem “History of World Culture” of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Awarded the medal “Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.”
Awarded the VDNKh gold medal for the monograph “The Development of Russian Literature in the X-XVII Centuries.”
He spoke out against the expulsion of A.D. Sakharov from the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Trip to Hungary to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Participated in the “MAPRYAL” (International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature) symposium on comparative literature (Bulgaria).
Publication of the book “The Great Heritage: Classic Works of Literature of Ancient Rus'” M., Sovremennik. 1975. 366 p. 50 t.e. (reprinted: M., 1980; Likhachev D.S. Selected works: in 3 volumes. T.2. L., 1987; 1997).
Member of the editorial board of the publication of the Leningrad branch of the Institute of History of the USSR of the USSR Academy of Sciences “Auxiliary Historical Disciplines”.
Participated in a special meeting of the USSR Academy of Sciences on the book by O. Suleimenov “Az and I” (banned).
Participated in the conference “Tarnovo School. Disciples and followers of Efimiy Tarnovsky" (Bulgaria).
Elected a corresponding member of the British Academy.
Publication of the book “The Laughter World” of Ancient Rus'” L., Nauka. 1976. 204 pp. 10 t. Ancient Rus'" - jointly with A. M. Panchenko and N. V. Ponyrko; "Historical poetics of literature."
Member of the editorial board of the international magazine “Palaeobulgarica” (Sofia).
The State Council of the People's Republic of Bulgaria awarded the Order of Cyril and Methodius, 1st degree.
The Presidium of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and the Academic Council of the Sofia University named after Kliment Ohridski awarded him the Cyril and Methodius Prize for the work “Golemiah svyat na ruskata literature”.
He was awarded a diploma from the Union of Bulgarian Journalists and the honorary sign “Golden Pen” for his great creative contribution to Bulgarian journalism and publicism.
Elected an honorary member of the Brigantine literary club for high school students.
Trip to Bulgaria to participate in the international symposium “Tarnovo Art School and Slavic-Byzantine Art of the XII-XV centuries. "and for giving lectures at the Institute of Bulgarian Literature of the BAN and the Center for Bulgarian Studies.
Trip to the GDR for a meeting of the permanent Editorial and Textual Commission of the International Committee of Slavists.
Publication of the book “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” and the culture of his time” L., Kh.L. 1978. 359 p. 50 t.e. (reprint: Leningrad, 1985; St. Petersburg, 1998)
Initiator, editor (jointly with L. A. Dmitriev) and author of introductory articles to the monumental series “Monuments of Literature of Ancient Rus'” (12 volumes), published by the publishing house “Khudozhestvennaya Literatura” (the publication was awarded the State Prize in 1993).
The State Council of the People's Republic of Bulgaria awarded the honorary title of laureate of the International Prize named after the brothers Cyril and Methodius for exceptional services in the development of Old Bulgarian and Slavic studies, for the study and popularization of the work of the brothers Cyril and Methodius.
Publication of the article “Ecology of Culture” (Moscow, 1979, No. 7)
The Secretariat of the Union of Writers of Bulgaria awarded him the honorary badge “Nikola Vaptsarov”.
Trip to Bulgaria to give lectures at Sofia University.
Awarded a Certificate of Honor from the “All-Union Voluntary Society of Book Lovers” for his outstanding contribution to the study of ancient Russian culture, Russian books, and source studies.
The State Council of the People's Republic of Bulgaria awarded the “International Prize named after Evfimy Tarnovsky”.
Awarded the honorary badge of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
Participated in the conference dedicated to the 1300th anniversary of the Bulgarian state (Sofia).
Publication of a collection of articles “Literature - reality - literature”. L., Soviet writer. 1981. 215 p. 20 t.e. (reprinted: Leningrad, 1984; Likhachev D.S. Selected works: In 3 volumes, T. 3. Leningrad, 1987) and the brochure “Notes on the Russian.” M., Sov. Russia. 1981. 71 p. 75 t.e. (reprint: M., 1984; Likhachev D.S. Selected works: In 3 volumes. T. 2. L., 1987; 1997).
A great-grandson, Sergei, was born, the son of his granddaughter Vera Tolts (from his marriage to Vladimir Solomonovich Tolts, a Sovietologist and Ufa Jew).
Daughter Vera died in a car accident.
Member of the editorial board of the almanac of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments “Monuments of the Fatherland.”
Awarded a Certificate of Honor and a prize from Ogonyok magazine for the interview “The memory of history is sacred.”
Elected honorary doctor of the University of Bordeaux (France).
The editorial board of the Literaturnaya Gazeta awarded the prize for active participation in the work of the Literaturnaya Gazeta.
Trip to Bulgaria to give lectures and consultations at the invitation of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
Publication of the book “Poetry of Gardens: Towards the Semantics of Garden and Park Styles” L., Nauka. 1982. 343 p. 9950 e. (reprint: Leningrad, 1991; St. Petersburg, 1998).
Awarded the VDNKh Diploma of Honor for creating a manual for teachers “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.”
Elected honorary doctor of the University of Zurich (Switzerland).
Member of the Soviet Organizing Committee for the preparation and holding of the IX International Congress of Slavists (Kyiv).
Publication of the book for students “Native Land”. M., Det.lit. 1985. 207 p.
Chairman of the Pushkin Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
The name of D. S. Likhachev was assigned to small planet No. 2877, discovered by Soviet astronomers: (2877) Likhachev-1969 TR2.
Member of the Leningrad Scientific Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Awarded the anniversary medal “Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.”
The Presidium of A.N. USSR awarded the V.G. Belinsky Prize for the book “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” and the culture of his time.”
The editorial board of the Literaturnaya Gazeta awarded the title of laureate of the Literaturnaya Gazeta for active cooperation in the newspaper.
Awarded an honorary doctorate of science from Loránd Eötvös University of Budapest.
A trip to Hungary at the invitation of the Lorand Eötvos University of Budapest in connection with the 350th anniversary of the university.
Participated in the Cultural Forum of the participating states of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Hungary). The report “Problems of preservation and development of folklore in the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution” was read.
Publication of the books “The Past to the Future: Articles and Essays” L., Science. 1985. 575 p. 15 t.e. and “Letters about the good and the beautiful” M., Det.lit. 1985. 207 p. (reprint: Tokyo, 1988; M., 1989; Simferopol, 1990; St. Petersburg, 1994; St. Petersburg, 1999).
In connection with the 80th anniversary, he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal.
The State Council of the People's Republic of Bulgaria awarded the Order of Georgi Dimitrov (the highest award in Bulgaria).
Awarded the Veteran of Labor medal.
Included in the Book of Honor of the All-Union Society “Knowledge” for active work in promoting artistic culture and providing methodological assistance to lecturers.
Awarded the title of laureate of “Literary Russia” for 1986 and awarded the Ogonyok magazine prize.
Elected honorary chairman of the International Society for the Study of the Works of F. M. Dostoevsky (IDS).
Elected an honorary member of the book and graphics section of the Leningrad House of Scientists named after. M. Gorky.
Elected a corresponding member of the “Irises” section of the Moscow City Club of Amateur Flower Growers.
Participated in the Soviet-American-Italian symposium “Literature: Tradition and Values” (Italy).
Participated in a conference dedicated to “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” (Poland).
The book “Studies on Old Russian Literature” has been published. L., Science. 1986. 405 p. 25 t.e. and the brochure “The Memory of History is Sacred.” M., True. 1986. 62 p. 80 t.e.
Chairman of the Board of the Soviet Culture Fund (since 1991 - Russian Culture Fund).
He was awarded the medal and the Bibliophile's Almanac prize.
Awarded a diploma for the film “Poetry of Gardens” (Lentelefilm, 1985), which was awarded second prize at the V All-Union Film Review of Architecture and Civil Engineering.
Elected as a deputy of the Leningrad City Council of People's Deputies.
Elected member of the Commission on the Literary Heritage of B. L. Pasternak.
Elected foreign member of the Italian National Academy.
Participated in the international forum “For a nuclear-free world, for the survival of humanity” (Moscow).
Trip to France for the XVI session of the Permanent Mixed Soviet-French Commission on Cultural and Scientific Relations.
A trip to the UK at the invitation of the British Academy and the University of Glasgow to give lectures and consultations on cultural history.
A trip to Italy for a meeting of an informal initiative group to organize the fund “For the Survival of Humanity in a Nuclear War.”
Publication of the book “The Great Path: The Formation of Russian Literature in the 11th-17th Centuries.” " M., Sovremennik. 1987. 299 p. 25 t.e.
Publication of “Selected Works” in 3 volumes.
Member of the editorial board of the magazine "New World", since 1997 - member of the Public Council of the magazine.
Participated in the international meeting “International Fund for the Survival and Development of Humanity.”
Elected honorary doctor of Sofia University (Bulgaria).
Elected corresponding member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences (Germany).
Trip to Finland for the opening of the exhibition “Time of Change, 1905-1930 (Russian Avant-garde).”
A trip to Denmark for the opening of the exhibition “Russian and Soviet art from personal collections. 1905-1930."
Trip to the UK to present the first issue of the magazine “Our Heritage”.
Publication of the book: “Dialogues about yesterday, today and tomorrow.” M., Sov. Russia. 1988. 142 p. 30 t.e. (co-author N. G. Samvelyan)
A great-granddaughter, Vera, was born, the daughter of the granddaughter of Zinaida Kurbatova (from her marriage to Igor Rutter, an artist, a Sakhalin German).
Awarded the European (1st) Prize for Cultural Activities in 1988.
Awarded the International Literary and Journalistic Prize of Modena (Italy) for his contribution to the development and dissemination of culture in 1988.
Together with other cultural figures, he advocated the return of the Solovetsky and Valaam monasteries to the Russian Orthodox Church.
Participated in a meeting of European ministers of culture in France.
Member of the Soviet (later Russian) branch of the Pen Club.
Publication of the books “Notes and Observations: From Notebooks of Different Years” L., Sov.writer. 1989. 605 p. 100 t.e. and “On Philology” M., Higher School. 1989. 206 p. 24 t.e.
People's Deputy of the USSR from the Soviet Cultural Foundation.
Member of the International Committee for the Revival of the Library of Alexandria.
Honorary Chairman of the All-Union (since 1991 - Russian) Pushkin Society.
Member of the International Editorial Board created for the publication of “The Complete Works of A. S. Pushkin” in English.
Laureate of the International Prize of the City of Fiuggi (Italy).
Publication of the book “School on Vasilyevsky: A Book for Teachers.” M., Enlightenment. 1990. 157 p. 100 t.e. (jointly with N.V. Blagovo and E.B. Belodubrovsky).
Awarded the A.P. Karpinsky Prize (Hamburg) for the research and publication of monuments of Russian literature and culture.
Awarded an honorary doctorate of science from Charles University (Prague).
Elected honorary member of Serbian Matica (SFRY).
Elected an honorary member of the World Club of St. Petersburgers.
Elected an honorary member of the German Pushkin Society.
Publication of the books “I Remember” M., Progress. 1991. 253 p. 10 t.e., “Book of Anxiety” M., News. 1991. 526 p. 30 t.e., “Thoughts” M., Det.lit. 1991. 316 p. 100 t.e.
Elected foreign member of the Philosophical Scientific Society of the USA.
Elected honorary doctor of the University of Siena (Italy).
Awarded the title of Honorary Citizen of Milan and Arezzo (Italy).
Participant of the International Charity Program “New Names”.
Chairman of the public anniversary Sergius Committee for preparations for the celebration of the 600th anniversary of the repose of St. Sergius of Radonezh.
Publication of the book “Russian Art from Antiquity to the Avant-garde.” M., Art. 1992. 407 p.
The Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences awarded him the Big Gold Medal. M. V. Lomonosov for outstanding achievements in the field of humanities.
Awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation for the series “Monuments of Literature of Ancient Rus'”.
Elected foreign member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Awarded the title of the first Honorary Citizen of St. Petersburg by decision of the St. Petersburg Council of People's Deputies.
Elected honorary doctor of the St. Petersburg Humanitarian University of Trade Unions.
The book “Articles of the Early Years” has been published. Tver, Tver. OO RFK. 1993. 144 p.
Chairman of the State Jubilee Pushkin Commission (for the celebration of the 200th anniversary of the birth of A.S. Pushkin).
Publication of the book: “Great Rus': History and artistic culture of the 10th-17th centuries” M., Art. 1994. 488 pp. (jointly with G.K. Wagner, G.I. Vzdornov, R.G. Skrynnikov).
Participated in the International Colloquium “The Creation of the World and the Purpose of Man” (St. Petersburg - Novgorod). Presented the project “Declaration of the Rights of Culture”.
Awarded the Order of the Madara Horseman, first degree, for exceptional services in the development of Bulgarian studies, for promoting the role of Bulgaria in the development of world culture.
On the initiative of D. S. Likhachev and with the support of the Institute of Russian Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the International Non-Governmental Organization “Fund for the 200th Anniversary of A. S. Pushkin” was created.
Publication of the book “Memoirs” (St. Petersburg, Logos. 1995. 517 p. 3 i.e. reprinted 1997, 1999, 2001).
Awarded the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, II degree, for outstanding services to the state and great personal contribution to the development of Russian culture.
Awarded the Order of Stara Planina, first degree, for his enormous contribution to the development of Slavic and Bulgarian studies and for his great services in strengthening bilateral scientific and cultural ties between the Republic of Bulgaria and the Russian Federation.
Publication of books: “Essays on the philosophy of artistic creativity” St. Petersburg, Blitz. 1996. 158 p. 2 vol. (reissue 1999) and “Without evidence” St. Petersburg, Blitz. 1996. 159 p. 5 t.e.
Laureate of the Presidential Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of literature and art.
Awarding the prize “For the honor and dignity of talent”, established by the International Literary Fund.
The private Tsarskoye Selo art prize was awarded under the motto “From the artist to the artist” (St. Petersburg).
Publication of the book “On the Intelligentsia: Collection of Articles.”
A great-granddaughter, Hannah, was born, the daughter of the granddaughter of Vera Tolz (from her marriage to Yor Gorlitsky, a Sovietologist).
Editor (jointly with L. A. Dmitriev, A. A. Alekseev, N. V. Ponyrko) and author of introductory articles of the monumental series “Library of Literature of Ancient Rus' (published vols. 1 - 7, 9 -11) - Nauka publishing house "
Awarded the Order of the Apostle Andrew the First-Called for his contribution to the development of national culture (first holder).
Awarded a Gold Medal of the first degree from the Interregional Non-Profit Charitable Foundation in Memory of A. D. Menshikov (St. Petersburg).
Awarded the Nebolsin Prize of the International Charitable Foundation and Professional Education named after. A. G. Nebolsina.
Awarded the International Silver Commemorative Badge “Swallow of the World” (Italy) for his great contribution to the promotion of ideas of peace and the interaction of national cultures.
Publication of the book “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign and the Culture of His Time. Works of recent years." St. Petersburg, Logos. 1998. 528 p. 1000 e.
One of the founders of the “Congress of St. Petersburg Intelligentsia” (along with Zh. Alferov, D. Granin, A. Zapesotsky, K. Lavrov, A. Petrov, M. Piotrovsky).
Awarded a souvenir Golden Jubilee Pushkin Medal from the “Foundation for the 200th Anniversary of A. S. Pushkin.”
Publication of the books “Thoughts about Russia”, “Novgorod Album”.
Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev died on September 30, 1999 in St. Petersburg. He was buried in the cemetery in Komarovo on October 4.
[edit]
Titles, awards
Hero of Socialist Labor (1986)
Order of St. Andrew the First-Called (September 30, 1998) - for outstanding contribution to the development of national culture (awarded order No. 1)
Order of Merit for the Fatherland, II degree (November 28, 1996) - for outstanding services to the state and great personal contribution to the development of Russian culture
The order of Lenin
Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1966)
Pushkin Medal (June 4, 1999) - in commemoration of the 200th anniversary of the birth of A. S. Pushkin, for services in the field of culture, education, literature and art
Medal "For Labor Valor" (1954)
Medal "For the Defense of Leningrad" (1942)
Medal "30 years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941−1945" (1975)
Medal "40 years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941−1945" (1985)
Medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941−1945" (1946)
Medal "Veteran of Labor" (1986)
Order of Georgiy Dimitrov (NRB, 1986)
Two Orders of Cyril and Methodius, 1st degree (NRB, 1963, 1977)
Order of Stara Planina, 1st class (Bulgaria, 1996)
Order of the Madara Horseman, 1st class (Bulgaria, 1995)
Sign of the Executive Committee of the Leningrad City Council "To a resident of besieged Leningrad"
In 1986 he organized the Soviet (now Russian) Cultural Foundation and was chairman of the presidium of the Foundation until 1993. Since 1990, he has been a member of the International Committee for the Organization of the Library of Alexandria (Egypt). He was elected as a deputy of the Leningrad City Council (1961-1962, 1987-1989).
Foreign member of the Academies of Sciences of Bulgaria, Hungary, and the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Serbia. Corresponding member of the Austrian, American, British, Italian, Gottingen academies, corresponding member of the oldest US society - the Philosophical Society. Member of the Writers' Union since 1956. Since 1983 - Chairman of the Pushkin Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences, since 1974 - Chairman of the Editorial Board of the yearbook “Cultural Monuments. New discoveries". From 1971 to 1993, he headed the editorial board of the “Literary Monuments” series, since 1987 he has been a member of the editorial board of the New World magazine, and since 1988 of the Our Heritage magazine.
The Russian Academy of Art Studies and Musical Performance awarded him the Amber Cross Order of Arts (1997). Awarded an Honorary Diploma of the Legislative Assembly of St. Petersburg (1996). Awarded the Great Gold Medal named after M.V. Lomonosov (1993). First Honorary Citizen of St. Petersburg (1993). Honorary citizen of the Italian cities of Milan and Arezzo. Laureate of the Tsarskoye Selo Art Prize
Likhachev Dmitry Sergeevich, originally from St. Petersburg, was born on November 28, 1906 in the family of Sergei and Vera Likhachev. His parents gave him one of the best educations at that time. He graduated from high school in 1916, college in 1920, and labor school in 1923. Until February 8, 1928, he studied at Leningrad State University, until he was convicted for his activities, as a result of which he received a sentence of imprisonment for 5 years in the Solovetsky camp.
While serving his sentence, the author did not waste his time, and in 1930, he wrote his first article, “Cardboard Games of Criminals.” In 1932 he was released early and returned to Leningrad, where he was hired as a proofreader at the Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1935 he married Zinaida Aleksandrovna Makarova and in 1937 Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev gave birth to beautiful twin daughters Vera and Lyudmila. In 1942, the Likhachev family moved to Kazan. After the move, Dmitry loses his father, who dies in his occupied hometown.
The writer has received many awards, most of them for his services in 1941, when Leningrad was occupied, and for his investments and development of literature. In 1942, his first book, “Defense of Old Russian Cities,” was published, and in 1945, “Novgorod the Great: An Essay on the Cultural History of Novgorod in the 11th–17th Centuries.” and “National identity of Ancient Rus'. Essays from the field of Russian literature of the 11th–17th centuries.” In 1950, he commented on “The Tale of Bygone Years” and translated with commentary “Tales of Igor’s Campaign.”
Already a professor, Likhachev wrote a lot of books about the culture of Ancient Rus' and its literature: “Textology: Based on the material of Russian literature of the X - XVII centuries,” “The Emergence of Russian Literature,” “Man in the Literature of Ancient Rus',” and many others.
Cultures. He lived a very long life, in which there were deprivations, persecutions, as well as grandiose achievements in the scientific field, recognition not only at home, but throughout the world. When Dmitry Sergeevich passed away, they spoke with one voice: he was the conscience of the nation. And there is no stretch in this lofty definition. Indeed, Likhachev was an example of selfless and persistent service to the Motherland.
He was born in St. Petersburg, in the family of electrical engineer Sergei Mikhailovich Likhachev. The Likhachevs lived modestly, but found opportunities not to give up their hobby - regular visits to the Mariinsky Theater, or rather, ballet performances. And in the summer they rented a dacha in Kuokkala, where Dmitry joined the ranks of artistic youth. In 1914, he entered the gymnasium, and subsequently changed several schools, as the education system changed in connection with the events of the revolution and the Civil War. In 1923, Dmitry entered the ethnological and linguistic department of the Faculty of Social Sciences of Petrograd University. At some point, he joined a student circle under the comic name “Space Academy of Sciences.” The members of this circle met regularly, read and discussed each other's reports. In February 1928, Dmitry Likhachev was arrested for participating in a circle and sentenced to 5 years “for counter-revolutionary activities.” The investigation lasted six months, after which Likhachev was sent to the Solovetsky camp.
Likhachev later called his experience of life in the camp his “second and main university.” He changed several types of activities in Solovki. For example, he worked as an employee of the Criminological Office and organized a labor colony for teenagers. “I came out of this whole mess with a new knowledge of life and a new state of mind, - Dmitry Sergeevich said in an interview. - The good that I managed to do for hundreds of teenagers, saving their lives, and many other people, the good received from the fellow prisoners themselves, the experience of everything I saw created in me some kind of very deep-seated peace and mental health.”.
Likhachev was released early in 1932, and “with a red stripe” - that is, with a certificate that he was a drummer in the construction of the White Sea-Baltic Canal, and this certificate gave him the right to live anywhere. He returned to Leningrad, worked as a proofreader at the publishing house of the Academy of Sciences (having a criminal record prevented him from getting a more serious job). In 1938, through the efforts of the leaders of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Likhachev’s criminal record was cleared. Then Dmitry Sergeevich went to work at the Institute of Russian Literature of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Pushkin House). In June 1941, he defended his Ph.D. thesis on the topic “Novgorod chronicles of the 12th century.” The scientist defended his doctoral dissertation after the war, in 1947.
Dmitry Likhachev. 1987 Photo: aif.ru
USSR State Prize laureate Dmitry Likhachev (left) talks with Russian Soviet writer Veniamin Kaverin at the VIII Congress of USSR Writers. Photo: aif.ru
D. S. Likhachev. May 1967. Photo: likhachev.lfond.spb.ru
The Likhachevs (by that time Dmitry Sergeevich was married and had two daughters) survived the war partially in besieged Leningrad. After the terrible winter of 1941–1942, they were evacuated to Kazan. After his stay in the camp, Dmitry Sergeevich’s health was undermined, and he was not subject to conscription to the front.
The main theme of Likhachev the scientist was ancient Russian literature. In 1950, under his scientific leadership, The Tale of Bygone Years and The Tale of Igor’s Campaign were prepared for publication in the “Literary Monuments” series. A team of talented researchers of ancient Russian literature gathered around the scientist. From 1954 until the end of his life, Dmitry Sergeevich headed the sector of ancient Russian literature at the Pushkin House. In 1953, Likhachev was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At that time, he already enjoyed unquestioned authority among all Slavic scholars in the world.
The 50s, 60s, 70s were an incredibly busy time for the scientist, when his most important books were published: “Man in the Literature of Ancient Rus'”, “The Culture of Rus' in the Time of Andrei Rublev and Epiphanius the Wise”, “Textology”, “Poetics” Old Russian Literature", "Eras and Styles", "Great Heritage". Likhachev in many ways opened up ancient Russian literature to a wide range of readers, did everything to make it “come to life” and become interesting not only to specialist philologists.
In the second half of the 80s and in the 90s, the authority of Dmitry Sergeevich was incredibly great not only in academic circles, he was revered by people of various professions and political views. He acted as a promoter of the protection of monuments - both tangible and intangible. From 1986 to 1993, Academician Likhachev was the chairman of the Russian Cultural Foundation and was elected as a people's deputy of the Supreme Council.
V.P. Adrianova-Peretz and D.S. Likhachev. 1967 Photo: likhachev.lfond.spb.ru
Dmitry Likhachev. Photo: slvf.ru
D.S. Likhachev and V.G. Rasputin. 1986 Photo: likhachev.lfond.spb.ru
Dmitry Sergeevich lived for 92 years; during his earthly journey, political regimes changed several times in Russia. He was born in St. Petersburg and died there, but lived in both Petrograd and Leningrad... The outstanding scientist carried faith (and his parents were from Old Believer families) and endurance through all the trials, and always remained faithful to his mission - to preserve the memory, history, culture. Dmitry Sergeevich suffered from the Soviet regime, but did not become a dissident, he always found a reasonable compromise in relations with his superiors in order to be able to do his job. His conscience was not stained by a single unseemly act. He once wrote about his experience serving time on Solovki: “I realized this: every day is a gift from God. I need to live for the day to day, to be satisfied that I live another day. And be grateful for every day. Therefore, there is no need to be afraid of anything in the world.". There were many, many days in the life of Dmitry Sergeevich, each of which he filled with work to increase the cultural wealth of Russia.
Academician Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev (1906-1999). short biography
short biography
Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev was born, lived most of his life and ended his days in St. Petersburg. He was born on November 15, 1906. (In 1918, a new calendar style was introduced in Russia, and now his birthday in the new style is designated as November 28).
Studied D.S. Likhachev first in the gymnasium of the Humane Society (1914-1915), then in the Gymnasium and real school of K.I. May (1915-1917), completed secondary education at the Soviet Labor School named after. L. Lentovskaya (1918-1923). From 1923 to 1928 he studied at Leningrad State University at the Faculty of Social Sciences, in the ethnological and linguistic department. Here he developed a special love for his native history and culture and began to explore ancient Russian literature.
Immediately after graduating from the university, Dmitry Likhachev was arrested on a false denunciation and accused of counter-revolutionary activities and 1928-1932. spent in prison: first six months in prison, then two years in the Solovetsky special purpose camp, and, finally, at the convict construction site of the White Sea-Baltic Canal. This period, Academician D.S. Likhachev subsequently called it “the most important time in his life,” because, having gone through the terrible trials of prisons and camps, he learned sacrificial love for people and always following the path of Good.
In the fall of 1932, Dmitry Sergeevich began working as a literary editor in Sotsegiz, in 1934 he was transferred to the Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and in 1938 he began working at the Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkin House). Here he wrote a chapter on ancient Russian literature of the 11th-13th centuries for the collective work “The History of the Culture of Ancient Rus'” (vol. 2). He wrote this work with great inspiration - “like a poem in prose.” In 1938, the scientist’s criminal record was finally cleared.
In 1935, Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev married Zinaida Aleksandrovna Makarova. In 1937, their twin daughters were born - Vera and Lyudmila.
In 1941 he became a senior researcher at the Institute of Russian Literature. In the same year he defended his candidate's dissertation on the topic "Novgorod chronicle codes of the 12th century." While under siege in Leningrad, he writes and publishes the book “Defense of Ancient Russian Cities” (1942). In June 1942, the scientist and his family were evacuated to Kazan.
In the victorious year of 1945, D.S. Likhachev writes and publishes the book “National Identity of Ancient Rus'”. The following year he receives the medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945."
In 1946, he became an associate professor, and since 1951, a professor at Leningrad State University: he teaches courses on the history of Russian chronicles, paleography and the cultural history of Ancient Rus'.
In 1947 D.S. Likhachev is defending his dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philology on the topic: “Essays on the history of literary forms of chronicle writing of the 11th-16th centuries.” In the middle of the century (1950), two remarkable books were published in the “Literary Monuments” series, accompanied by his scientific articles and commentaries: “The Tale of Bygone Years” and “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” Likhachev literature ancient Russian scientist
In 1953, the scientist was elected a corresponding member, and in 1970 - a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. This late election was due to the fact that the scientific works of this great scientist did not reflect the materialistic and anti-religious paradigm of official science. Meanwhile, D.S. Likhachev was elected a foreign member and corresponding member of a number of countries, as well as an honorary doctorate from the universities of Sofia, Budapest, Oxford, Bordeaux, Edinburgh and Zurich.
Works of Academician D.S. Likhachev's works on Russian chronicles and on problems of history and theory of Russian literature and culture have become internationally recognized classics of philological science. He is the author of more than 500 scientific papers and about 600 publications on a wide range of problems in the study of history, literature, culture and the protection of monuments of the cultural and historical heritage of Russia. His article “Ecology of Culture” (Moscow magazine, 1979, No. 7) significantly strengthened the public discussion on the protection of cultural monuments. From 1986 to 1993, academician D.S. Likhachev was the chairman of the Soviet Culture Fund (since 1991 - the Russian Culture Fund).
In 1981, his daughter Vera died in a car accident. The scientist said many times that her death was the most sorrowful event in his life.
In 1988, in the year of celebrating the 1000th anniversary of the Baptism of Rus', Academician D.S. Likhachev took an active part in the celebrations taking place in Veliky Novgorod.
The scientist had many awards, both domestic and foreign. Among them are the highest awards of the USSR - the Stalin Prize (1952), the title of Hero of Socialist Labor and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal (1986), the Great Gold Medal named after. M.V. Lomonosov (1993), Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" II degree (1996), Order of Apostle Andrew the First-Called "For Faith and Fidelity to the Fatherland" for his contribution to the development of national culture. He became the first holder of the Order of St. Andrew the Apostle after the restoration of this highest award in Russia.
In 1989-1991 Academician D.S. Likhachev was elected people's deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from the Soviet Cultural Foundation.
In 1992, the scientist became chairman of the public anniversary Sergius Committee for preparations for the celebration of the 600th anniversary of the repose of St. Sergius of Radonezh.
His most significant works: “Man in the Literature of Ancient Rus'” (1958), “Culture of Rus' in the Time of Andrei Rublev and Epiphanius the Wise” (1962), “Textology” (1962), “Poetics of Old Russian Literature” (1967), “Eras and Styles” "(1973), "The Great Heritage" (1975), "Poetry of Gardens" (1982), "Letters about the Good and the Beautiful" (1985), a collection of articles "The Past for the Future", (1985). Some of his books have been reprinted several times.
After his death, a wonderful collection of his articles, “Russian Culture” (2000), was published - a book that became the scientist’s testament to his contemporaries and the younger generation of Russian citizens.
November 28, 2006 marks the 100th anniversary of the birth of the great scientist. 2006 President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin declared the Year of Likhachev.
Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev (1906-1999) - Soviet and Russian philologist, cultural critic, art critic, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (USSR Academy of Sciences until 1991). Chairman of the Board of the Russian (Soviet until 1991) Cultural Foundation (1986-1993). Author of fundamental works devoted to the history of Russian literature (mainly Old Russian) and Russian culture. Below is his note “On science and non-science.” The text is based on the publication: Likhachev D. Notes on Russian. - M.: KoLibri, Azbuka-Atticus, 2014.Around conversations about intelligence
Education cannot be confused with intelligence. Education lives by old content, intelligence - by creating new things and recognizing the old as new. Moreover... Deprive a person of all his knowledge, education, deprive him of his very memory, but if at the same time he retains sensitivity to intellectual values, love of acquiring knowledge, interest in history, taste in art, respect for the culture of the past, the skills of an educated a person, responsibility in resolving moral issues and the richness and accuracy of one’s language - spoken and written - this will be intelligence. Of course, education cannot be confused with intelligence, but education is of great importance for a person’s intelligence. The more intelligent a person is, the greater his desire for education. And here one important feature of education attracts attention: the more knowledge a person has, the easier it is for him to acquire new ones. New knowledge easily “fits” into the stock of old ones, is remembered, and finds its place.
I will give the first examples that come to mind. In the twenties, I knew the artist Ksenia Polovtseva. I was amazed by her acquaintances with many famous people of the beginning of the century. I knew that the Polovtsevs were rich, but if I had been a little more familiar with the history of this family, with the phenomenal history of its wealth, how many interesting and important things I could have learned from it. I would have a ready-made “packaging” to recognize and remember. Or an example from the same time. In the twenties we had a library of rare books that belonged to I.I. Ionov. I wrote about this once. How much new knowledge about books I could have acquired if I had known at least a little more about books in those days. The more a person knows, the easier it is for him to acquire new knowledge. They think that knowledge is interpreted and the range of knowledge is limited by certain amounts of memory. Quite the opposite: the more knowledge a person has, the easier it is to acquire new ones. The ability to acquire knowledge is also intelligence.
And besides, an intellectual is a person of a “special disposition”: tolerant, easy in the intellectual sphere of communication, not subject to prejudices, including those of a chauvinistic nature. Many people think that intelligence, once acquired, remains for life. Misconception! The spark of intelligence must be maintained. Read, and read with choice: reading is the main, although not the only, educator of intelligence and its main “fuel.” “Don’t extinguish your spirit!” It is much easier to learn the tenth foreign language than the third, and the third is easier than the first. The ability to acquire knowledge and the very interest in knowledge grows exponentially in every individual. Unfortunately, in society as a whole, general education is falling and the place of intelligence is being replaced by semi-intellectuality.
An imaginary conversation “directly” with my imaginary opponent-academician in the living room of “Narrow”. He: “You extol intelligence, but in your meeting, broadcast on television, you refused to define exactly what it is.” Me: “Yes, but I can show you what semi-intelligence is. Do you often visit Uzkoy?” He is often". Me: “Please tell me: who are the artists of these 18th century paintings?” He: “No, I don’t know that.” Me: “Of course it’s difficult. Well, what are the subjects of these paintings? It's easy." He: “No, I don’t know: some kind of mythology.” Me: “This lack of interest in surrounding cultural values is lack of intelligence.”
The spontaneity of culture and the culture of immediacy. Culture is always sincere. She is sincere in her self-expression. And a cultured person does not pretend to be something or someone, unless pretense is part of the task of art (theatrical art, for example, but it should also have its own spontaneity). At the same time, spontaneity and sincerity must have a kind of culture, and not turn into cynicism, into turning oneself inside out in front of the viewer, listener, reader. Every kind of work of art is made for others, but a true artist in his work seems to forget about these “others.” He is a “king” and “lives alone.” One of the most valuable human qualities is individuality. It is acquired from birth, “given by fate” and developed by sincerity: to be oneself in everything - from the choice of profession to the manner of speaking and to the gait. Sincerity can be cultivated in oneself.
Letter to N.V. Mordyukova
Dear Nonna Viktorovna!
Forgive me for writing to you on a typewriter: my handwriting is very bad. Your letter brought me great joy. Although I received many letters, receiving a letter from you meant a lot to me. This is also a recognition that I could hold my own on stage! And indeed, a miracle happened to me. I went on stage completely tired: a night on the train, then rested in a hotel, random food, arriving in Ostankino an hour and a half in advance for negotiations, installation of lights; and I’m 80, and I was in the hospital for six months before that. But after fifteen minutes the audience “fed me up.” Where did the fatigue go? The voice, which had completely shrunk before, suddenly withstood three and a half hours of speaking! (There is one and a half left in the program.) I don’t understand how I sensed the layout of the hall. Now about the fleas. These are not “fleas”, but the most important thing. And how did you grasp this most important thing?!
Firstly, about intelligence. I deliberately missed the answer to the question: “What is intelligence?” The fact is that I had a program on Leningrad television from the Youth Palace (also an hour and a half), and I talked a lot about intelligence there. This program was watched by Moscow TV workers, apparently, it was they who repeated this question, but I did not want to repeat myself, keeping in mind that the Moscow program would be watched by the same viewers in Leningrad. You can’t repeat yourself - this is mental poverty. I was a schoolboy in the North with the Pomors. They amazed me with their intelligence, special folk culture, culture of the folk language, special handwriting (Old Believers), etiquette for receiving guests, etiquette for food, work culture, delicacy, etc., etc. I can’t find words to describe my admiration for them. It turned out worse for the peasants of the former Oryol and Tula provinces: they were downtrodden and illiterate due to serfdom and poverty.
And the Pomors had a sense of self-esteem. They were thinking. I still remember the story and admiration of the head of the family, a strong Pomeranian, about the sea, surprise at the sea (attitude as to a living being). I am convinced that if Tolstoy had been among them, communication and trust would have been established immediately. The Pomors were not just intelligent - they were wise. And none of them would want to move to St. Petersburg. But when Peter took them as sailors, they provided him with all his naval victories. And they won in the Mediterranean, Black, Adriatic, Azov, Caspian, Aegean, Baltic... - the entire 18th century! The North was a country of complete literacy, and they were recorded as illiterate, since they (northerners in general) refused to read the civil press. Thanks to their high culture, they also preserved folklore. And the people who hate intellectuals are the semi-intellectuals who really want to be full intellectuals.
Semi-intellectuals are the most terrible category of people. They imagine that they know everything, they can judge everything, they can make decisions, decide destinies, etc. They don’t ask anyone, don’t consult, don’t listen (they are deaf and morally). Everything is simple for them. A real intellectual knows the value of his “knowledge.” This is his basic “knowledge”. Hence his respect for others, caution, delicacy, prudence in deciding the fate of others and strong will in upholding moral principles (only a person with weak nerves, unsure of his rightness, knocks on the table with his fist).
Now about Tolstoy’s hostility towards aristocrats. I didn't explain it well here. In all his writings, Tolstoy had a “bashfulness of form”, a dislike for external gloss, for the Vronskys. But he was a true aristocrat of spirit. Same with Dostoevsky. He hated the very form of aristocracy. But he made Myshkin a prince. Grushenka also calls Alyosha Karamazov a prince. They have an aristocratic spirit. The polished, finished form is hated by Russian writers. Even Pushkin’s poetry strives for simple prose—simple, brief, without embellishment. Flauberts are not in the Russian style. But this is a big topic. I have a little about this in the book “Literature - Reality - Literature”. Interesting: Tolstoy did not like opera, but appreciated cinema. Appreciate it! There is more life simplicity and truth in cinema. Tolstoy would have recognized you very much. Would you be happy about this? And I don't confuse a role with an actor. Already from your letter and from your understanding of roles it is clear to me: you are gifted with inner aristocracy and intelligence.
Thank you!
Yours D. Likhachev.
A nation that does not value intelligence is doomed to destruction. People at the lowest levels of social and cultural development have the same brains as people who graduated from Oxford or Cambridge. But it is “not loaded” completely. The goal is to give full opportunity for cultural development to all people. Don’t leave people with “unoccupied” brains. For vices and crimes lurk precisely in this part of the brain. And also because the meaning of human existence is in the cultural creativity of everyone. Progress often consists of differentiation and specification within some phenomenon (living organism, culture, economic system, etc.). The higher an organism or system stands on the stages of progress, the higher the principle that unites them. In higher organisms, the unifying principle is the nervous system. The same is true in cultural organisms - the unifying principle is the highest forms of culture. The unifying principle of Russian culture is Pushkin, Lermontov, Derzhavin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Glinka, Mussorgsky, etc. But not only people, geniuses, but also brilliant works are captured (this is especially important for ancient Russian culture).
The question is how higher forms can arise from lower ones. After all, the higher the phenomenon, the fewer elements of chance it contains. System from unsystematicity? Levels of laws: physical, higher than the physical - biological, even higher - sociological, the highest - cultural. The basis of everything is in the first steps, the unifying force is in the cultural level. The history of the Russian intelligentsia is the history of Russian thought. But not every thought! The intelligentsia is also a moral category. It is unlikely that anyone will include Pobedonostsev and Konstantin Leontyev in the history of the Russian intelligentsia. But at least Leontyev should be included in the history of Russian thought. The Russian intelligentsia also has certain beliefs. And above all: it was never nationalistic and did not have a sense of its superiority over the “common people”, over the “population” (in its modern shade of meaning).
ACADEMICIAN DMITRY SERGEEVICH LIKHACHEV (1906–1999)
To the 105th anniversary of the birth of an outstanding scientist of our time, philologist, historian, philosopher of science and culture, great patriot of Russia
Childhood Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev was born, lived most of his life and ended his days in St. Petersburg. He was born on November 15, 1906. (In 1918, a new calendar style was introduced in Russia and now his birthday in the new style is designated as November 28).
Youth Studied D.S. Likhachev first in the gymnasium of the Humane Society (1914–1915), then in the Gymnasium and real school of K.I. May (1915–1917), completed secondary education at the Soviet Labor School named after. L. Lentovskaya (1918–1923). From 1923 to 1928 he studied at Leningrad State University at the Faculty of Social Sciences, in the ethnological and linguistic department. Here he developed a special love for his native history and culture and began to explore ancient Russian literature.
Solovki In the fall of 1932, Dmitry Sergeevich began working as a literary editor in Sotsegiz, in 1934 he was transferred to the Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and in 1938 he began working at the Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkin House). Here he wrote a chapter on ancient Russian literature of the 11th-13th centuries for the collective work “The History of the Culture of Ancient Rus'” (vol. 2). He wrote this work with great inspiration - “like a poem in prose.” In 1938, the scientist’s criminal record was finally cleared.
Marriage In 1935, Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev married Zinaida Aleksandrovna Makarova. In 1937, they had twin daughters, Vera and Lyudmila.
Defense of his dissertation In 1941, he became a senior researcher at the Institute of Russian Literature. In the same year he defended his candidate's dissertation on the topic “Novgorod chronicles of the 12th century.” While under siege in Leningrad, he writes and publishes the book “Defense of Old Russian Cities” (1942). In June 1942, the scientist and his family were evacuated to Kazan.
Award In the victorious year of 1945, D.S. Likhachev writes and publishes the book “National Identity of Ancient Rus'”. The following year he receives the medal “For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945.”
Professor In 1946, he became an associate professor, and since 1951, a professor at Leningrad State University: he teaches courses on the history of Russian chronicles, paleography and the cultural history of Ancient Rus'.
Doctor of Philological Sciences In 1947 D.S. Likhachev is defending his dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philology on the topic: “Essays on the history of literary forms of chronicle writing of the 11th-16th centuries.” In the middle of the century (1950), two remarkable books were published in the “Literary Monuments” series, accompanied by his scientific articles and commentaries: “The Tale of Bygone Years” and “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.”
Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences In 1953, the scientist was elected a corresponding member, and in 1970 - a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. This late election was due to the fact that the scientific works of this great scientist did not reflect the materialistic and anti-religious paradigm of official science. Meanwhile, D.S. Likhachev was elected a foreign member and corresponding member of a number of countries, as well as an honorary doctorate from the universities of Sofia, Budapest, Oxford, Bordeaux, Edinburgh and Zurich.
Works of Likhachev Works of academician D.S. Likhachev's works on Russian chronicles and on problems of history and theory of Russian literature and culture have become internationally recognized classics of philological science. He is the author of more than 500 scientific papers and about 600 publications on a wide range of problems in the study of history, literature, culture and the protection of monuments of the cultural and historical heritage of Russia. His article “Ecology of Culture” (Moscow magazine, 1979, No. 7) significantly strengthened the public discussion on the protection of cultural monuments. From 1986 to 1993, academician D.S. Likhachev was the chairman of the Soviet Culture Fund (since 1991 - the Russian Culture Fund).
Sad event In 1981, his daughter Vera died in a car accident. The scientist said many times that her death was the most sorrowful event in his life.
Celebrations of the 1000th anniversary of the Baptism of Rus' In 1988, in the year of the celebration of the 1000th anniversary of the Baptism of Rus', Academician D.S. Likhachev took an active part in the celebrations taking place in Veliky Novgorod.
Awards - Order of the Apostle Andrew the First-Called The scientist had many awards, both domestic and foreign. Among them are the highest awards of the USSR - the Stalin Prize (1952), the title of Hero of Socialist Labor and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal (1986), the Great Gold Medal named after. M.V. Lomonosov (1993), Order of Merit for the Fatherland, II degree (1996), Order of Apostle Andrew the First-Called “For Faith and Fidelity to the Fatherland” for his contribution to the development of national culture. He became the first holder of the Order of St. Andrew the Apostle after the restoration of this highest award in Russia.
People's Deputy 1989–1991 Academician D.S. Likhachev was elected people's deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from the Soviet Cultural Foundation.
Chairman of the public committee In 1992, the scientist became chairman of the public anniversary Sergius Committee for preparations for the celebration of the 600th anniversary of the repose of St. Sergius of Radonezh.
Works (1958-1985) His most significant works: “Man in the Literature of Ancient Rus'” (1958), “The Culture of Rus' in the Time of Andrei Rublev and Epiphanius the Wise” (1962), “Textology” (1962), “Poetics of Old Russian Literature” ( 1967), “Eras and Styles” (1973), “Great Heritage” (1975), “Poetry of Gardens” (1982), “Letters about the Good and Beautiful” (1985), collection of articles “Past for the Future”, (1985) . Some of his books have been reprinted several times.
Book-testament After his death, a wonderful collection of his articles “Russian Culture” (2000) was published - a book that became the scientist’s testament to his contemporaries and the younger generation of Russian citizens.
