Territory: Creator:

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Date of creation:

X - VII centuries BC e.

Period:

8th century BC - VI century AD

Status:

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Letter direction:

From right to left

Signs: The oldest document:

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Origin: Developed into:

Story

Arameans
Aramaic
Aramaic alphabet
Aramaic kingdoms
Aramaic kings

Aramaic writing, like Greek, which also developed from Phoenician writing, formed the basis of the Aramaic branch of the alphabets of the East - just as the Greek alphabet served as the basis for the alphabets of the West. The Aramaic script, with its vowels and matres lectionis, gave rise to a number of the most important alphabets of the Middle East, North Africa and Asia, including the Arabic and modern Hebrew alphabets, as well as the various scripts of India (Brahmi and then Devanagari) and their descendant alphabets of Southeast and Central Asia ( including Thai and Mongolian script).

The prevalence of Aramaic writing is due to the fact that the Aramaic language and writing, appearing from the end of the 8th century BC. e. a means of international correspondence and communication in the Middle East, during the conquests of the Achaemenids they received the status of the diplomatic language and writing of the Persian Empire.

Pagan cults continued to exist in the Aramaic language environment; Thus, the religious sect of the Mandaeans, which still exists today (modern Iran and Iraq; several hundred Mandaeans also live in the USA and Australia), have preserved sacred books written in the Mandaean dialect of the Aramaic language; this dialect is also used as a language of worship, and its more modern form, according to some reports, it is used in everyday communication by approximately 1 thousand people in Iran; other Iranian Mandaeans speak Farsi, while Iraqi Mandaeans speak Arabic.

After the Arab conquests of the 7th century. and the creation of the caliphate, Syriac-Aramaic dialects were supplanted by Arabic; this process, however, was long and was largely completed only by the 15th century. The current heirs of the Aramaic language, in addition to the Assyrian and Mandaean dialect, are the dialects of several villages in Syria (see Maaloula, Saidnaya), where several thousand people live, mostly Christians.

Syriac-Aramaic literature is very extensive and has great historical significance: the brilliant era of medieval Islamic thought became possible in its time precisely thanks to the translation into Aramaic - and from it into Arabic - the works of ancient Greek philosophers, especially Aristotle.

Alphabet

Imperial Aramaic alphabet.

Letter name	Letter shape	Letter	Equivalent Jewish	Equivalent Arabic	Equivalent Syrian	Sound
Alaf	File:Aleph.svg	𐡀	א	أ	ܐ	/ʔ/ ; /aː/, /eː/
Beth	File:Beth.svg	𐡁	ב	ب‎	ܒ	/b/, /v/
Gamal	File:Gimel.svg	𐡂	ג	ج	ܓ	/ɡ/ , /ɣ/
Dalat	File:Daleth.svg	𐡃	ד	د‎	ܕ	/d/, /ð/
Heh	File:He0.svg	𐡄	ה	ﻫ‎	ܗ	/h/
Vav	File:Waw.svg	𐡅	ו	و‎	ܘ	/w/; /oː/, /uː/
Zain	File:Zayin.svg	𐡆	ז	ز‎	ܙ	/z/
Het	File:Heth.svg	𐡇	ח	خ,ح	ܚ	/ħ/
Tet	File:Teth.svg	𐡈	ט	ط	ܛ	emphatic /tˤ/
Yud	File:Yod.svg	𐡉	י	ي	ܝ	/j/; /iː/, /eː/
Kaf	File:Kaph.svg	𐡊	כ ך	ك	ܟܟ	/k/, /x/
Lamad	File:Lamed.svg	𐡋	ל	ل	ܠ	/l/
Mime	File:Mem.svg	𐡌	מ ם	م‎	ܡܡ	/m/
Nun	File:Nun.svg	𐡍	נ ן	ن	ܢܢ ܢ	/n/
Semkat	File:Samekh.svg	𐡎	ס	س	ܣ	/s/
‘Ē	File:Ayin.svg	𐡏	ע	غ,ع	ܥ	/ʕ/
Pe	File:Pe0.svg	𐡐	פ ף	ف	ܦ	/p/, /f/
Sade	File:Sade 1.svg , File:Sade 2.svg	𐡑	צ ץ	ص‎	ܨ	emphatic /sˤ/
Kof	File:Qoph.svg	𐡒	ק	ق‎	ܩ	/q/
Resh	File:Resh.svg	𐡓	ר	ر	ܪ	/r/
Shin	File:Shin.svg	𐡔	ש	ش,س	ܫ	/ʃ/
Tau	File:Taw.svg	𐡕	ת	ت‎,ث	ܬ	/t/, /θ/

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Consonantal letter Abugids / Indian script Abugids / Other letter That's what I was afraid of. My soul wept, thinking about everyone I love so much. About those whom I was now leaving... But this was still not enough. I knew that Caraffa would not let me leave so easily. I knew that he would certainly make me suffer greatly... Only I still had no idea how inhumane this suffering would be... “This is the only thing I cannot provide you with, Madonna Isidora,” the cardinal answered sharply, forgetting his secular tone. “Well, well, then at least allow me to see my little daughter,” I asked, growing cold inside from impossible hope. – But we will definitely organize this for you! Only a little later, I think, thinking about something of his own, Caraffa said contentedly. The news shocked me! He apparently had his own plan for my little Anna!.. I was ready to endure all the horrors myself, but I was never ready to even think about what my family could suffer. – I have a question for you, Madonna Isidora. And how you answer it will determine whether you will see your daughter soon, or whether you will have to forget about what she looks like. Therefore, I advise you to think carefully before answering,” Karaffa’s gaze became sharp, like a steel blade... “I want to know where the famous library of your grandfather is located?” So this is what the crazy inquisitor was looking for!.. As it turned out, he was not so crazy after all... Yes, he was absolutely right - my grandfather’s old library contained a wonderful collection of spiritual and mental wealth! It was one of the oldest and rarest in all of Europe, and it was envied by the great Medici himself, who, as you know, was ready to sell even his soul for rare books. But why did Karaffa need this?! – My grandfather’s library, as you know, was always in Florence, but I don’t know what happened to it after his death, Your Eminence, since I never saw it again. It was a childish lie, and I understood how naive it sounded... But I just couldn’t find another answer right away. I could not allow the world’s rarest works of philosophers, scientists and poets, the works of great Teachers to fall into the dirty clutches of the church or Caraffa. I had no right to allow this! But, for now, not having had time to come up with anything better to somehow protect all this, I answered him with the first thing that came into my head, inflamed from wild tension, at that moment. Caraffa's demand was so unexpected that I needed time to figure out what to do next. As if he had overheard my thoughts, Caraffa said: “Well, Madonna, I’ll leave you time to think.” And I strongly advise you not to make a mistake... He left. And night fell on my little world... All this terrible time, I mentally communicated with my beloved, exhausted father, who, unfortunately, could not tell me anything reassuring, except for one positive news - Anna was still in Florence, and at least for now there was nothing to fear for her . But my unfortunate husband, my poor Girolamo, returned to Venice with the desire to help me, and only there did he learn that it was too late - that I had been taken to Rome... His despair knew no bounds!.. He wrote long letters to the Pope. I sent notes of protest to the “powers that be,” whom I once helped. Nothing worked. Caraffa was deaf to any requests and pleas... “Couldn’t you just disappear?!” Or “fly away” for that matter?.. Why didn’t you use something?!!! – Unable to bear it any further, Stella exclaimed, upset by the story. – You must always fight to the end!.. That’s what my grandmother taught me. I was very happy - Stella came to life. Her fighting spirit took over again as soon as there was an urgent need for it. “If only everything were so simple!” Isidora answered sadly, shaking her head. – It wasn’t just me. I was completely unaware of Caraffa's plans for my family. And I was very frightened by the fact that no matter how much I tried, I could not see anything. This was the first time in my life when no “vision”, none of my “witch talents” helped... I could view any person or any event a thousand years in advance! I could even predict future incarnations with absolute accuracy, which no Vidun on Earth could do, but my Gift was silent when it came to Caraffa, and I could not understand it. Any of my attempts to look at him were easily “sprayed”, bumping into a very dense golden-red defense that constantly “curled” around his physical body, and I could not break through it. It was new and incomprehensible, something I had never encountered before... Naturally, everyone (even my little Anna!) in my family knew how to create excellent protection for themselves, and everyone did it in their own way, so that it was individual, in case trouble happened. But no matter how complex the defense turned out to be, I knew perfectly well that at any moment I could “go through” the protection of any of the sorcerers I knew, if an urgent need for this suddenly arose, including the protection of my father, who knew and could do much more me. But it didn’t work with Caraffa... He possessed some kind of alien, very strong and very refined magic that I had never encountered... I knew all the Sorcerers of Europe - he was not one of them. I, like everyone else, was well aware that he was a true “servant of the Lord” and a faithful “son of the church”, and, according to everyone’s understanding, could in no way use what he called “the devil’s manifestation” and what was used we, Witches and Sorcerers!.. What, in that case, was it?!.. Was the most faithful servant of the church and the Grand Inquisitor, in fact, a black Sorcerer?!. Even though it was completely and utterly unbelievable, it was the only explanation I could honestly give, hand on heart. But how, in this case, did he combine his “holy” duties with the “devilish” (as he called it) teaching?! Although what he did on Earth was truly Devilish and black... Once again, mentally talking with my father, I asked him what he thought about this? - It’s not him, honey... They’re just helping him. But I don't know who. There is nothing like this on Earth... Hour by hour it didn’t get any easier!.. The world was really turning upside down... But I promised myself to still try to somehow find out what this strange “holy father” was using, while at the same time persecuting and burning his own kind ?..

O Breathing Life,

Your name shines everywhere!

Make some space

To plant Your presence!

Imagine in your imagination

Your “I can” now!

Clothe Your desire in every light and form!

Sprout bread through us and

An epiphany for every moment!

Untie the knots of failure that bind us,

Just like we free the ropes,

with which we restrain the misdeeds of others!

Help us not to forget our Source.

But free us from the immaturity of not being in the Present!

Everything comes from You

Vision, Power and Song

From meeting to meeting!

**************************************

When and why did the reference to the evil one (Satan) appear in the Lord's Prayer?

In ancient Church Slavonic there is no evil: “... and do not lead us into attack, but deliver us from hostility.” Who added “onion” to the main prayer of Jesus Christ?

The Lord's Prayer, known to every Christian since childhood, is a concentrated statement of the entire Christian doctrine. At the same time, it is one of the most perfect literary works ever recorded in writing.

This is the generally accepted view of the short Lord's Prayer that Jesus taught His disciples.

How is this possible? Indeed, for a complete presentation of religious teachings in other religions, many volumes were needed. And Jesus did not even ask His disciples to write down every word.

It’s just that during the Sermon on the Mount He said (Matthew 6:9:13):

“Pray like this:

Our Father, who art in heaven!

And forgive us our debts,

just as we leave our debtors.

And do not lead us into temptation,

but deliver us from evil.”

But this is not the only option for translating the Lord's Prayer into Russian. In the 1892 edition of the Gospel that the author has, there is a slightly different version:

“Our Father who art in heaven!

Hallowed be Thy Name; Thy kingdom come;

Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven;

Give us this day our daily bread;

and forgive us our debts;

to our debtors;

and do not lead us into temptation,

but deliver us from evil;”

In the modern, canonical edition of the Bible (with parallel passages) we find almost the same version of the translation of the Prayer:

“Our Father who art in heaven!

Hallowed be Thy Name; Thy kingdom come;

Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven;

Give us this day our daily bread;

and forgive us our debts;

just as we forgive our debtors;

And do not lead us into temptation,

but deliver us from evil;”

In the Old Church Slavonic translation, the Prayer (if written in the modern alphabet) sounds closer to the first version:

“Our Father, who art in heaven!

Hallowed be Thy name! Thy kingdom come;

Thy will be done as it is in heaven and on earth.

Give us this day our daily bread.

And forgive us our debts,

as we also leave our debtor.

And don't lead us into trouble,

but deliver us from evil.”

These translations use different words to refer to the same concepts. “Forgive us” and “leave us”, “attack” and “temptation”, “who art in heaven” and “he who is in heaven” mean the same thing.

There is no distortion of the meaning and spirit of the words given by Christ to His disciples in any of these options. But comparing them, we can come to the important conclusion that the literal transmission of the Words of Jesus is not only impossible, but not necessary.

In English translations of the Gospels you can find several different versions, but all of them can be considered authentic, because in them the meaning of the Prayer and its spirit are adequately conveyed.

The Lord's Prayer became widespread immediately after the crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus. This is evident from the fact that it was found in such distant places as the city of Pompeii (that is, it was there before Pompeii was destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD).

At the same time, the original text of the Lord’s Prayer has not reached us in its original form.

In translations into Russian, the Lord's Prayer sounds the same in the Gospels of Matthew (6:9-13) and Luke (11:2-4). We find the same text in the KJV (King James Version) Gospels in English.

If we take the Greek source, we will be surprised to discover that the familiar words “who art in heaven,” “Thy will be done in heaven and on earth,” and “deliver us from evil” are absent from the Gospel of Luke.

There are many versions explaining the reasons for the disappearance of these words in the Gospel of Luke and their appearance in translations, and subsequently in modern Greek editions of the Gospel. We will not dwell on this, for what is important to us is not the letter, but the spirit of the great Prayer.

Jesus did not command us to pray by memorizing His words literally. He simply said, “Pray like this,” that is, “pray in this way.”

Konstantin Glinka

“Our Father” translated from Aramaic

This morning I dreamed that I was walking with someone I didn’t know through a rocky desert and looking into the sunlit sky. Suddenly I noticed that either a carved gilded casket or a book in the same binding was rapidly approaching us.

Before I had time to tell my friend that objects could easily fall from the sky in the desert, and it’s good that they didn’t hit my head, I realized that the object was flying straight at me. A second later he crashed to my right, where my friend should have been. I was so stunned that I woke up before I looked in the direction of my unfortunate comrade.

The morning started unusually: on the Internet I came across the “Our Father” in the language of Jesus. The Aramaic translation shocked me so much that I was late for work checking to see if it was a fake. I found that about 15 years ago theologians began to use the expression “primacy of Aramaic.”

That is, as far as I understand, the Greek source was previously the dominant authority in theological disputes, but incongruities were noticed in it that could arise when translating from the original language. In other words, the Greek version is not primary.

An Aramaic version of the Gospel (“Peshitta”, in the Edessa dialect of Aramaic) exists, but it is a translation from Greek.

True, as it turned out, not complete. And not only in the sense of the absence of some parts: there are passages in it that have been preserved in an older form, since they were already written down in Aramaic.

************************************

And if translated literally:

Abwoon d"bwashmaya

Nethqadash shmakh

Teytey malkuthakh

Nehwey tzevyanach aykanna d"bwashmaya aph b"arha.

Hawvlah lachma d"sunqanan yaomana

Washboqlan khuabayn aykana daph khan shbwoqan l"khayyabayn.

Wela tahlan l"nesyuna ela patzan min bisha.

Ameyn.

Abwoon d "bwashmaya (Official translation: Our Father!)

Literal: Abwoon translates as Divine Parent (fruitful emanation of light). d"bwashmaya - sky; root shm - light, flame, divine word arising in space, ending aya - says that this radiance occurs everywhere, at any point in space

Nethqadash shmakh (Official translation: Hallowed be Thy name)

Literal: Nethqadash translates as purification or item for sweeping away litter (to clear a place for something). Shmakh - spreading (Shm - fire) and letting go of inner bustle, finding silence. The literal translation is clearing the space for the Name.

Teytey malkuthakh (Official translation: Thy kingdom come)

Literal: Tey is translated as come, but the double repetition means mutual desire (sometimes the marriage bed). Malkuthakh is traditionally translated as kingdom, symbolically - the fruitful hand, the gardens of the earth; wisdom, purification of the ideal, making it personal for oneself; come home; yin (creative) hypostasis of fire.

Nehwey tzevyanach aykanna d"bwashmaya aph b"arha. (Official translation: Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven)

Literal: Tzevyanach is translated as will, but not strength, but the desire of the heart. One of the translations is naturalness, origin, the gift of life. Aykanna means permanence, embodiment in life. Aph - personal orientation. Arha - earth, b" - means living; b"arha - a combination of form and energy, spiritualized matter.

Hawvlah lachma d "sunqanan yaomana (Official translation: Give us this day our daily bread)

Literal: Hawvlah translates as giving (gifts of the soul and gifts of material). lachma - bread, necessary, essential for maintaining life, understanding of life (chma - growing passion, increase, increase). D "sunqanan - needs, what I can own, how much I could carry; yaomana - necessary to maintain the spirit, vitality.

Washboqlan khuabayn aykana daph khan shbwoqan l"khayyabayn.

(Official translation: And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors)

Literal: Khuabayn is translated as debts, internal accumulated energies that destroy us; in some texts instead of khuabayn there is wakhtahayn, which is translated as failed hopes. Aykana - letting go (passive voluntary action).

Wela tahlan l "nesyuna (Official translation: And do not lead us into temptation)

Literal: Wela tahlan translates as “do not let us enter”; l "nesyuna - illusion, anxiety, hesitation, gross matter; symbolic translation - wandering mind.

ela patzan min bisha.(Official translation: but deliver us from evil)

Literal: Ela - immaturity; symbolic translation - inappropriate actions. Patzan - untie, give freedom; min bisha - from evil

Metol dilakhie malkutha wahayla wateshbukhta l "ahlam almin. (Official translation: For Thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory forever.)

Literal: Metol dilakhie is translated as the idea of ​​owning something that bears fruit (plowed land); malkutha - kingdom, kingdom, symbolic translation - “I can”; wahayla - the concept of vitality, energy, tuning in unison, supporting life; wateshbukhta - glory, harmony, Divine power, symbolic translation - generating fire; l"ahlam almin - from century to century.

Ameyn. (Official translation: Amen.)

Ameyn - manifestation of will, affirmation, swearing of an oath. Infuses strength and spirit into everything created

The Lord's Prayer in Aramaic. The Native Language of Jesus Christ as spoken and translated by Neil Douglas-Klotz - Music by Ashana.

I was so inspired to combine both song and prayer into one. I don't own the copyright. Thanks to Ashana and Neil Douglas-Klotz. Lyrics below:

Abwoon d"bwashmaya (The Lord"s Prayer in the original Aramaic)

"In researching translations of the original Aramaic, I found discovered a teaching by Dr. Rocco Errico (www.noohra.com), an Aramaic scholar, who explains that the word "abwoon" is actually a term of endearment used by both men and women, and that rather than the word "father" a more accurate translation would be "beloved." - Ashana

The following translation/poetic rendering of the Lord's Prayer is by Dr. Neil Douglas-Klotz, and is one of my favorites.

Abwoon d"bwashmaya
Nethqadash shmakh
Teytey malkuthakh
Nehwey sebyanach aykanna d"bwashmaya aph b"arha.
Habwlan lachma d"sunqanan yaomana.
Washboqlan khaubayn (wakhtahayn) aykana daph khnan shbwoqan l"khayyabayn.
Wela tahlan l"nesyuna
Ela patzan min bisha.
Metol dilakhie malkutha wahayla wateshbukhta l"ahlam almin.
Ameyn.

O Birther! Father-Mother of the Cosmos/ you create all that moves in light.
Focus your light within us--make it useful: as the rays of a beacon show the way.
Create your reign of unity now--through our fiery hearts and willing hands.
Your one desire then acts with ours, as in all light, so in all forms.
Grant what we need each day in bread and insight: subsistence for the call of growing life.
Loose the cords of mistakes binding us, as we release the strands we hold of others" guilt.
Don't let us enter forgetfulness
But free us from unripeness
From you is born all ruling will, the power and the life to do, the song that beautifies all, from age to age it renews.
Truly--power to these statements--may they be the source from which all my actions grow.
Sealed in trust & faith. Amen.

Transliteration and original translation of The Aramaic Lord's Prayer by Dr. Neil Douglas-Klotz from the Peshitta (Syriac-Aramaic) version of Matthew 6:9-13 & Luke 11:2-4 reprinted from Prayers of the Cosmos: Meditations on the Aramaic Words of Jesus (Harper Collins, 1990), 1990, used with permission.

(C)(C)(C)(C)(C)

Aramaic writing, like Greek, which also developed from, formed the basis of the Aramaic branch of the alphabets of the East - just as the Greek alphabet served as the basis for the alphabets of the West.

The Aramaic script, with its vowels and matres lectionis, gave rise to a number of the most important alphabets of the Middle East, North Africa and Asia, including the Arabic and modern Hebrew alphabets, as well as the various scripts of India (Brahmi and then Devanagari) and their descendant alphabets of Southeast and Central Asia ( including Thai and Mongolian script).

The prevalence of Aramaic writing is due to the fact that the Aramaic language and writing, appearing from the end of the 8th century. BC e. a means of international correspondence and communication in the Middle East, during the conquests of the Achaemenids they received the status of a diplomatic language and writing.

Pagan cults continued to exist in the Aramaic language environment; Thus, the religious sect of the Mandaeans, which still exists today (modern Iran and Iraq; several hundred Mandaeans also live in the USA and Australia), have preserved sacred books written in the Mandaean dialect of the Aramaic language; this dialect is also used as a language of worship, and its more modern form, according to some reports, it is used in everyday communication by approximately 1 thousand people in Iran; other Iranian Mandaeans speak Farsi, while Iraqi Mandaeans speak Arabic.

After the Arab conquests of the 7th century. and the creation of the caliphate, Syriac-Aramaic dialects were supplanted by Arabic; this process, however, was long and was largely completed only by the 15th century. The current heirs of the Aramaic language, in addition to the Assyrian and Mandaean dialects, are the dialects of several villages in Syria (see Maaloula, Saidnaya), where several thousand people live, mostly Christians.

Syriac-Aramaic literature is very extensive and has great historical significance: the brilliant era of medieval Islamic thought became possible in its time precisely thanks to the translation into Aramaic - and from it into Arabic - the works of ancient Greek philosophers, especially Aristotle.

Alphabet

Imperial Aramaic alphabet.

Letter name	Letter shape		Equivalent Jewish	Equivalent Arabic	Equivalent Syrian	Meaning of sound
Alaf			א	أ	ܐ	/ʔ/ ; /aː/, /eː/
Beth			ב	ب‎	ܒ	/b/ , /v/
Gamal			ג	ج	ܓ	/ɡ/ , /ɣ/
Dalat			ד	د‎	ܕ	/d/ , /ð/
Heh			ה	ﻫ‎	ܗ	/h/
Vav			ו	و‎	ܘ	/w/; /oː/, /uː/
Zain			ז	ز‎	ܙ	/z/
Het			ח	خ,ح	ܚ	/ħ/
Tet			ט	ط	ܛ	emphatic /tˤ/
Yud			י	ي	ܝ	/j/ ; /iː/ , /eː/
Kaf			כ ך	ك	ܟܟ	/k/ , /x/
Lamad			ל	ل	ܠ	/l/
Mime			מ ם	م‎	ܡܡ	/m/
Nun			נ ן	ن	ܢܢ ܢ	/n/
Semkat			ס	س	ܣ

The Hebrew alphabet became the founder for many other languages ​​(including most European ones).

Hebrew alphabet and Russian language

The Hebrew alphabet is the ancestor of modern Russian. And it, in turn, comes from the Cyrillic alphabet, processed from Greek. The Hebrew alphabet with transcription has survived to this day almost unchanged. Despite the fact that in the Middle Ages different regions practiced their own stylization and changed letters, these changes were insignificant. Such modifications only embellished the Hebrew alphabet. With the translation into Russian, you can notice several similar letters even now.

Number of letters in the alphabet: vowels and consonants

How many letters are in the Hebrew alphabet is a simple question. The Hebrew alphabet includes 22 letters. There is no difference in writing between lowercase and uppercase letters. But there are also peculiarities. The alphabet consists only of consonant letters. Consonants are used to write vowels.

Features of the Hebrew alphabet

The Hebrew alphabet uses a (dot) system to write vowel letters. Such dots are placed above or below the letter. In addition to a special system for recording, 4 consonants are used. These are aleph, gey, vav and yod. In Yiddish, these letters completely lost the role of consonants and became vowels.

Hebrew alphabet: 3 groups of letters

All letters of the Hebrew alphabet are divided into 3 groups: three “mothers”, 7 “double” and 12 “simple”.

The 3 letters of the first group indicate the Sefirot Chochma, Bina and Daat.

"Double" letters are letters that are pronounced in two ways.

The "simple" 12 letters indicate a branch, called the "12 diagonal boundaries". They represent the 4 cardinal directions, top and bottom. The 12 boundaries of the diagonals reflect the connection between them.

Hebrew alphabet: meaning of letters

The Hebrew alphabet is unique. It has a hidden meaning embedded in the order of letters, pronunciation and rules of use. The Hebrew alphabet with a translation into Russian acquires and requires detailed decoding and study. Hidden information is also in the names, shapes of letters, how they are written (if we talk about the spelling option in the Torah scrolls, tefillin or mezutot).

Meanings of numbers in the Hebrew alphabet

The Hebrew alphabet, the meaning of letters and numbers (gematria) is a body of knowledge accumulated over centuries. The presence of information for each letter is an additional story, transmitted from past centuries and reaching the present day. Each number is associated with the semantic meaning of the letter, but can also carry a separate story.

Origin of the Hebrew alphabet

The ancestor of the Hebrew alphabet was the ancient Semitic or Phoenician. The Hebrew alphabet was borrowed from Aramaic, gradually adding something of its own. There is an opinion that the Hebrew alphabet is older than the Aramaic, but this probability is small, since the Jews lived in proximity to two alphabets. And it makes it possible to use Aramaic letters in Hebrew writing or vice versa. Scribes could confuse letters when writing due to their similarity.

The Hebrew alphabet with its translation and its own characteristics begins to exist independently later. Proof is numerous finds, inscriptions on the cave, column, and coins. The Hebrew alphabet in Russian can be read below, with a decoding of the designation of each letter.

Alphabet, letter meanings

1. “Aleph” (the numerical value of the letter is 1). This number signifies the unity of all that exists. If the world is a multitude of everything interacting with each other, then 1 is the unity of everything.

2. “Base” (bet) (2). If Aleph is unity, then Beis (bet) is plurality and diversity, that is, the duality of nature and the possibility of connection.

If there is a world and a person, then the purpose of a person is creation, the realization of the potential inherent in a person. And in this there is the opportunity or freedom to choose, to choose between good and evil.

3. "Gimel" (3). Gimel is the vertex of the supposed triangle, which is also formed by the first two letters of the alefbet alphabet. If aleph is unity, bet is multiplicity, then gimel is the connection between them, the connection.

4. “Daleth” (4). The letter Dalet symbolizes a poor person, Dalet is an open door that opens to a needy person who comes for help. But the Dalet is not addressed to the Gimel (the previous letter), which means that helping those in need must come from a person, but the one receiving this help should not know from whom he is receiving it. The meaning of the letter 4 indicates the 4 cardinal directions. The letter itself consists of two lines, which means it spreads in length and width.

5. “Gay” (gay) (5). The Hebrew alphabet has a special meaning in its letter symbols. In particular, the letter gay is the basis of speech. All pronounced sounds are made while exhaling, which is the basis of this letter. The letter symbolizes the diversity of the world. The numerical value corresponds to 5 books of the Torah.

6. “Vov” (vav) (6). The number 6 symbolizes the perfection of the world. Each point can be determined by 6 coordinates: top, bottom. Also, the meaning of this figure is confirmed by 6 days. The world was created in 6 days. In grammar, the letter vav is a connecting conjunction that connects words and parts of a sentence.

7. "Zain" (7). This is spirituality in the material world. The 6 directions by which any point can be determined are connected in the center by the seventh point. The 6 days of the creation of the world end with the 7th day, Saturday. In the world, everything has its purpose, and everything has its own spark, which is the source of being. The spark symbol is the letter zain.

8. "Het" (8). The letter het is associated with the concept of charisma, uniqueness in the eyes of other people. This quality is endowed by a person who has achieved harmony, which is reflected by the previous Hebrew letters. The alphabet also has a negative meaning. For example, the letter het can be read as “sin.” The meaning is that sins deprive one of the opportunity to see and understand the universe itself, leaving only material benefits.

9. “Tes” (tet) (9). The letter is a symbol of eternity and truth, symbolizes the meaning of good. This letter also symbolizes 9 months of pregnancy.

10. "Iodine" (10). The small size of the letter symbolizes modesty. The creation of the world was according to 10 sayings of God. The letter also recalls the 10 Commandments.

11. “Kaf” (haf) (20). The letter means palm and corresponds to practical activities. This letter is the first in the word strength, crown. It literally brings out a person's potential.

12. "Lamed" (30). The letter symbolizes the heart and denotes teaching. The literal meaning is “to teach.”

13. “Meme” (40). This letter begins the word water and stands for fountains. The number 40 symbolizes 40 days, Moshe Rabbeinu spent exactly this number of days on Mount Sinai, receiving the Written Torah, 40 days lasted, the Jews wandered for 40 years, 40 generations separate Moshe until the end of the Talmud.

14. "Nun" (50). The letter symbolizes a faithful and believing person. Faith is the key to perfection. Suppressing faith leads to the 50 gates of spiritual impurity. Translated from Aramaic it means “fish”.

15. “Samekh” (60). Symbolizes a miracle. After 50 degrees of impurity, the Almighty brought people out of slavery with the help of a miracle.

16. “Ain” (70). The letter itself means eye, but indicates the deep meaning of the Torah. The literal meaning of the letter is Divine Providence, all-seeing God. Kabbalah says that the eyes have 5 powers: the right eye - 5 forces of kindness, the left eye - 5 forces of severity. There are 70 languages, 70 nations of the world, the Babylonian exile was 70 years, the lifespan of King David was 70 years.

17. “Pe” (fe) (80). The letter symbolizes the power of speech, and in Hebrew means “mouth.” And points to the principle of Jewish jurisprudence. Oral testimony in court is possible if the person was a personal witness. And before testifying in court, a person should think twice.

18. “Tzadi” (90). The letter symbolizes a righteous person. In the usual form the letter is bent, which suggests the modesty of such a person; in the final form, the letter is straightened, which promises a reward for the righteous person.

19. "Kof" (100). The letter translates from Hebrew as “monkey” and symbolizes duality. On the one hand it means holiness, on the other hand it means spiritual impurity (imitation of a monkey to man).

20. "Resh" (200). Translated from Aramaic, the letter is translated as “head”. Symbolizes a sinner, pride, the desire for one's superiority.

21. “Shin” (sin) (300). The letter symbolizes the three forefathers. The three forefathers symbolize three types of service: mercy, severity, harmony.

22. "Tav" (400). The letter symbolizes truth, the universality of truth.

Number meaning in the Hebrew alphabet

The numerical values ​​of letters reflect the essence of things, their connection with each other. Despite the same numerical values, things can be completely different. For example, any number of words that have the same number can be completely different. The same numbers only mean that the same number of Divine powers were put into creating these things.

A short tutorial on the Hebrew language

The Hebrew language belongs to the Semitic group of languages, which also includes (Phoenician, Aramaic, Arabic, etc.). Subsequently, the Greeks borrowed the letter from the Phoenicians, and the Latin and Cyrillic/Glagolic alphabet evolved from the Greek alphabet. Writing in Hebrew is one of the first on earth. It is assumed that the first texts included in the Old Testament were dated 1200 BC. The first writing in this language arose in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC.

Due to the fact that they wrote then mainly on stone by knocking out signs with some pointed object held with the left hand and blows with a hammer held in the right hand, it was easier to write not from left to right, but from right to left. There was no division into uppercase and lowercase letters. Also, taking into account the imperfection and complexity of writing, only letters corresponding to consonant sounds were knocked out. For example, the word “Man” with such a writing system would be written as “KVLCH”, and the words “House”, “Houses”, “Lady” would be written in the same way - “MD”. The skill of reading texts correctly was passed on orally.

From the middle of the 1st millennium AD. Jewish scholars (Masoretes - from the Hebrew word “masorah”, which means tradition) began to designate vowels using special diacritics placed in the biblical text. The Tiberias system of vowel notation, which received its name from the city of Tiberias on the shores of Lake Gennesaret, where the most famous Masoretes lived (VIII-X centuries), became generally accepted.

Until the end of the first century AD, as the Dead Sea Scrolls show, different manuscripts of the Bible differed greatly from each other. From the end of the 1st century AD. all Jewish communities, wherever they were located, began to use Bible copies that were almost identical to each other - at least as far as consonants were concerned.

When in the XVI c., under the influence of humanism and the Reformation, interest in the Hebrew language arose among scientists of Christian Europe, they had to face a serious problem. It turned out that in Jewish communities scattered around the world, dissimilar traditions of reading sacred texts have developed. Ashkenazi and Sephardi were dominant at that time. The pronunciation of Hebrew sounds (Reuchlin reading), based on the Sephardic tradition, has become generally accepted in European universities. The same phonetics was also used as the basis for the phonetics of the revived XX century Hebrew.

Designation of consonant letters in a letter (in parentheses the spelling variant of the symbol located at the end of the word is indicated):

Writing	Pronunciation
בּ
גּ
דּ
ךּ) כּ)
ך) כ)
ם) מ)
ן) נ)
	-
ףּ) פּ)
ף) פ)
ץ) צ)
שׂ
שׁ
תּ

Designation of vowels in writing using an example letter בּ . In an effort to preserve the main text of Scripture unchanged, the Masoretes designated vowels with various combinations of lines and dots under and above the letters:

Writing	Pronunciation
בִּ
בֵּ
בֶּ
בַּ
בָּ	A or O
בֹּ
בֻּ
בְּ
בֱּ
בֲּ
בֳּ

The reading rules are quite cumbersome and, unfortunately, cannot be covered in detail in such a brief presentation. At the same time, in the interlinear texts and the accompanying symphonies, a simplified transliteration into Russian is provided for all words written in Hebrew.