Doctor of Biological Sciences - Doctor of Biology. sciences
Doctor of Veterinary Sciences - Doctor of Veterinary Medicine. sciences
Doctor of Military Sciences - Doctor of Military Sciences. sciences
Doctor of Geographical Sciences - Doctor of Geographical Sciences sciences
Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences - Doctor of Geological and Mineral Sciences. sciences
Doctor of Art History - Doctor of Art History
Doctor of Historical Sciences - Doctor of History. sciences
Doctor of Cultural Studies - Doctor of Cultural Studies
Doctor of Medical Sciences - Dr. med. sciences
Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences - Dr. Ped. sciences
Doctor of Political Sciences - Doctor of Political Sciences. sciences
Doctor of Psychological Sciences - Doctor of Psychology. sciences
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences - Doctor of Agricultural Sciences sciences
Doctor of Sociological Sciences - Doctor of Sociology. sciences
Doctor of Technical Sciences - Doctor of Technical Sciences sciences
Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Doctor of Pharmacy. sciences
Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Doctor of Physics and Mathematics. sciences
Doctor of Philological Sciences - Doctor of Philology. sciences
Doctor of Philosophy - Doctor of Philosophy. sciences
Doctor of Chemical Sciences - Dr. Chem. sciences
Doctor of Economic Sciences - Doctor of Economics. sciences
Doctor of Law - Doctor of Law. sciences
candidate of biological sciences - cand. biol. sciences
Candidate of Veterinary Sciences - Candidate of Veterinary Sciences vet. sciences
candidate of military sciences - cand. military sciences
Candidate of Geographical Sciences - Cand. geogr. sciences
Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences - Cand. geol.-mineral. sciences
candidate of art history - cand. art criticism
Candidate of Historical Sciences - Candidate of Sciences ist. sciences
Candidate of Cultural Studies - Ph.D. cultural studies
candidate of medical sciences - cand. honey. sciences
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences - Candidate of Sciences ped. sciences
candidate of political sciences - cand. watered sciences
candidate of psychological sciences - cand. psychol. sciences
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences - Cand. agricultural sciences
Candidate of Sociological Sciences - Ph.D. sociol. sciences
Candidate of Technical Sciences - Candidate of Sciences tech. sciences
Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Candidate of Sciences pharmacist. sciences
candidate of physical and mathematical sciences - cand. physics and mathematics sciences
candidate of philological sciences - cand. Philol. sciences
candidate of philosophical sciences - cand. Philosopher sciences
Candidate of Chemical Sciences - Candidate of Sciences chem. sciences
candidate of economic sciences - cand. econ. sciences
Candidate of Legal Sciences - Candidate of Sciences legal sciences

There are also shorter, unofficial abbreviations for academic degrees:

Doctor of Architectural Sciences - Doctor of Architectural Sciences;

Candidate of Architectural Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Biological Sciences - Doctor of Biological Sciences;

Candidate of Biological Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Veterinary Sciences - Doctor of Veterinary Sciences;

Candidate of Veterinary Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Military Sciences - Doctor of Military Sciences;

candidate of military sciences - candidate of military sciences

Doctor of Geographical Sciences - Doctor of Geographical Sciences;

Candidate of Geographical Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences - Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences;

Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Art History - Doctor of Science;

Candidate of Art History - Ph.D.

Doctor of Historical Sciences - Doctor of Historical Sciences;

candidate of historical sciences - candidate of historical sciences

Doctor of Medical Sciences - MD;

Candidate of Medical Sciences - Candidate of Medical Sciences

Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences - Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences;

Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Political Sciences - Doctor of Political Sciences;

Candidate of Political Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Psychological Sciences - Doctor of Psychology;

Candidate of Psychological Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Agricultural Sciences - Doctor of Agricultural Sciences;

Candidate of Agricultural Sciences - Candidate of Agricultural Sciences

Doctor of Sociological Sciences - Doctor of Social Sciences;

candidate of sociological sciences - candidate of social sciences

Doctor of Technical Sciences - Doctor of Technical Sciences;

Candidate of Technical Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences;

candidate of pharmaceutical sciences - candidate of pharmaceutical sciences

Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences;

Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Philology - Doctor of Philology;

Candidate of Philological Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Philosophy - Doctor of Philosophy;

Candidate of Philosophical Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Chemical Sciences - Doctor of Chemical Sciences;

Candidate of Chemical Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Economic Sciences - Doctor of Economics;

Candidate of Economic Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Law - Doctor of Law;

Candidate of Legal Sciences - Ph.D.

Encyclopedic YouTube

1 / 5

✪ Associate Professor, Professor, Academician, Doctor of Science. What does it mean?

✪ What does a PhD degree give you in life? // Greed of Knowledge

✪ WHY DO WE NEED A CANDIDATE DEGREE? // Greed of Knowledge

✪ PhD or Candidate of Sciences? Is it worth getting a PhD already having a PhD? Oxford University.

✪ A Dagestani became the youngest Doctor of Science

Subtitles

Professional portrait of a candidate of sciences

Candidates of Science are highly qualified specialists with professional experience accumulated for at least three to four years after graduation from a university (master’s or specialty). Most often, they are people a little under thirty, inclined towards research work and necessarily having published scientific works. Most of these specialists are employees of various (academic, industrial) or university teachers.

Typically, an applicant for an academic degree is aimed at a further scientific and pedagogical career. Obtaining a PhD degree (or its foreign equivalent) significantly contributes to job growth both in the Russian Federation and abroad. In Russia, possession of this degree makes it easier to occupy the position of associate professor at a university or senior scientific employee at a research institute, and is also taken into account outside the scientific and educational sphere. Having a degree is absolutely necessary to obtain the academic title of associate professor. A holder of a PhD degree in Russia who continues active research activities may in the future become a Doctor of Science and a professor.

Scientists with a status equivalent to a PhD form the basis of the workforce of many scientific organizations and universities around the world. According to the 2010 census, in Russia there were 595,526 people who had a PhD degree. The largest number of them lived in Moscow (197,897 people).

History of the “candidate” degree in Russia

Immediately after the October Revolution of 1917, all degrees, ranks and titles were abolished. The degree of Candidate of Sciences - already in the modern sense - was established together with other academic degrees and titles of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on January 13, 1934 and was inherited by the Russian Federation in the post-Soviet period.

The procedure for awarding the degree of Candidate of Sciences in the Russian Federation

Basic moments

The most important requirement of pre-defense preparation is the availability of scientific articles published in peer-reviewed journals from the Higher Attestation Commission list, containing the results of the dissertation research and reflecting the scientific novelty of the research.

The dissertation research is carried out by the applicant under the guidance of a supervisor who has an academic degree of doctor or candidate of science in this specialty, usually (but not necessarily) while studying in graduate school (adjunct).

The typical length of the text of a candidate's dissertation is about 150 pages, but there are no strict limits.

The dissertation defense procedure

Before defending the degree, the degree applicant must pass a number of exams (the so-called candidate minimum): in the history and philosophy of science, a foreign language and a specialty.

The applicant publishes an abstract of the dissertation (circulation of about 100 copies), which, a month before the defense, is sent to large scientific libraries and universities in Russia, as well as to members of the dissertation council and specialists in this field of science. In addition, the texts of the dissertation and abstract are posted on the website of the organization under which the dissertation council was created, which accepted the dissertation for defense.

The dissertation itself - also a month in advance - is made freely available to the library of the institution where the defense will take place, and to two official opponents, who write in advance and announce their review on the day of the defense. Opponents cannot be associated with co-authorship or place of work with the applicant; one of them must be a doctor of science.

During the defense, the dissertation author makes a report on the results of the dissertation work, answers questions from members of the dissertation council about his report, dissertation and abstract. Next, reviews from the leading organization are read out, as well as reviews received for the abstract. The applicant responds to the comments contained in these reviews. This is followed by official opponents speaking and answers to questions from opponents’ feedback. The final part of the defense is a free discussion, during which anyone present has the right to speak. Then the applicant answers the questions and comments raised during this discussion, after which they proceed to a secret vote, in which only members of the dissertation council take part.

Approximately the same procedure for awarding degrees existed in the USSR and continues to exist in some CIS countries.

Issuance of degree document

In case of a positive voting result, the documents (the so-called “certification file”) are sent to the Higher Attestation Commission under the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, where a decision is made to issue a candidate of sciences diploma. Typically, the consideration of a case by the Higher Attestation Commission takes several months.

Persons to whom academic degrees were awarded in violation of the established procedure may be deprived of these degrees by the Higher Attestation Commission, as a rule, on the basis of petitions from dissertation councils, at the meeting of which the defense of dissertations took place.

Types of PhD degrees by branches of science

Depending on the specialty in which the candidate’s dissertation is defended, the applicant in Russia is awarded one of the following academic degrees:

There is, but is not currently awarded, a PhD in Naval Science (awarded from the 1930s until the late 1970s). For some time (in the 1940s), the academic degree of a candidate in art history was called “candidate of art history.” The PhD degree in political science existed in the 1940s, then was abolished in the 1990s. reintroduced.

In the pedagogical sciences until 1950, a description of the narrow specialization was necessarily added to the name of the academic degree (“... in the methods of history,” “... in physical culture,” etc.). Sporadically, such clarifications were present in the name of a scientific specialty until the end of the 1960s. Academic degrees in psychological sciences began to be awarded in 1968. Before this (since 1953), the academic degree “Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences (in psychology)” was awarded.

On September 25, 2015, the Higher Attestation Commission approved the passport of the new scientific specialty “Theology”. Now in this specialty you can defend dissertations and receive academic degrees of candidate and doctor of science.

Many specialties allow applicants to be awarded an academic degree in several branches of science, depending on the predominant subject area of ​​a particular dissertation. For example, in specialty 02.00.04 (physical chemistry), the degree of candidate of physical, mathematical, technical or chemical sciences can be awarded. At the same time, however, the principle of “one dissertation - one branch of science” is observed, regardless of the number of specialties of the dissertation and branches of science of the specialty. Also, a specific dissertation council may be limited in the range of degrees awarded, depending on the industry.

The list of degrees awarded to Ukrainian scientists basically repeats the Russian one, with the following exceptions:

• Geological and mineralogical sciences in the titles of degrees have been replaced by geological sciences;
• The degrees of Candidate of Sciences in physical education and sports, Candidate of Sciences in public administration, and Candidate of Sciences in social communications have been introduced. The branch of science “National Security” is also distinguished, but it awards degrees of candidates of military, technical, legal and other sciences - there is no degree of candidate of sciences in national security.

International aspects

Analogues of a PhD degree abroad

The most common analogue of the Soviet and Russian degree of candidate of sciences is the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.). This degree exists in the USA, Canada and other countries.

In Germany, the equivalent of the Russian candidate's degree is the doctor's degree (German Doktor), despite its name.

In many European countries, a degree was previously awarded whose name in the local language contained the concept of “candidate”, which was abolished during the Bologna process. In this case, abolition does not mean the elimination of the corresponding level, but the replacement of the name with Ph.D. This happened in a number of CMEA countries - Bulgaria (Bul. PhD in Science, abolished in the mid-1990s), Czechoslovakia (Czech: Kandidát věd, Slovak: Kandidát vied, abolished in the Czech Republic in 1998, in Slovakia in 1996). In 2014, with the adoption of the new Law of Ukraine “On Higher Education”, the degree of Candidate of Sciences there was also abolished and equated to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. A similar degree, preceding the degree of Doctor of Science and called in Latin lat. candidatus/candidata with the addition of the name of the science also existed in Denmark, Norway, and Iceland. In Yugoslavia, the degree of candidate of science was equivalent to the degree of master of science (Magister Scientiæ, mr. sci, now abolished), as was the case in the Russian Empire in the 19th century.

Germany

The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, which is responsible for academic qualifications, recognizes the German academic qualification “Habilitation” at the level of the Russian academic degree “Doctor of Science”, and the German academic degree “Doktor” at the level of the Russian academic degree “Candidate of Sciences”. In the Federal Republic of Germany, recognition is the responsibility of the state ministries when it comes to issuing permission to use academic degrees in society, and the competence of higher education institutions when it comes to the academic field, including research activities. These bodies recognize the Russian academic degree “Doctor of Science” at the level of the German academic qualification “Habilitation”, and the Russian academic degree “Candidate of Sciences” at the level of the German academic degree “Doktor”.

see also

Notes

1. Candidate of Sciences / M. N. Volkov // Italy - Kvarkush. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1973. - (Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / chief ed.

"Candidate of Sciences" is an academic degree. It has existed in Russia and the CIS countries since the times of the Soviet Union - since 1934. This is an intermediate step on the scientific path from Master to Doctor of Science and is awarded to an applicant who:

• has higher education;
• passed all candidate exams;
• carried out a number of studies on his topic;
• presented and proved the novelty and practical value of scientific ideas;
• passed the procedure in accordance with the requirements established by law.

The Russian academic degree “Candidate of Sciences” is an analogue of the Western PhD (read as pi-eych-di). PhD - Doctor of Philosophy. However, in essence it is not identical to the degree in Russia. The latter assumes an even higher level of results

The degree "PhD" is differentiated depending on the specialty in which the applicant can defend his work. In Russia there are 23 branches for awarding such titles. For example: candidate of physical and mathematical sciences, candidate of philological sciences. But there are a lot of specialties. You can be a candidate in legal, veterinary, biological, military, geological-mineralogical, geographical, historical, pedagogical, political, medical, psychological, sociological, technical, pharmaceutical, philosophical, agricultural, chemical, economic sciences. In addition, there is such a title as candidate of architecture, art history, cultural studies.

The degree "Candidate of Philosophy" should not be confused with the Western interpretation mentioned above - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD).

Walking along the scientific path, the applicant must understand the goal for which he is ready to go through many difficult stages to obtain a “PhD” degree. It is worth understanding that this title is not a guarantee of great material benefits in the future. At least the return won't be quick. At first, this is an increase of about 10-15% of the salary. It is appropriate and truly significant for further study at a university, participation in a competition for the scientific title of associate professor or professor, or work at the department.

Writing a dissertation is a complex, painstaking, multi-stage process. First of all, it is necessary to create a new, original intellectual product - the result of scientific activity. Next, you should organize the protection process. It usually involves many people: a supervisor, opponents, experts, reviewers, editors, consultants, etc. It is important to note that having decided to engage in science, you need to be prepared to some extent for material investments. We are in no way talking about purchasing and not independently performing specific stages of work.

However, often conducting real large-scale research that would be truly beneficial and have practical significance requires certain resources. For example, conducting experiments, experiments, by their very methodology, can be expensive.

It's no secret that organizational issues related to the defense itself, especially in the final period, may also require some financial investments. However, everything here is very individual, depending on the established traditions of the university, the council, and circumstances.

Official reductions in academic degrees (based on materials from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation)

Official abbreviations of academic titles (based on materials from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation)

Academic title	Reduction
without an academic title	(nothing is written)
Professor
Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences	Corresponding member RAS
Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences	Corresponding member RAMS
Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences	Corresponding member RAASKhN
Corresponding Member of RAO	Corresponding member RAO
Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences	acad. RAS
Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences	acad. RAMS
Academician of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences	acad. RAASKhN
Academician of the Russian Academy of Education	Candidate of Sciences - who is it? A scientist or just an ordinary university teacher? Today this category is attracting attention. Firstly, it is prestigious to be one. Secondly, becoming one is quite difficult. Thirdly, very interesting. What and how to do to become one. About the etymology of the word Candidate literally translated from Latin means a person who applies for any position or responsible post. As a matter of fact, a candidate of sciences is also in some way a contender. He declares himself by writing a scientific work and publicly defending it in the appropriate institution. The scientific degree of Candidate of Sciences characterizes its owner from the standpoint of his qualifications. It is a confirmation of status and certain achievements in any branch of science. A little about the history of the origin of the academic degree Its source is the German system, which was used both in the territory of pre-revolutionary Russia and in the Soviet Union. Russian universities began to award academic degrees in 1819 on the basis of a unified system of approved rules. Until 1917, there were two degrees: master (licentiate) and doctor of science. In those days it was called “dignity.” Since 1934 and to this day, academic degrees have been awarded in Russia and in a number of post-socialist countries. Formal aspects Here it should be said that obtaining such an academic degree as a Candidate of Sciences is a rather complex process both in terms of completing a dissertation, its defense, and in terms of the correct design of the research, defense and confirmation procedures. According to the law governing this area, a candidate of sciences is a so-called first academic degree. What does it mean? Considering that today there are two degrees: candidate and doctor, this is the first step that allows you to obtain scientific qualifications and continue to work in this field. According to the norms of Russian legislation, the degree is awarded by a collegial body - the dissertation council. However, this is not enough. It is necessary that it be approved by the relevant government body - the Higher Attestation Commission (Higher Attestation Commission). After this, the former graduate student receives confirmation, and a little later a diploma of a candidate of sciences. What does an academic degree provide? The opportunities that a PhD degree opens up after defending and receiving the appropriate document are related primarily to the field of science and education: he can teach at a university. To be precise, the degree gives the right to lecture to students; After working for some time, you can receive the corresponding academic title - associate professor, which can only be awarded to candidates; if you want to continue your scientific activities, you can enroll in doctoral studies and conduct further research. You also need to know the rights of a candidate of sciences. Opportunity to take part in the competition as an applicant for the position of associate professor or head of a laboratory. If it is carried out at a research institute, then - a senior researcher. A document confirming a candidate’s degree is a sufficiently compelling basis that allows its owner not only to work on a doctoral dissertation, but also to submit it for defense. Here you should remember the correspondence of specialties. A doctoral dissertation can be defended on the basis of a candidate's dissertation if it is in the same field of science. A PhD diploma entitles its holder to receive the corresponding Doctor of Philosophy degree, which is used in a number of European countries and the USA. Obtaining an academic title In addition to the academic degree, Russia uses another criterion for differentiating workers in the scientific and educational spheres. This is the title of Candidate of Sciences - Associate Professor, which, unfortunately, is not awarded automatically. The regulations governing the conferment of academic titles establish a number of requirements. Possession of a Candidate of Science degree and a period of work as an assistant professor for at least 2 years. In this case, the load should be no less than a quarter (0.25) of the rate. There must be publications: educational or methodological manuals, other scientific works. Here, the professional level is also taken into account, which is assessed by the commission that attended the open lesson. Research or teaching experience must be at least five years. It is necessary to carry out teaching activities on the relevant topics of the specialty for three years. The total number of publications must be at least 20, including patents. Over the past three years, an applicant for the position of associate professor must publish at least two textbooks and three works in the specialty specified in the dissertation. In addition to meeting the stated requirements, the future associate professor must submit a number of documents to the academic council of the university: statement; characteristics signed by the head of the department; a list of his scientific works, certified by signatures and seals; an extract from the minutes of the department meeting at which the recommendation was made; copies of diplomas of education, candidate of sciences; extracts from the work book, certificates of work experience, personal sheet with photo. There may also be other documents that the secretary of the academic council may require. How to become a candidate of sciences? This process is quite complex and requires considerable effort and expense from the applicant. First of all, you need to decide for yourself in which area you plan to work. In this case, research should be carried out in an area corresponding to basic education. Otherwise, if the work was done in a related or related field, an additional examination in the specialty may be required. Search for a scientific supervisor. It should be noted that this is in some way a guarantee of successful protection. The manager must have an academic degree of candidate or doctor of science. Here it is advisable to find out whether he had graduate students and whether they defended their defense. Admission to graduate school. This step may be omitted if the work is carried out on the basis of competition at any department or institute. Writing a dissertation is a creative process. It can take a long time. Postgraduate study lasts 3-4 years, but, unfortunately, the period of study may not coincide with work on the dissertation. Therefore, sometimes writing it takes longer. At the end of graduate school, candidate exams are taken. Some of them can be taken earlier, for example, the candidate minimum in philosophy and a foreign language. Latest exams in the specialty. At the end of the creative search, the work, previously checked by the supervisor, is submitted for consideration by experts appointed by the dissertation council. After correcting errors and responding to comments, you can begin to prepare for your defense. An abstract is written, opponents are selected, as well as specialists who can give feedback on the dissertation. The defense takes place at the dissertation council. He, having heard the report of the graduate student, answers to questions and comments of opponents, renders his verdict on awarding the academic degree of a candidate of any sciences in the relevant specialty (there are 23 of them). A notification is received from the Higher Attestation Commission that the work has been reviewed and a decision has been made to approve it. Read also  Descriptive geometry What is a pyramid edge winter. Walks. middle group. spring Observation in nature middle group May Difference between the words travel, trip, voyage or journey