The third form of the verb in English has the official name - Past Participle or Past Participle. These words can be translated into Russian as a passive participle: made - made, taken - taken, got - received.

Uses of Past Participle

The past participle is called the 3rd form of the verb only by those who study English as a foreign language. These words are in demand in the formation of various grammatical constructions:

• conditional sentences of the 3rd type:

If he had known her phone number he would have called her and told about the meeting. “If he knew her phone number, he would call and tell her about the meeting.” (known, called, told – past participles)

Statements of this type refer to the past and indicate wishes or actions that are no longer destined to come true. Such phrases consist of a main clause and a conditional clause, both of which use verbs in the 3rd form.

• times of the Perfect group (completed):

I have just finished my essay. – I just finished my essay. (Present Perfect, finished – past participle of the regular verb to finish)

She had eaten her sandwich by the time her mum came home. She had finished her sandwich by the time mom came home. (Past Perfect, eaten – past participle of the irregular verb to eat)

They will have got to the hotel by 6 o’clock tomorrow. – They will reach the hotel tomorrow at 6 o’clock. (Future Perfect, got – past participle of the irregular verb to get)

• passive voice:

The window was broken by some pupil. – The window was broken by some student. (broken – 3rd form of the irregular verb to break)

The past participle in English can be used as an adjective:

His lost toy was found in the garden. His lost toy was found in the garden. (lost – 3rd form of the irregular verb to lose)

How is Past Participle formed?

It is known that all English verbs form 2 groups. Regular ones form all forms of the past tense by adding the ending -ed. Incorrect ones undergo various changes that need to be remembered. It is convenient for students to use the table of the third form of the verb in English:

Initial form		Past Participle		Initial form		Past Participle
be	be	been	former	have	have	had	having
become	become	become	became	keep	keep	kept	stored
begin	begin	begun	started	lose	lose	lost	Lost
break	break	broken	broken	make	do	made	made
bring	bring	brought	brought	meet	meet	met	met
build	build	built	built	put	lay down	put	laid
buy	buy	bought	bought	read	read	read	read
catch	catch	caught	caught	run	run	run	escaped
choose	choose	chosen	selected	say	say	said	said
come	come	come	come	see	see	seen	seen
do	do	done	made	sell	sell	sold	sold
draw	paint	drawn	drawn	sleep	sleep	slept	asleep
drink	drink	drunk	drunk	speak	speak	spoken	speaker
eat	There is	eaten	eaten	spend	spend	spent	spent
fall	fall	fallen	fallen	swim	swim	swum	floating
feed	feed	fed	fed	take	take	taken	taken
find	find	found	found	think	think	thought	thoughtful
fly	fly	flown	flown away	wear	wear	worn	worn
get	receive	got	received	win	win	won	defeated
go	go	gone	gone	write	write	written	written

Irregular verbs in English have 3 forms. The first is the infinitive or initial form (as the word is written in the dictionary), the second is used to form the Past Simple tense, and the third is the past participle (used to form Perfect tenses, passive voice and some other forms).

Students often wonder: how many irregular verbs are there in English? Different educational resources give different options, and sometimes the lists reach thousands of words! But don’t be alarmed: there are about two hundred basic verbs, and it’s absolutely possible to learn them, and the number of words often increases due to the fact that words with the same stems are included in the list. For example, the verb “to do”: make – made – made and the verb “to remake”: remake – remade – remade are often considered separate words, although the prefix “re” is simply added.

Verbs can be taught simply in alphabetical order, or they can be divided into several groups based on the formation of the second and third forms, which are similar for many verbs. Below are verbs divided according to this principle.

Unchangeable verbs:

bet	bet	bet	bet
broadcast	broadcast	broadcast	broadcast (TV, radio)
cost	cost	cost	cost
cut	cut	cut	cut
hit	hit	hit	hit, hit
hurt	hurt	hurt	hurt, hurt
let	let	let	allow, permit
read	read	read	read
set	set	set	install
shut	shut	shut	close
wet	wet/wetted	wet/wetted	moisten, wet

Verbs with the same second and third forms

find	found	found	find
get	got	got	receive
hang	hung	hung	hang
have	had	had	have
hear	heard	heard	hear
hold	held	held	hold
make	made	made	do
pay	paid	paid	to pay
say	said	said	say
shine	shone	shone	shine
sit	sat	sat	sit
spit	spat	spat	spit
stand	stood	stood	stand
tell	told	told	say, inform
understand	understood	understood	understand
win	won	won	win

Verbs with matching second and third forms ending in -t

burn	burnt	burnt	burn, burn
dream	dream	dream	dream, dream
feel	felt	felt	feel
keep	kept	kept	keep
learn	learned/learned	learned/learned	learn
leave	left	left	leave, leave
lose	lost	lost	lose
sleep	slept	slept	sleep
smell	smelt	smelt	smell, sniff
spoiler	spoilt	spoilt	spoil, spoil

Verbs starting with –ught

Verbs changing -d to -t

Verbs with vowel change: i – a – u

begin	began	begun	start off
drink	drank	drunk	drink
ring	rank	rung	call
sing	sang	sung	sing
sink	sank	sunk	drown
swim	swam	swum	swim

Verbs with the same first and third forms

besome	became	besome	become
come	came	come	come, come
run	ran	run	run

Verbs with a double consonant in the third form

forbid	forbade	forbidden	forbid
forget	forgot	forgotten	forget
bite	bit	bitter	bite
hide	hid	hidden	hide
ride	rode	ridden	ride a horse
write	wrote	written	write

Verbs with a short vowel in the second and third forms

Verbs with -e- in the second form and third form with -wn

Verbs with the third form ending in –en

choose	chose	chosen	choose
eat	ate	eaten	eat, eat
fall	fell	fallen	fall
freeze	froze	frozen	freeze
drive	drove	driven	drive)
give	gave	given	give
rise	rose	risen	get up
shake	shook	shaken	shake
speak	spoke	spoken	speak
steal	stole	stolen	steal
take	took	taken	take

Every schoolchild, pupil, student, and even specialist in the field of English is familiar with the problem of using verb forms.

Let's understand the following concepts:

• why do we need three verb forms in English,
• which verb forms are regular (regular) and which are irregular (irregular).

Verb forms in English

The English verb has three forms. For convenience, in writing the first, second and third forms are designated by Roman numerals I, II, III.

Iform (or infinitive withoutto ) for example: to make (to do) – make – first form (main, basic form)

Using the first form of the verb, the Simple Present Tense is formed. When forming this tense, the first form of the verb is used without change, except with third person singular pronouns - the ending - s or - es (he, she, it - he jumpes, she jumpes, it jumpes) is added to the verb in the first form. Other exceptions are also possible, but they should be examined privately in more detail when studying the formation of the Present Simple Tense.

IIform serves to form the Simple Past Tense. To form this tense, you need to use both regular and irregular verbs. In this case, regular verbs have the ending – ed, and irregular ones are used from the second column of the table of irregular verbs

Jump – jumped (jump – jumped)

IIIform represents a special lexical and grammatical unit - Participle II (Participle II). For regular verbs, form III coincides with form II, and such a verb has the corresponding ending – ed.

Jump (I) – jumped (II) – jumped (III) (jump – jumped – jumped)

II and III forms of irregular verbs can be formed in various ways, indicated below.

Regular verbs

Regular verbs are formed by adding the ending - ed. For example, finish + ed = finish ed.

However, this statement requires clarification.

NB! To determine the correct ending for verbs with a base on a stressed vowel sound and a consonant sound, you need not only to add the ending - ed, but also to double the consonant at the end of the word in forms II and III: slip - slipped - slipped.

NB! To determine the correct ending for verbs with a stem ending in a consonant or the letter y, you need to change y to i and add the ending – ed. > try – tried – tried.

→ BUT! There is an exception to this case: if there is a vowel before the vowel y, then y is preserved: play – played – played

To determine the correct ending for verbs with a base on the vowel e, you need to add instead of the ending - ed > only e: skate – skated – skated.

Irregular (irregular) verbs

The question of such verbs is always important for all students of English.

Irregular verbs are verbs that change their form not according to general rules, but using special forms.

It so happened historically that the forms of verbs began to change due to their most frequent use. Therefore, in modern English there are quite a lot of verbs that have II and III forms.

Irregular verbs are involved in the formation primarily of three past tenses - Past Simple, Present Perfect, Past Perfect, as well as the passive voice.

There is no clearly structured algorithm for the formation of these forms; they are mastered mainly by memorization. However, there are some standard methods of formation that are phonetic in nature.

Below are examples of the distribution of verbs into typical groups

1. Availability inI final consonant formd, and inIIand inIIIforms - finished consonantt. In this case, the vowel in the root can be preserved.

1. Changing the vowel at the root of a wordIIform and maintaining (changing) the vowel in the root with the addition of the ending –e (n):

1. Same spelling and pronunciation of verbsIIand inIIIforms

came come come

1. Spelling and pronunciationIIAndIIIThe forms differ only in the root main one. InIIform – vowel a, inIII– vowelu.

I	II	III	Translation
drink	drank	drunk	drink

Today there is no universal table of all English verbs. All possible versions of them are freely available in reference books, grammar reference books, as well as on Internet resources.

The verb is considered the most important part of speech in English. When forming a sentence in English, the verb must be put into one of its forms, and there are many nuances that must be taken into account.

Verb forms

Verb forms in English help to form one or another tense of the language. The use of a verb in one of the existing forms, as well as auxiliary verbs, are one of the most important indicators of tenses.

There are three main forms of verbs in English, as well as two main groups:

Infinitive

Understanding how verbs are formed is essential for anyone learning English. Three verb forms begin with an infinitive. The infinitive is the primary form of the verb. Almost all verbs presented in the dictionary (regardless of whether they are regular or not) are always indicated in the infinitive form with the particle to. This form is the simplest, most often it is used without a particle to in present simple tense sentences, facts, habits, etc. However, in the present simple tense it has certain exceptions. Also, when setting an auxiliary verb, the future indefinite tense can be formed from the infinitive.

For example:

• I live in Paris - I live in Paris (the verb is in the infinitive, present tense).
• I will live in Paris in the next year - I will live in Paris next year (verb in the infinitive, auxiliary verb forms the future tense).

Past Indefinite

This form of the verb is used exclusively to form the past indefinite (simple) tense, but it has its own characteristics. The fact is that all verbs within this form are divided into two groups: regular (Regular) and irregular (Irregular). Therefore, the formation of the past simple differs for each specific group.

The algorithm for forming the second form for regular verbs is quite simple: you need to add the ending - ed, if the last letter is a consonant.

To verbs that end in the vowel -e, you only need to add the letter - d. For example, verb live in the second form it is written as lived.

For verbs that end in the vowel -y, a different rule applies. If the letter -y is preceded by a consonant, -y changes to - i and the ending is added to the word - ed(For example, cry - cried). If there is a vowel before -y, you just need to add the ending - ed(For example, play - played).

Verbs consisting of one word and ending with a consonant also have their own peculiarity. In this case, when adding the ending - ed, the last letter will be doubled ( stop - stopped).

Table of English Verb Forms

If Regular Verbs can be easily formed from the infinitive, then the forms of irregular verbs in English can be seen exclusively in a special table. It's called a table of irregular verbs, and it contains three columns. In the first column the verb is in the form of the infinitive, in the second - in the form of the past indefinite (or Past Simple), and in the third - the past participle.

In order to find out how to spell the required irregular verb in the Past Indefinite form, you need to look at the second column of the table. The table of English verb forms is, as a rule, the only place where you can look at the form of an irregular verb. Usually, only the infinitive is indicated in dictionaries, and there is no rule explaining the formation of the 2nd form. That is why this form must be known by heart, or looked at in the table, in order to avoid mistakes in word formation.

For example:

Past Participle (third form)

The past participle is also included in verb forms in English. It helps to form perfect tense forms of verbs using an auxiliary verb to have, as well as passive verbs in different tenses thanks to the auxiliary verb to be.

Verbs in this third form are formed depending on whether they are regular or irregular. So, for example, verbs from the correct group will be absolutely identical to verbs of the second group. The ending is simply added to them - ed(except for the exceptions mentioned earlier). But irregular verbs can only be seen in the table (in the third column). These irregular verbs are often completely different from either the infinitive or the past form. Such verbs should also be learned by heart.

For example:

• I have lived in England for 2 years - I have been living in England for 2 years (the correct verb is live in the third form, the auxiliary verb forms the present perfect tense).
• I have gone in England three times - I went to England three times (irregular verb go in the third form, the auxiliary verb forms the present perfect tense)
• I had lived in England for 2 years - I lived in England for 2 years (the correct verb live is in the third form, the auxiliary verb forms the past perfect tense).
• The door was opened- The door was open (the correct verb is open in the third form, the auxiliary verb forms the passive voice).

English: 3 verb forms or 4

Recently, linguists have begun to distinguish not 3, but 4 forms of verbs in the English language. The fourth form is considered to be the present participle. It is formed thanks to the ending -ing, which must be added to the infinitive of the verb ( go - going). Some scientists consider this form to be the main one, some do not, but it occupies a very important place in the formation of the English language. This form is used to form sentences in the Continuous.

The formation of the fourth form also has its own nuances. For example, verbs ending in the letter -e lose it and the ending - is added to them. ing (write - writing).

For verbs ending in the letter combination -ie, you must change it to -y and add the ending - ing (die - dying).

The final letter l will always be doubled when forming the fourth form ( travel - travelling).

In a stressed last syllable, a consonant will be doubled provided that it is preceded by a single vowel ( win - winning).

For example:

• I am doing my exercise right now - I am doing my exercises right now (irregular verb do in the fourth form, the auxiliary verb forms the present continuous tense)

• I am playing the piano at the moment - At the moment I am playing the piano (the correct verb is play in the fourth form, the auxiliary verb forms the present continuous tense).

Learning English is impossible without covering this topic.

In order to make it easier for yourself and make the process of learning English grammar more complete, you need to become practically familiar with the so-called three main forms of verbs of this language.

It is necessary to know these verb forms, since they are the basis for the formation of complex tense verb forms and other constructions in the English language. That is why it is important to learn how to correctly use the three forms of the English verb.

Let's look at what they are. First form (basic)- this is essentially an indefinite form of a verb (infinitive) without the characteristic particle to, for example: to speak - to speak - speak (basic form); exist – to exist (infinitive) – exist (base form); stay, stop – to stay (infinitive) – stay (base form). This form of the English verb is necessary in order to form the simple present - Present Simple. In this case, the basic form is taken as a basis and coincides with the forms of almost all verbs in all numbers and persons of the Present Simple, except for the third person singular. numbers, where the characteristic ending –(е)s is added to it (only in the singular and only in the third person!). One of the exceptions is the verb to be, which can be used both in the role of semantic (to exist, to be) and in the function of service (without any lexical meaning), which forms its forms in a specific way: 1st person singular. h. – am; 3rd person unit h. – is; in all other cases – are. The second exception is all modal verbs in which –(e)s is not added and the form is the same for all numbers and persons. And finally, the third exception is the verb to have, which can be used both as a service verb and as a semantic one (in the meaning of having at disposal, owning). This verb is in the 3rd person singular. numbers Present Simple form has.

From the first verb form comes the formation second form– This is a form of the simple past (Past Simple). For all regular verbs of the English language (and the absolute overwhelming majority of them - minus about three hundred irregular ones) this means adding the ending –ed to the basic form, for example: divide, separate – divide + ed => divided; examine, investigate – investigate + ed => investigated. As for the relatively few irregular verbs, they form their forms in a completely special way without any explicit rules, for example: spend - spend => spent; steal – steal => stole; understand – understand => understood; prohibit, not allow – forbid => forbidden. The forms of such irregular verb units must be gradually memorized in order to use them correctly in your speech. A peculiarity of the verb to be in the Past Simple is the fact that it has (unlike all other English verbs) two forms: for all persons singular. numbers – was and for all persons plural. numbers – were.

And finally we got to third form English verb - participle II (Participle II), which in regular verbs always coincides with the second and, thus, presents absolutely no difficulties for students, for example: reconstruct - reconstruct (basic) => reconstructed (second) => reconstructed (third); illustrate – illustrate (basic) => illustrated (second) => illustrated (third). As for irregular verbs, they can again be formed in a variety of non-standard ways and are subject to the most banal memorization. For example: spread - spread (base) => spread (second) => spread (third); appear, arise – arise (basic) => arose (second) => arisen (third); to seek, to search – seek (basic) => sought (second) => sought (third).