The educational and methodological manual on the Latin language is intended for students of higher educational institutions of law. Since ancient times, the Latin language has played a huge role in the education of the future lawyer. Degrees of comparison of adjectives Compare

SOUTH KAZAKHSTAN STATE PHARMACEUTICAL ACADEMY

On the topic: “Short-term stop of bleeding of the lower and upper limbs”

Prepared by: Tokova M.

Group:102 OZ

Accepted: ____________

Shymkent 2016

main part

1 Comparison of adjectives

2 Types of comparison of adjectives

Conclusion

List of used literature.

Degrees of comparison of adjectives in Latin

Degrees of comparison of adjectives

In Latin, as in Russian, among adjectives there is a group

quality adjectives. They name some quality of an object:

handsome, kind, etc. These qualities can be manifested in one or another

person or thing to a greater or lesser extent. Accordingly, from that

or other qualitative adjective forms can be formed,

expressing a greater or lesser degree of a given quality: kind - kindest

In Latin there are three degrees of comparison of adjectives (here

the original forms are also included):

Positive (gradus posit?vus), which includes already known

us adjectives

Comparative (gradus comparat?vus)

Excellent (gradus superlat?vus).

Comparative and superlative adjectives can be formed:

Using suffixes;

Using words indicating the degree of quality;

From bases that do not coincide with the bases of a positive degree.

Comparative degree education

Formation with suffixes

N. sing. the comparative degree of adjectives of all declensions is formed from

adjective stem to which is added

In the forms mascul?num and femin?num - the suffix -ior-

In the form neutrum - the suffix -ius:

longus, a, um long; G. sing. long-i; long-base. Comparative

degree: m - long - ior, f - long - ior, n - long - ius;

brevis, e short; G. sing. brev-is, base brev-. Comparative degree: m

Brev - ior, f - brev - ior, n - brev - ius.

The comparative degree changes according to the third consonantal declension:

The comparative degree of adjectives ending in -d?cus, -f?cus, -v?lus is formed with

by adding the element -entior to the stem: magnificus, a, um

magnificent -> magnificentior, ius more magnificent.

Education with auxiliary words

Comparative degree from the positive degree using the adverb magis

more form adjectives whose stem ends in a vowel

sound (i.e. adjectives ending in -eus, -ius, -uus in N. sing.):

necessarius necessary, magis necessarius - more necessary.

Using the comparative degree

The comparative degree can be used:

with a noun (pronoun) that is compared with something.

The object of comparison is joined by the conjunction quam than: aer levior est, quam aqua

air is lighter than water.

Ablat?vus comparati?nis

The conjunction quam with the object of comparison can be omitted. In this case, the word

by which the object of comparison is expressed is put in ablative form (in Russian

the genitive case is used: air is lighter than water). Such ablative

called ablat?vus comparati?nis (?blative comparison): a?r levior est

A combination of a noun (pronoun) with a comparative dependent on it

degree can be used in isolation, without an object of comparison. In that

In this case, the comparison occurs as if with a certain norm existing in the consciousness

speaker. This use of the comparative degree is called

independent comparative degree. In Russian language independent

the comparative degree is translated by a positive degree (i.e. the usual

adjective) in combination with the words quite, somewhat, quite,

too much, too much, etc.: senex servior - too stern old man.

Superlative education

The superlative degree of adjectives can be formed by a suffix

way:

By adding the element -?ssim- to the stem, and endings to it

masculine, feminine and neuter genders I - II declension: long-us, a, um

long > longiss?m-us, a, um the longest

Adjective ending with -d?cus, -f?cus and v?lus form a comparative

degree on -entiss?mus: magnificus, a, um magnificent -> magnific -

entissimus, a ,um most magnificent.

Adjectives ending in -er form the superlative by adding

based on the element -r?m-, and to it - the endings masculine, feminine and

neuter: liber, -?ra, -?rum free; base liber-;

superlative liber-r?m-us, a, um the freest.

The adjective vetus, ?ris old also forms the superlative degree,

ancient -> veterr?mus, a, um oldest, most ancient.

The group of adjectives ending in -lis forms the superlative with

the suffix -l?m-, to which the generic endings us, a, are added,

fac?lis, e easy -> facil-lim-us, a, um the easiest, etc.

diffic?lis, e heavy, difficult

sim?lis, e similar

dissim?lis, e unlike

hum?lis, e low

grac?lis, e graceful.

Adjectives ending in -eus, -ius, -uus form the comparative degree of

positive using the adverb maxime most: necessarius, a, um

necessary -> maxime necessarius the most necessary.

Adjectives in the superlative degree change according to the 1st - 2nd declensions.

Meaning of superlative adjectives

Superlative adjectives can have two meanings:

The highest degree of quality (actually gradus superlat?vus);

Very high degree of quality (this value is called gradus

One or another meaning of the superlative degree is determined by the context. More often

in total the elative is used: flumen latiss?mum the widest river

(superlative), very wide river (elative).

The comparative degree can be strengthened with the help of the adverb multo much,

much; excellent - using the conjunction quam: Sementes quam max?mas

fac?re - to produce as large crops as possible.

Supplemental degrees of comparison

Supplemental forms of various parts of speech are those forms that

formed from different stems (cf. in Russian: positive degree

good, but comparative is better). In Latin suppletive degrees of comparison

form adjectives:

| Positive degree | Comparative | Superlative |

| |degree |degree |

|bonus, a, um (good) |melior, melius |opt?mus, a, um |

|malus, a, um (bad) | peior, peius |pess?mus, a, um |

|magnus, a, um (large) |maior, maius |max?mus, a, um |

|parvus, a, um (small) |minor, minus |min?mus, a, um |

|multi, ae, a (many) |plures, pluri |plur?mi, ae, ? |

Ablat?vus separati?nis

Ablat?vus separati?nis is used with verbs or adjectives,

meaning removal, separation, for example:

mov?re, pell?re - remove, expel (from something)

ced?re - to remove oneself from something

arc?re, prohib?re - to abstain from something

liber?re - to free from something.

If ablat?vus separati?nis is expressed by an animate noun, then

it is used with the preposition a (ab). Inanimate noun in

ablat?vus separati?nis is used without a preposition, and sometimes with prepositions

a(ab), de, e(ex).

Homo sum, hum?ni nihil a me alienum puto. - I am a man, and I believe that nothing

humanity is not alien to me.

Duces copias castris ed?cunt. - The commanders are withdrawing the army from the camp.

Ablat?vus loci ("ablative of place") answers the question "where" and means place

actions.

Ablat?vus loci is used without a preposition if words with the meaning of place

or spaces have an agreed upon definition (i.e. standing in

same case and number as the word to which it refers). In particular,

this rule applies to combinations involving the words totus, a, um all,

whole and locus, i, m place: tot? urb? throughout the city; hoc loco in this

If with such words with a local-spatial meaning of definition

no, they are used with the preposition in: in urb? in the city.

The following are used without a preposition:

The expression terr? mar?que on land and sea;

The name of the path or road with verbs of movement: e?dem itin?r? reverti

Return the same way.

Designation of the place of action in Latin

When designating a place of action that answers the question “where”, they are placed in

genetivus form:

Names of cities of the 1st and 2nd declension: Romae in Rome

domus, i, f house: domi house

humus, i f earth: humi on (in) earth, on earth

rus, ruris n village: ruri in the village [These forms have the ending

locative (local case) lost in the Latin language.

Therefore, the form ruri is not characteristic of the third declension gene

ending -i.]

When indicating the direction of action, words that answer the question “where?”

are put in the accusativus form: Romam to Rome, domum home, rus to the village.

When indicating the place of departure (i.e. starting point), the words

are used in the form ablat?vus: Rom? from Rome, dom? from home, rur? from

Names of cities of I - II declensions, having only the plural form

numbers (Ath?nae, ?rum f ?fins, Delphi, ?rum m Delphi), as well as names

cities of III declension (Carthago, Carthag?nis f Carthage):

To indicate the place of action and place of departure are placed in

ablative: Athenis in Athens (or from Athens), Delphis in Delphi (or from

Delphi), Carthagin? in Carthage (or from Carthage);

To indicate the direction of action - in the accusative: Ath?nas in Athens and

Russian nouns denoting segments of space (and time)

are usually expressed in Latin by adjectives that are placed in

in this case before nouns (on this basis one should distinguish

phrases of this type from ordinary combinations of a noun with

adjective - agreed definition: media via middle of the road (cf.

via media middle road), etc.

Genet?vus gen?ris

Genet?vus gen?ris ("genitive genus" or "genitive species")

used:

With neuter singular nouns denoting

measure, number or quantity;

For quantitative adjectives and neuter pronouns

singular. Genetivus generis means objects or

substance that is measured or counted: num?rus mil?tum

number of warriors; nihil novi nothing new; aliquid temp?ris some

time (lit. several times).

Genet?vus partit?vus

Genet?vus partit?vus is used to designate the whole from which

Only a part stands out.

Genetivus partitivus is used:

If there is a definition expressed by an adjective in the comparative

or superlative: Gall?rum omnium fortiss?mi sunt Belgae

(Caes.) - The bravest of all the Gauls are the Belgae;

For interrogative and indefinite pronouns (see lecture): quis

nostrum? which one of us? nemo nostrum none of us;

For adjectives with the meaning of quantity in the form

plural (multi many, pauci few, etc.): multi

nostrum many of us;

With numerals: unus nostrum one of us.

The combination genet?vus gen?ris with these words is translated into Russian

genitive case with the prepositions “from”, “between”, “among”.

Related information.

5.1 Comparative degree of adjectives

As in the Russian language, in Latin there are 3 degrees of comparison: positive, comparative and superlative.

The comparative degree is indicated by suffixes:

-ior– for masculine and feminine;

-ius- for the neuter gender.

Dictionary form adjectives comparatively consist of two components:

1. nominative singular masculine and feminine form with suffix -ior;

2. neuter nominative singular suffix -ius.

For example: anterior – anterior, ius.

You should remember the following comparative adjectives used in medical terminology:

These adjectives are translated into Russian with a positive degree.

The basis adjectives to a comparative extent coincides with the form of the nominative singular masculine and feminine gender on -ior.

These adjectives bow down according to the 3rd declension. To form the singular genitive form of adjectives in the comparative degree, it is necessary to add an ending to the base of the comparative adjective - is, that is, the form for all three genders will end with -ioris.

For example:

base – superior+ ending genitive case of the 3rd declension - is

we get the genitive case form superioris for masculine, feminine, neuter.

If a term contains several adjectives, then the comparative adjective usually occupies last place.

For example:

nervus cutaneus brachii lateralis inferior – lower lateral cutaneous nerve of the shoulder

Adjectives meaning big/small

In Latin anatomical nomenclature, both comparative and positive degrees of comparison of adjectives can be used big/small: magnus, a, um / parvus, a, um (positive degree); major, jus / minor, us (comparative degree).

1. Adjectives in the comparative degree are used in most anatomical terms. They are used in antonymous terms when similar anatomical structures are compared by size: ala major / ala minor – large wing / small wing.

2. Adjectives are used in a positive degree in cases where the meaning “large” or “small” is compared with a qualitatively different feature: nervus auricularis magnus/nervus auricularis posterior – big auricular nerve / rear ear nerve

5.2 Superlative adjectives

You should remember the following superlative adjectives, which are most often found in medical terminology:

Latissimus, a, um – widest maximus, a, um – largest

Longissimus, a, um – longest minimus, a, um – smallest

Supremus, a, um – highest

Dictionary form superlative adjectives consists of:

1. forms of the adjective in the nominative case, singular, masculine;

2. endings of the feminine nominative case;

3. endings of the nominative case of the neuter gender.

Leaning These adjectives are in the 1st and 2nd declensions, just like the adjectives of the 1st group, i.e. in the genitive singular for masculine and neuter gender endings -i, and for the feminine gender the ending - ae.

You should pay attention to the following feature: superlative adjectives are expressed by Russian equivalents big/small in three anatomical terms:

Musculus glutaeus maximus – gluteus maximus muscle

Musculus glutaeus minimus – gluteus minimus muscle

Musculus adductor minimus – adductor minimus

Adjectives in the comparative and superlative degrees agree with nouns in the same way as adjectives of groups 1 and 2.

5.3 Security questions

1. What declension are used for comparative adjectives?

2. What components does the dictionary form of adjectives in the comparative degree consist of?

3. What components does the dictionary form of superlative adjectives consist of?

5.4 Homework

1. You must learn the theoretical material from the textbook.

2. Learn the minimum vocabulary from the textbook.

3. Complete exercises No. 5, 6 – in writing.

4. Learn Latin sayings.

5.5 Lexical minimum

Positive degree of adjectives
accessorius, a, um	additional
brevis, e	short
bulbus, i m	bulb
cavus, a, um	hollow
cervix, icis f	neck, cervix
cingulum, i n	belt
costalis, e	costal
digitus, i m	finger
glutaeus, a, um	gluteal
hyoideus, a, um	sublingual (with noun “bone”)
jugularis, e	jugular
longitudinalis, e	longitudinal
medialis, e	medial
mucosa, ae f	mucous membrane
mucosus, a, um	slimy
muscularis, e	muscular
nasalis, e	nasal
nervus, i m	nerve
ostium, i n	mouth, hole
palpebra, ae f	eyelid
proprius, a, um	own
rectum, i n	rectum
rectus, a, um	straight
sacralis, e	sacral
scalenus, a, um	staircase
squamosus, a,um	scaly
sympathicus, a, um	sympathetic
talus, i m	talus
tendo, inis m	tendon
tibialis, e	tibial
magnus, a, um	big
parvus, a, um	small
Comparative degree of adjectives
anterior, ius	front
inferior, ius	lower
major, jus	big
minor, us	small
posterior, ius	rear
superior, ius	upper
Superlative adjectives
latissimus, a, um	widest
longissimus, a, um	longest
maximus, a, um	greatest
minimus, a, um	least
supremus, a, um	highest

Superlative formed by adding a suffix to the base of adjectives -issim- and gender endings of adjectives of group I -us,a,um(-issĭmus, -issĭma, -issĭmum). Adjectives on -er form superlatives using a suffix -rĭ m-, wherein -e- the basics are preserved in all cases. Several adjectives on - ĭ lis(facĭlis,e easy; difficilis,e difficult; simĭlis,e similar; dissimilis,e unlike etc.) form the superlative degree using the suffix -lĭ m- and the same generic endings us,a,um:

latus,a,um lat-issĭm-us,a,um

wide, aya, oe widest, aya, ee

liber,ĕra,ĕrum liber-rĭm-us,a,um

free the most (very) free

salūber,bris,bre saluber-rĭm-us,a,um

healingmost healing

simĭlis,e simil-lĭm-us,a,um

similarVerysimilar

utĭlis,e util-issĭm-us,a,um

useful very useful

The superlative degree of comparison of adjectives has the same dictionary form as the adjectives of the first group: longissimus, a, um longest; latissimus,a,um widest etc.

§18. Cdegrees of comparison formed from different bases

Some Latin adjectives form degrees of comparison from different stems (cf. Russian: good - best - beautiful, etc.):

In anatomical terminology the words magnus And major are translated the same way: ‘large’, but the first form is usually used in relation to single formations, and the second - in relation to paired anatomical formations: foramen magnum (occipilāle); foramen ischiadĭcum maius et minus.

§ 19. Insufficient degrees of comparison

The following adjectives do not have a positive degree. For them, the form of the comparative degree is translated by the positive degree of the adjective:

From the superlative degree proximus,a,um the adjective proximālis,e is formed, denoting the part of the body located on the limbs closer to the torso. That part of the body that is located further from the torso is defined by the adjective distālis,e.

Uexercise

1. Complete the dictionary form of the comparative degree of adjectives: anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, major, minor.

2. Form a shapeGen. sing. Forthreechildbirththe followingadjectives: anterior, ius; inferior, ius; interior, ius; major, jus; melior, ius; minor, minus; pejor, jus; posterior, ius; superior, ius.

3. Declineand translatephrases: facies articularis superior; foramen posterius; muscŭlus latissĭmus.

4. Educatedegreescomparisonsthe followingadjectivenykh: latus,a,um; longus,a,um; parvus,a,um; magnus,a,um.

5. Agree the adjectives with the nouns, translate into Latin: anterior (muscle, surface, ligament, opening, lobe, tubercle, fossa, ridge); lower (muscle, vein, limb, shell, lip, process, arch, spine); large (horn, canal, wing, canal, bronchus, trachea, groove, head,); small (horn, muscle, opening, notch, wing, tubercle, fossa); posterior (arch, surface, ligament, line, tubercle, hole, spine).

6. Translate, name the wordsRnew form of words: muscŭlus latissĭmus dorsi, facies articulāris superior; forāmen sacrāle anterius; muscŭli capĭtis recti maior et minor; muscŭli oblīqui superior et inferior; crista nasālis anterior; cornua coccygea maiōra et minōra; processus articulāres superiōres; foramĭna venārum minimārum; arteriae palatīnae minōres; foramĭna palatīna minōra; forāmen venae cavae inferiōris; cingŭlum membri superiōris (inferiōris).

1. Adjectives in Latin, as in Russian, are divided into qualitative and relative. Qualitative adjectives denote a feature of an object directly, that is, without relation to other objects: true rib - costa vera, long bone - os longum, yellow ligament - ligamentum flavum, transverse process - processus transversus, large hole - foramen magnum, trapezoid bone - os trapezoideum, sphenoid bone – os sphenoidale, etc.

Relative adjectives indicate the attribute of an object not directly, but through its relationship to another object: spinal column (column of vertebrae) - columna vertebralis, frontal bone - os frontale, sphenoid sinus (cavity in the body of the sphenoid bone) - sinus sphenoidalis, sphenoid crest (section anterior surface of the body of the sphenoid bone) – crista sphenoidalis.

The predominant mass of adjectives in anatomical nomenclature are relative adjectives, indicating that a given anatomical formation belongs to a whole organ or to another anatomical formation, such as the frontal process (extending from the zygomatic bone upward, where it connects with the zygomatic process of the frontal bone) - processus frontalis.

2. The categorical meaning of an adjective is expressed in the categories of gender, number and case. The category of gender is an inflectional category. As in Russian, adjectives change according to gender: they can be in the masculine, feminine or neuter form. The gender of an adjective depends on the gender of the noun with which it is agreed. For example, the Latin adjective meaning “yellow” (-aya, -oe) has three gender forms – flavus (m. p.), flava (f. p.), flavum (w. p.).

3. Inflection of adjectives also occurs according to cases and numbers, i.e. adjectives, like nouns, are declined.

1. Declension of adjectives. Dictionary form

Adjectives, unlike nouns, are declined only in the I, II or III declension.

The specific type of declension by which a particular adjective is modified is determined by the standard dictionary form in which it is written in the dictionary and in which it should be remembered.

In the dictionary form of the vast majority of adjectives, the endings characteristic of one type or another are indicated. p.un. h.

Moreover, some adjectives have endings in them. items for each gender are completely different, for example: rectus, recta, rectum - straight, straight, direct; other adjectives for the masculine and feminine gender have one common ending, and for the neuter gender - another, for example: brevis - short and short, breve - short.

Adjectives are also given in dictionary form in different ways. For example: rectus, -a, -um; brevis, -e.

Ending -us m.r. replaced in w. R. to -a (recta), and in cf. R. – on -um (rectum).

Two groups of adjectives

Depending on the type of declension in which adjectives are declined, they are divided into 2 groups. Group membership is recognized by standard dictionary forms.

The 1st group includes adjectives that are declined according to the 1st and 2nd declension. They are easily recognized by their endings. n. -us (or -er), -a, -um in dictionary form.

The 2nd group includes all adjectives that have a different dictionary form. Their inflection occurs according to the third declension.

Memorizing the dictionary form is necessary in order to correctly determine the type of declension and use the appropriate endings in oblique cases.

Adjectives of the 1st group

If there is a dictionary form with endings in them. p.un. Part -us, -a, -um or -er, -a, -um adjectives in the form w. R. Declined according to the first declension, in the form of m.r. and Wed R. - according to II declination.

For example: longus, -a, -um – long; liber, -era, -erum – free. In the family etc., they have, respectively, the endings:

Some adjectives that have a m.r. ending -er, the letter “e” appears in the m.r., starting with gender. p.un. h., and in w. R. and on Wed. R. - in all cases without exception. This does not happen with other adjectives. For example, the dictionary forms ruber, -bra, -brum, liber, -era, -erum.

Adjectives of the 2nd group

Adjectives of the 2nd group are declined according to the 3rd declension. Their dictionary form differs from adjectives of the 1st group.

According to the number of gender endings in the dictionary form, adjectives of the 2nd group are divided into:

1) adjectives with two endings;

2) adjectives of the same ending;

3) adjectives with three endings.

1. Adjectives with two endings are most common in anatomical-histological and in medical terminology in general. They have it in them. p., units only two generic endings – -is, -е; -is – common for m.r. and f. r., e – only for Wed. R. For example: brevis – short, short; breve – short.

Examples of adjectives with two endings in dictionary form:

brevis, e – short, -aya, -oe;

frontalis, e – frontal, -aya, -oe.

The predominant number of adjectives with two endings found in the nomenclature is characterized by the following word-formation model.

For example: stem-al-is, e – sternal, cost-al-is e – costal, clavicul-ar-is – clavicular, dors-al-is – dorsal, dorsal.

All adjectives formed in this suffixal way acquired the general meaning “relating to what is called the base” (sternum, rib, collarbone, back, rear).

2. Adjectives of the same ending have one common ending in them for all genders. p.un. h. Such an ending can be, in particular, -х, or -s, etc. For example: simplex - simple, -th, -oe; teres – round, -aya, -oe; biceps – two-headed, -aya, -oe.

Unlike all other types of adjectives, they have the following feature: the stem is in gender. n. and im. n. - different. This is reflected in dictionary form. For example:

simplex, icis – teres, etis – biceps, ipitis;

base: simplic– – teret– – bicipit-.

3. Adjectives of three endings have the endings: m.r. – -er, f. p. – -is, cf. R. – -e. For example: celer, -eris, -ere – fast, -aya, -oe; celeber, -bris, -bre – healing, -aya, -oe.

All adjectives of the 2nd group, regardless of the dictionary form, are declined according to the 3rd declension and have a single stem in oblique cases.

For example:

2. Coordination. Adjective - agreed definition

Another type of subordinating connection, when the function of definition in a noun phrase is performed by a non-noun in gender. p., and the adjective is called agreement, and the definition is agreed upon.

When agreed, a grammatically dependent definition is likened in gender, number and case to the main word. As the grammatical forms of the main word change, the forms of the dependent word also change. In other words, as in Russian, adjectives agree with the noun in gender, number and case.

For example, when agreeing the adjectives transversus, -a, -um and vertebralis, -e with the nouns processus, -us (m); linea, -ae (f); ligamentum, -i (n); canalls, -is (m); incisura, -ae, (f); foramen, -inis (n) the following phrases are obtained:

3. Comparative degree (Gradus comparativus); education and declination

As in Russian, Latin qualitative adjectives have three degrees of comparison: positive (gradus positivus), comparative (gradus comparativus) and superlative (gradus superlativus).

The comparative degree is formed from the stem of the positive degree by adding to it the suffix -ior for m.r. and f. r., suffix -ius – for cf. R. For example:

1. The main grammatical features of adjectives in the comparative degree are: for m.r. and f. R. – suffix -ior, for cf. R. – suffix -ius.

For example: brevior, -ius; latior, -ius.

2. For all comparative adjectives, the base coincides with the m.r. form. and f. R. in them p.un. h.:

3. Adjectives are declined in the comparative degree according to the III declension. Genus form p.un. h. is the same for all three genders: it is formed by adding the ending -is to the stem.

4. Adjectives agree comparatively with nouns in gender, number and case, that is, they are agreed upon definitions: sutura latior; sulcus latior; foramen latius.

4. Nominative plural (Nominativus pluralis) of nouns of the I, II, III, IV, V declension and adjectives

1. Any case endings, including endings named after. p.m. h., are always attached to the base.

2. For the formation of word forms named after. p.m. including different declinations, the following provisions must be adhered to.

If the noun refers to Wed. r., then it declines in accordance with the rule cf. r., which reads: all words cf. R. (both nouns and adjectives of all degrees of comparison), regardless of which declension they belong to, end in them. p.m. h. on -a. This applies only to the words cf. p., for example: ligamenta lata - broad ligaments, crura ossea - bone legs, ossa temporalia - temporal bones, cornua majora - large horns.

Word endings in m.r. and f. R. in them p.m. h. it is easier to remember taking into account each individual declination. In this case, it is necessary to remember the following correspondences: nouns of I, II, IV declensions have in them. p.m. h. exactly the same ending as in gen. p.m. h. The same correspondence is observed with adjectives of the 1st group, because they are declined like nouns of the 1st and 2nd declensions, for example:

Nouns of the III and V declensions, as well as adjectives of the III declension and adjectives in the comparative degree (they are also declined in the III declension) have in them. p.m. including the same ending -es.

Generalization of data on the endings of nouns and adjectives in them. p.m. h.

The lecture notes presented to your attention are intended to prepare students of medical universities for passing the exam. The book includes a full course of lectures on the Latin language, is written in accessible language and will be an indispensable assistant for those who want to quickly prepare for the exam and pass it successfully.

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The given introductory fragment of the book Latin for doctors: lecture notes (A. I. Shtun) provided by our book partner - the company liters.

Lecture No. 4. Adjective. Grammatical categories