Syntactic role of the infinitive
State Educational Institution "Gymnasium No. 2 of Minsk"
Bulygina L.N.
What is an "infinitive"?
Infinitive
(from Latin modus infinivus
unspecified method) –
original form denoting
action without connection with a person.
Other names for the infinitive
Infinitive
Verb initial form
Goals and objectives
- Summarize information about the syntactic functions of the infinitive in a sentence.
- To develop the ability to differentiate the infinitive as a subject, predicate, object, definition, adverbial purpose.
- Take notes on new material in order to apply it in practice.
Infinitive as subject Repetition
- 1 Copy the sentences, add punctuation marks.
- Emphasize grammatical basics.
- Under what condition is the infinitive the subject of a sentence?
A dash is placed
1. NOUN --- NOUN
Tsarskoye Selo Palace architectural
a miracle of its time.
2. INFINITIVE --- INFINITIVE
Learn to sharpen your mind.
3. NUMERAL --- NUMERAL
Thirty and two hundred fifty six two hundred
eighty six.
A dash is placed
4. NOUN --- INFINITIVE
Favorite pastime of lyceum students is ice skating
along the lake.
5. INFINITIVE --- NOUN
Living “for the common good” is the alumni covenant
A dash is placed
6. NUMERAL --- NOUN
Thirty-two years of existence
Lyceum in Tsarskoe Selo.
7. NOUN --- NUMERAL
The training period for lyceum students is six years.
A dash is placed
8. NOUN
NUMERAL,
INFINITIVE
NOUN,
NUMERAL,
INFINITIVE
Educating a young man at the Lyceum means
give him extensive knowledge
and raise him well.
The presence of an infinitive...
- containing the lexical meaning of the predicate, is the most important identifying feature of a compound verbal predicate
COMPOSITE
VERB
PREDICATE
AUXILIARY
VERB
INFINITIVE
grammatical
meaning
lexical
meaning
He started writing composition .
Compound verb Compound noun predicate predicate
- Minsk is the capital of the Republic of Belarus
- Minsk is the capital of the Republic of Belarus.
- The autumn weather was rainy.
- The task is difficult.
- The days have become shorter.
- Summer turned out to be rainy
- The sky seems gloomy.
- linking verb + nominal part
- (noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral, adverb )
- I love reading historical books.
- I continue to study at the gymnasium.
- I want to go to college.
- I can only study excellently.
- I'm ready to learn
- I need to study
- auxiliary verb, short adjective, adverb + infinitive
Basic auxiliary verbs and short adjectives, predicative adverbs as auxiliary verbs
1. Beginning, end, continuation of action
(phase
Verbs )
2. Possibility, necessity of action (modal verbs)
3.Desirability
actions.
Verbs with the meaning of desire)
1)start
2) be able
4.Emotional assessment of the action.
Verbs with the meaning of thought processes, mental experiences
become
finish
get started
continue
stop
quit
get started
stay
4) love
hate
be able to
learn
be on time
work hard
I started studying
Short adjectives as auxiliary verbs
Predicative adverbs in
roles of auxiliary verbs
Verb-nominal
descriptive
turnover
3)want
like
hope
be afraid to be ashamed
prepare
hurry
tolerate
Glad Nado
must need
obliged perhaps
intends necessary
free is impossible
you can't be powerful
inclined easily
I agree it's difficult
a lot of fun
ready sad
worthy
want
dream
try
try
I like studying
I have to study
I can't help but study
to have a wish
make an effort
agree
make a decision
tion
I can't help but study
I have a desire to learn
Distinguish the infinitive
part of the predicate addition circumstance goals
The action of the same action of another on verbs faces faces movement
compared with an auxiliary verb
Infinitive as part of a compound verbal predicate
- It's sad for us to listen to the autumn blizzard.
- The young man wanted to sort out his problems.
Action by the same person
Infinitive as subject
- To destroy an enemy is a great merit, but to save a friend is the highest honor.
- Reading poetry expressively is a great art.
One of the main members of the sentence is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, and the other by an indefinite form of the verb
Infinitive as an object
what?
- Forests teach people to understand beauty.
- The captain ordered the crew to abandon ship.
Action of another person
Infinitive as a goal adverbial
for what purpose?
- We went to defend freedom, to save light from darkness.
- I came to the south to work on a book.
- I came to the south for work over the book.
With verbs of motion
in some cases such an infinitive
can be replaced with a noun
for what purpose?
Infinitive as a definition
which?
- More than once an irresistible desire arose in her soul to express everything without concealment.
- The travelers still made an effort to move forward.
which?
Let's sum it up results lesson
Introspection
- Now I can…
- I was surprised...
- It was difficult…
Homework
- Theory
- Exercise
The infinitive is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon, which, apparently, is one of the reasons for the inaccuracies in the analysis of the syntactic role of the infinitive.
The infinitive - the initial form of the verb - is very flexible in syntactic terms: it is capable of occupying the syntactic positions of both main and secondary members in a sentence; those. in speech, the infinitive exhibits various functional and semantic properties. Depending on this, a subjective infinitive, a predicate infinitive, an objective infinitive, an adverbial (target) infinitive, and an attributive infinitive are distinguished.
The most common among them is the predicate infinitive.
The traditional idea of the independent infinitive and the dependent infinitive (here we highlight the subjective one), apparently, turns out to be insufficiently adequate and correct. A future language arts teacher needs to navigate the functional-semantic properties of the infinitive and its syntactic role in a sentence. Knowing this makes it easier to understand the multifaceted communicative essence of the infinitive.
Subjective infinitive
The subject infinitive denotes the grammatical subject, i.e. the subject of thought (statement) is the subject of a two-part sentence, because its actual feature is expressed by the second main member of the sentence - the predicate. The infinitive subject usually comes before the predicate and does not grammatically depend on any member of the sentence, i.e. does not agree with any word, is not controlled by any member and is not adjacent to any member of the sentence, reveals syntactic synonymy with a verbal noun in the form of the nominative case, the position of which it occupies.
For example:
Smoking is harmful to health. (Proverb); ...chasing after lost happiness is useless and reckless. (M. Lermontov); Hunting on skis is very tiring... (S. Aksakov); It was becoming dangerous to stay in Bogucharovo. (L. Tolstoy); To invent means to dream. (Kozhevnikov); Eating is prohibited here. (Announcement).
Wed: Smoking is harmful to health; The pursuit of lost happiness is useless and reckless. Hunting on skis is tiring. Etc.
In the examples given, the infinitive acts as the subject, although unmorphologized and atypical. A.M. Peshkovsky wrote: “The infinitive here is not a real subject, i.e. a designation of an “object” to which the attribute expressed in the predicate is attributed.” Such an infinitive subject is a “substitute” for the subject, “substitution is a grammatical fact...”, the form of the infinitive itself is not indifferent for such a substitution, because Of all verbal forms, the infinitive is the only one, by its very nature, capable of some (minimal) approximation to a noun."
The subjective infinitive takes the same position with a finite verb, forming with it a compound verbal predicate, but only if this finite verb is an auxiliary (phasic, modal or emotional), as in the sentences: ... In the end, I completely stopped thinking about the purpose of my trip. (Yu. Nagibin); ... All people want to cry sometimes... (E. Yevtushenko); She was afraid to speak loudly. Compound predicates here - stopped thinking, wanted to cry, was afraid to speak. Another condition for the participation of the infinitive in the formation of the predicate is its dependence on the predicate and predicative adverb, for example: But by the way, you cannot put on shoes without expense. - You can stand and sit in them. In any weather. (N. Matveeva). The infinitive put on depends on the predicate impossible and forms a predicate with it; The infinitives stand and sit form predicates with the predicate possible. In the sentence I am ashamed to shake hands with flatterers, liars, thieves and scoundrels... (A. Tarkovsky) the infinitive to shake depends on the predicative adverb shame and forms a predicate with it.
The subjective infinitive is associated with a personal verb that is not classified as an auxiliary, therefore, it cannot be in the position of the predicate, but occupies other positions, which are also determined by substituting a question. Let's consider the proposals. Small children! Don't go to Africa for anything in the world, to go for a walk in Africa! (K. Chukovsky). In combination, don’t go for a walk, the personal verb, having the meaning of movement, is not included in the category of auxiliary, therefore it is a simple verbal predicate, and the infinitive is a circumstance of the purpose: do not go (for what purpose?) for a walk. We... will forever forget to walk around Africa! (K. Chukovsky) - let’s forget (about what?) for a walk.
Thus, the function of the subject, i.e. the subjective infinitive in speech seems to be insufficiently clear. Nevertheless, the prepositive position of the infinitive when followed by a predicate and the possibility of its syntactic synonymy with the nominative case of the noun confirm the subject function of the subjective infinitive.
Predicate infinitive
The predicate infinitive is the most important semantic center of a two-part sentence, a component of a simple analytical predicate, in which the grammatical meanings of the future tense and indicative mood are expressed by the conjugated form of the verb to be; for example: We asked in surprise: will Silvio really not fight? (A. Pushkin); ...during a thunderstorm, the clouds will descend to my roof. (M. Lermontov); Some month would pass, and it seemed to him that Anna Sergeevna would be covered in a fog in his memory and only occasionally would he be dreamed of with a touching smile, as others had dreamed of. (A. Chekhov); We’ll play a wedding, I’ll crawl on my knees... (K. Serafimov). I will talk to the whole world. (K. Paustovsky); I still don’t know what I will write. (K. Paustovsky).
The predicate infinitive is an indispensable component of the widely used compound verbal predicate, in which it depends on the conjugated form of the copular auxiliary verb of semi-abstract, modal and phase infinitives such as become, can, continue, stop, etc.; For example: Everyone began to secretly interpret, joke, judge, not without sin, predict a groom for Tatyana. (A. Pushkin); ... I couldn’t look around for a long time. (M. Lermontov); The girl stopped crying... (N. Korolenko); He did not answer and continued to look at Claudin. (Panova); Let him just try to come over! (K. Paustovsky).
The predicate infinitive is an essential component of a complex predicate. The last infinitive expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate, and the preceding infinitive such as decide, wait, endure, begin, dare, etc., a short predicative adjective such as ready, much, must, obliged, capable, etc. as a semantic complicator together with the connective An auxiliary verb (materially expressed or “zero”) forms a connective part. For example: I was ready to love the whole world... (M. Lermontov); Princess Marya... could not decide to leave him alone and for the first time in her life she allowed herself to disobey him. (L. Tolstoy); But still, he could wait a moment to boast about the order in his boys' school. (Prilezhaeva); I shouldn't dare tell you about this. (I. Turgenev); In the middle of the road, he once again forced himself to stop thinking about the impossible. (K. Simonov).
Let us also note that when analyzing a complex predicate, it is sometimes difficult to determine its syntactic connection with the infinitive subject. Wed:
To teach is to sharpen the mind. (Proverb);
Teaching is like sharpening the mind;
To teach means to sharpen the mind.
These varieties, perhaps, limit the connection of the predicate with the infinitive subject. It cannot be called grammatical agreement, since the infinitive subject is devoid of inflectional formants (affixes), and therefore the predicate cannot have adequate ones. Here, apparently, coordination manifests itself, i.e. logical coordination.
Object infinitive
The objective infinitive performs the function of a grammatical object in a sentence, i.e. additions. It refers to a verbal predicate with a lexical intellectual-imperative meaning (ordered, demanded, asked, forced, offered, advised, helped, forced, persuaded, etc.), and is connected with this predicate by the method of adjacency.
The object infinitive denotes an action (state) as an object of activity of someone or something that is not the subject. The objective infinitive never occupies the same position with the finite verb, i.e. cannot be predicated. To determine its syntactic function, we use the usual technique - we substitute the question: And I ask you not to pester me - the infinitive takes the position of complement. Similarly: We invited readers to work as private detectives... (from the newspaper), the infinitive to work is an addition. He answers questions of addition (semantic questions, homonymous to questions of indirect cases).
An objective infinitive can enter into syntactic synonymous relations with an objective noun (prepositional-substantive combination) as a complement. The infinitive complement is a type of atypical, i.e. unmorphologized addition. For example: Home circumstances forced me to settle in a poor village in the N district. (A. Pushkin). The drizzling rain forced me to return to the tent. (Arsenyev); ...grandfather forbade me to walk around the yard and in the garden for some offense. (M. Gorky); She seemed to ask her not to call her and not to shame her, because she herself was not feeling well in her soul... (K. Paustovsky). This belief in the imaginary is the force that makes a person look for the imaginary in life, fight for its embodiment, follow the call of the imagination, as old Hidalgo did, and finally create the imaginary in reality. (K. Paustovsky). Wed: Circumstances at home forced me to settle in a poor village... Wed. also: He will teach you to save words, conciseness, accuracy. (M. Gorky); He'll bring you food and vodka. (M. Gorky).
Here, in the same context, infinitive and ordinary (substantive) additions are used in parallel.
In rare cases, it is possible to use an infinitive complement dependent on a complex predicate, for example: No one dared to suggest that Sobol correct his [story]. (K. Paustovsky).
The objective infinitive can take the position of a goal adverbial: He willingly gave them (the books) to read. Wed. also a replacement: gave for reading.
Infinitive adverbial
It performs in the sentence the syntactic role (function) of a secondary member - the circumstances of the goal. It extends the predicate - a verbal word form with the lexical meaning of movement (go, come, sit down, put down, arrive, sit down, gather, etc.), depends on this predicate, connects with it by the method of adjacency, answers the questions why? for what purpose? However, we must remember the polysemy of words. So, for example, the verb go is polysemantic: along with the direct meaning of “move”, it can realize a figurative one - “to start doing something, to begin to implement”, in the latter case it acts as an auxiliary and, together with the infinitive, forms a compound verbal predicate, cf.: And they went to laugh - Limpopo. (K. Chukovsky). Let's go laugh means start laughing, this is a compound verbal predicate with a phase auxiliary verb denoting the beginning of the action.
The adverbial infinitive easily enters into a relationship of syntactic synonymy with the infinitive phrase, which has a pronounced target meaning and is attached to the explained part by a subordinating conjunction so that. For example: It became stuffy in the hut, and I went out to freshen up. After the rally, Cherepanov invited Frolov to have dinner with him.
Attributive infinitive
It is a minor member in a sentence - an inconsistent definition. Such an infinitive depends on the noun and is associated with it by the method of adjacency. The attributive infinitive answers the questions which? which? which? what?, coming from the defined noun. Along with the main, defining meaning, a substantive phrase with a dependent infinitive can express additional shades (objective, causal, etc.). The syncretic attributive infinitive reveals synonymy with a prepositional-nominal combination corresponding in meaning. For example: Zurin received orders to cross the Volga. (Pushkin); I have an innate passion for contradiction. (Lermontov); [Wed: order to cross...; innate passion for contradiction...].
Finally, the infinitive is often used as the main member of a one-part sentence.
The main member of a one-part sentence, expressed by an infinitive, is the predicative center of the statement. There are such varieties with the main member - the infinitive.
1. The infinitive is the main member of a one-part personal sentence. This is the main member in predicate form.
I like to sleep long, but I’m ashamed to get up late.
2. The infinitive is the main member of a one-part impersonal sentence. Here the infinitive is an integral component of the analytical construction.
They don’t give away the good ones, but you don’t want to take the bad ones.
3. The infinitive is the main member of the infinitive sentence. In this use, it is absolutely grammatically independent, expressing a potential procedural meaning, which usually correlates with the dative case of the subject.
Russian infinitive Dagestan school
You won't be able to catch up with the crazy three.
The dative subject may be absent. Wed:
It is a good thing to speak the truth boldly.
During linguistic analysis, particular difficulties arise when several infinitives are used in one sentence (especially those with different functions). These are examples of the type: The habit of wandering through maps and seeing different places in your imagination helps you correctly see them in reality.
Possessing a small number of morphological properties, the infinitive has developed a complex system of syntactic properties that are found in phrases, sentences, and text. Thus, the indefinite form can be used independently, combined with several parts of speech, defined by semantics and form. Let's name, first of all, combinations with personal forms of verbs - wants to find out, decided to go, wants to leave, went to ask, invited to talk; combinations with participles - trying to find out, deciding to go, wanting to leave; combinations with gerunds - trying to find out, deciding to go, inviting to talk; combinations with abstract nouns - the desire to leave, the decision to go, the desire to leave; with full and short adjectives - ready to help, inclined to exaggerate, intends to leave; with the words of the state category - you can’t be late, you can study, you must announce. Of all the mentioned combinations, the most frequent and productive are combinations with personal verbs and words of the state category.
Infinitive sentences
Infinitive sentences are one-part sentences with a main predicate member, an expressed infinitive, denoting a possible (impossible), necessary or inevitable action. For example:
Don't turn a stone out of your way with your thoughts. (M. Gorky);
Be a great storm! (A. Pushkin);
Clouds cannot hide the sun, war cannot defeat the world. (Proverb).
Infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in the composition of the predicative basis. In impersonal sentences with an infinitive, the predicate must include a verb or a word of the state category, to which the infinitive is attached: Yes, you can drink in the heat, in a thunderstorm, in the cold, yes, you can go hungry and cold, go to death, but these three birches with life cannot be given to anyone. (Simonov). In infinitive sentences, the infinitive does not depend on any word, but, on the contrary, all words are subject to it in semantic and grammatical terms: You can’t catch up with the crazy three! (N. Nekrasov). Wed. also: You shouldn’t (shouldn’t, shouldn’t, can’t) rush to answer! - Don't rush to answer!
Infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in general meaning. If the main (typical) mass of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the actor, then in infinitive sentences the actor is encouraged to take active action, the desirability and necessity of active action are noted. The character of the actor (definite, indefinite or generalized person) in infinitive sentences has a semantic-stylistic meaning, and in impersonal sentences the uncertainty of the producer of the action has a structural-syntactic meaning.
Infinitive sentences are one of the syntactic means of expressing modal meanings. In infinitive sentences, modality is expressed “by the very form of the infinitive and intonation, and is intensified and differentiated by particles.”
Infinitive sentences without a particle would express the modal meanings of obligation, necessity, impossibility, inevitability, etc.: Who are you talking to? Be silent! (A. Chekhov); Always shine, shine everywhere, until the last days, shine - and no nails! This is my slogan - and the sun! (V. Mayakovsky); Don't let the grass grow after autumn. (A. Koltsov).
Infinitive sentences without indicating the person-doer are often used in the titles of articles that have the nature of an appeal, in slogans, etc.: Grow a high harvest! Harvest without loss! Create an abundance of food for the population and raw materials for industry! Wed. See also: Don't be late for class! Do not talk during class! No smoking at the institute!
Often, infinitive sentences of this structure have the meaning of rhetorical questions: Well, how can you not please your loved one! (Griboyedov).
Infinitive sentences with a particle would express the desirability of an action, fear about its implementation or warning, an unfulfilled action, etc.: I would mow, plow, sow, ride horses... (A. Chekhov). I should pick a big, big bouquet here and quietly bring it to the bedside. (A. Surkov); Oh, if the rain were to fall on my life, I would not consider my life lived aimlessly! (V. Soloukhin); Don't miss the train! (E. Serebrovskaya); At least see one lousy partridge. (V. Sanin).
Infinitive sentences as part of a complex syntactic whole are often “fitted” into the semantics of a sentence with a subject pronoun: Wait? This was not in his rules (V. Kataev); Wandering through the mountains with a hammer and a bag on your back, riding a horse, living in a tent, seeing peaks blazing under the sun... Will this really happen? (L. Volynsky). In their semantic-functional role, such sentences are close to the so-called “nominative representations”, the structural core of which is formed by nouns.
The specificity of infinitive sentences is created by the infinitive, which combines the properties of the verb and the noun. Bringing one side closer to impersonal sentences and the other to nominative sentences, infinitive sentences form a special type of one-part sentence.
Determining the place of infinitive sentences in the system of simple sentence types and in modern linguistics is debatable. Some scientists distinguish them into a special type of one-part sentences, others include them in impersonal sentences. In the school textbook, infinitive sentences are considered as part of impersonal sentences.
Infinitive sentences thus express a variety of modal and expressive meanings:
1) inevitability: There will be trouble;
2) desirability: I wish I could sleep for at least an hour;
3) obligation: You should walk;
4) opportunity: Now just live;
5) impossibility: You can’t get through here;
7) rhetorical question: Do you know him? - How not to know!;
8) other emotionally expressive meanings: Refuse surgery! How could such a thing come into your head!; Retreat? Give up? Never!
The infinitive is widely used in interrogative sentences (How to get to the library?), as well as in complex sentences to express various modal meanings - in the subordinate clause: I came to talk; in the subordinate clause: If you talked to him, I’m sure he would change dramatically; in subordinate tense: Before taking the exam, you need to prepare.
Infinitive sentences usually have a paradigm consisting of one form, but sentences with the meaning of impossibility have four forms: There is no way to pass here; It was impossible to drive through here (and today they laid planks); It will be impossible to pass here; It would have been impossible to pass here (if boards had not been laid).
Thus, in this paragraph we have shown that the infinitive is very actively used in speech and that the most striking feature of this form of the verb is that the infinitive can be any member of the sentence, both main and secondary.
As for infinitive sentences, we can once again note the following: they express different modal meanings; they must be distinguished from impersonal sentences. Infinitive sentences, according to some scientists, form a special type of one-part sentence. Other scientists include them among the impersonal ones. In the school textbook they are considered as part of impersonal ones.
That smoke is harmful. Smoking is harmful.
Then obey the laws is everyone's duty.
It is everyone's responsibility to obey the laws.
To save money now is practically impossible.
Saving (putting aside) money is now almost impossible.
I shall go to the Crimea. I will go to Crimea.
I didn't see the new production of our drama theatre.
I have not seen the new production of our drama theater.
3. Part of a compound verbal predicate.
Not can dance twist.
He knows how to dance the twist.
b) in combination with verbs that, without an infinitive, do not give the full semantic meaning: to begin - start off, to continue - continue, to decide - decide, to want - want, to hope - hope, to try - try, try, to end - finish, to stop - stay and etc.:
He decided to rest in Sochi. He decided to vacation in Sochi.
She hoped to get tickets for the concert. She was hoping to get tickets to the concert.
4. The nominal part of a compound predicate.
Our plan is to work during our summer vacation and then buy a tape player and some cassettes.
Our plan is to work during the summer holidays and then buy a tape recorder and some cassettes.
I have no desire to order these books.
I have no desire to order these books.
The captain was the last to leave the ship.
The captain was the last to leave the ship. (The captain was the last to leave the ship.)
Please note:
I. The infinitive, which modifies a noun, is translated by a qualifying subordinate clause with a verb expressing obligation in the form of the future tense.
The schoolchildren to take part in the ski race, have come.
The schoolchildren who will take part in the ski competitions have arrived.
The text-book to be published next year is written by our lecturers.
The textbook, which will be published next year, was written by our teachers.
2. The infinitive in the function of definition is often used after the words the first, the second, the third,..., the last, the only, etc. and is translated by a verb in the personal form in the tense in which the predicate verb appears.
Not always the last to come to work.
He always comes to work last.
I am sure she will be the first to come to the railway station to meet us.
I'm sure she will be the first to come to the station to meet us.
1. To express the purpose (when translating, the conjunction is used before the infinitive so that, in order to):
Didn't come to Moscow to study at the University.
He came to Moscow (to) study at the university.
He worked hard not to lag behind the other people.
He worked hard to keep up with others.
BUT: After the verbs to go and to come in the imperative mood, the infinitive is not used. The infinitive takes on the imperative form (imperative form), and both verbs are joined by the conjunction and.
Go and ask him. (You cannot say: Go to ask him.) Go and ask him.
Come and ring him up. (You cannot say: Come to ring him up.) Come and call him.
An infinitive expressing a goal can be preceded by conjunctions in order to - to, so as to - in order to.
Doesn't work so hard in order not to lag behind the other people.
He works so hard (to) keep up with others.
Take a taxi so as not to miss the train.
Take a taxi so you don't miss the train.
2. To express a consequence in circulation
A verb in an indefinite form (infinitive) can be not only the main, but also any minor member of a sentence. It is necessary to distinguish the infinitive in its grammatical basis from the infinitive that performs other syntactic functions.
1) Drive (mean.) on such a horse was a pleasure for him.
3) The infinitive acts as circumstances are intact And most often with verbs of motion:
He went to the princess (for what purpose?) say goodbye.
They went abroad for two years (for what purpose? why?)
work on the construction of a hydroelectric power station.
4) The infinitive can be addition , denoting the action of another person (object). In such constructions, mistakes are especially often made, including the infinitive in the predicate!):
Mother asked(action moms)me (about what?) call
(action of another person) after classes.
This book will teach(action books, subject) you (what?)
understand(action of another person, understand you will You)world of nature.
The servant was told (what?) no one to come to him don't let in (ordered was one person, and don't let anyone in must servant).
5) The infinitive can be definition , including with explanatory meaning:
You surprised me with your decision (what?) drive Tomorrow.
Does he now have only one constant desire (which one)? – get some sleep.
Exercise 1.In these sentences, the main members are highlighted; read the sentences and explain the legitimacy of highlighting the grammatical basis in each case; indicate the type of predicate.
1) Recent years she a lot of works._______
3) Let's check this exercise._______
4) Now we will together choose a gift for him.______
5) He came to school on time._______
6) He became furious upon learning about this._______
7) In my opinion, stop beating your head, it's time to come to your senses!______
8) We together we'll meet New Year._______
9) We'll be glad to see you you at our holiday._______
10) She Always glad I'll meet you.______
11) This there will be a girl amazing beautiful._______
12) For me life still beautiful and amazing!_____
13) He already the second year is mine companion. ______
14) Chosen by you path, In my opinion, The shortest.______
15) This film adaptation seems to me more interesting.______
16) T ema the writings seem to be very difficult.______
17) Conflict after these events became more more intense.______
18) She does not want Nothing speak.______
19) It was not necessary to you break up.______
20) Here can't stop for a long time.______
21) I am not going to in front of you make excuses.______
22) You begin something understand.______
23)The city was founded in the nineteenth century.______
24) This the benefit will help you to understand the difficult issues of our subject.______
25) He, I think will be able you help.______
26) She asks let you stay at the dacha longer.______
27) My daughter left study with a friend.______
28) In good faith study – Here today is yours task. ______
29) I Badly I know this area and I do not remember, How turned out to be near the metro.___
30) The young man who was traveling in the same compartment with us, turned out to be a student our institute is already on the road managed to please to all the girls . _____
Exercise 2.
What words are the grammatical basis in the following sentences?
A)Each of the employees in such an organization of activities is a generalist.
1) everyone is a generalist;
2) each of the employees is;
3) everyone is;
4) each of the employees is a generalist
b)Our deputy director - in the past, by the way, was a cashier - must, seeing the queue on the sales floor, begin to serve customers himself.
1) deputy director - cashier;
2) the cashier must;
3) the deputy director must begin;
4) the deputy director must start serving.
Exercise 3.Mark the number of the sentence with the indicated type of predicate:
A)with a simple verb:
1) The room has not been cleaned yet.
2) Your tomorrow will be different.
3) He will study at your school.
4) You will need to take a photo today.
b)with a compound verb:
1) In my opinion, he is not to blame at all.
2) Finally, all things are packed!
3) Such reports and messages will help you better understand events
today's life of the country.
4) I can’t go to the cinema with you tomorrow.
V)with a compound nominal:
1) You must call him after seven.
3) He became much more attentive in class.
4) They are happy to meet you again.
Exercise 4.In which case Right is the grammatical basis of one of the following sentences indicated?
A) A. She sat by the window, turned away, and seemed pale.
B. As a result of the inaction of the company's management, the financial
the situation began to worsen.
B. Three young birch trees grew under the windows of the school.
D. The students who were sitting upstairs did not hear it.
1) she sat and seemed (A);
2) the situation has become (B);
3) three birch trees grew (B);
4) the students sat and did not hear (D).
b) A. During the presentation, the text will be read to you three times.
B. Those who were late for class stood at the door.
B. They had to drive through the forest to the mill.
D. The square in the middle of the city was large and very dusty.
1) the text will be read (A);
2) latecomers stood (B);
3) they should have (B);
4) the area was large (D).
Exercise 5. Indicate the grammatical basis in each sentence; determine the types of predicates and syntactic functions of the infinitive (which part of the sentence the infinitive is):
1. If you do something nice to the people around you more often, they will become kinder and better.
2. Construction is already nearing completion, so it’s time to think about landscaping this neighborhood.
3. One way to live more environmentally friendly is to use less harmful chemicals in your summer cottages.
4. Lyubov Sliska said: “Let’s stop stopping ourselves from loving our country.”
5. Genius is immediately visible, talent must be discerned (J. Flanner).
6. Our father bequeathed to us to study and become educated people.
7. They have already gone to the station to meet you.
8. My brother rushed to catch up with my offender, but he had already managed to escape.
9. Who tells you to be idle? Aren't you your own boss?
10. Gradually, a kind of indifference began to take possession of him, a desire to give up everything and go somewhere out in the wilderness.
11. He advised us to be more careful and not rush to conclusions.
12. Life has to be a little crazy, otherwise it’s just a series of Thursdays strung on top of each other (K. Costner).
13. He went to visit his parents and will be in the city in two days.
14. We wanted to go further that evening, but the hosts persuaded us to stay overnight.
15. Don’t be so upset about a C, it’s better to study more this week, and then you can improve your grade.
16. Now the main thing for you is to think over an action plan.
The infinitive can be any part of the sentence: 1) subject (if the infinitive at the beginning of the sentence is smoke– harm health; ride- funny); 2) predicate: a) simple verbal predicate in a non-productive form (if it is procedural); b) as part of a compound verbal predicate (subjective character); c) as part of a compound nominal predicate (its attachment to the infinitive subject - smoke - harm health (it is)); 3) addition (objective character - I I beg I believe sing); 4) the circumstance of the goal (its relation to verbs with the meaning of movement - I went study in the Institute); 5) inconsistent definition (its attribution to a noun, usually verbal - wish study instilled me my Mother)
Impersonal offer
One part is included in the sentence of the conjugated verb class. In this case, the main member is expressed by the conjugated verb form. Its other part is included in the unconjugated verb class, represented by the adverbial variety. In this case, the main member is expressed by a predicative adverb, i.e. state category word.
The meaning of impersonal sentences
Either they do not have components denoting a person at all, or the person or subject is thought of as passive, i.e. unable to control an action or state.
Form of the third person, singular, present or future tense in the indicative mood or neuter, singular, past tense in the indicative mood (Dawn. Svetalo). The subject is absent or the subject is conceived as passive
In a two-part sentence, the person is active. This means that the meaning of, for example, a sentence like “I’m not sleeping” is determined as follows: I don’t want to sleep and therefore I don’t sleep. In an impersonal sentence face passive . This means that the meaning of a sentence like “I can’t sleep” is defined as: I should fall asleep, but I not free force yourself to do it.
The passive person is usually represented by forms of indirect cases: dative subject, accusative subject. "He (S) is chilling"
The two common meanings can be divided into a number of particular varieties: 1) impersonal sentences characterizing the state of nature; 2) characterizing spontaneous, unknown forces (there was a hum in the pipes); 3) characterizing a person’s condition (I can’t sleep); 4) denoting modal-volitional relations between phenomena (you can’t go any further)
The main member of impersonal sentences can be expressed: 1) an impersonal verb (impersonal is a verb that is a frozen form, amononymous to the conjugated form of the verb 3 l., singular, present or weekday - It’s getting evening. It’s getting dark). 2) a personal verb in an impersonal meaning; 3) a state category word (Hot). 4) a short passive participle with the suffixes -n-, -en-, -t-, neuter, singular (the room is smoky); 5) impersonal predicative word - no ( No not a cloud)
