Presentation on the topic "Galileo Galilei". Presentation on the topic Galileo Galilei Presentation on the topic Galileo Galilei in physics

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In 1632, the famous “Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World” was published, in which Galileo defended the heliocentric system of Copernicus. The publication of the book enraged the clergy, the Inquisition accused Galileo of heresy and, having organized a trial, forced him to publicly renounce the Copernican teachings, and imposed a ban on the Dialogue. After the trial in 1633, Galileo was declared a “prisoner of the Holy Inquisition” and was forced to live first in Rome and then in Archertri near Florence. However, Galileo did not stop his scientific activity; before his illness (in 1637 Galileo finally lost his sight), he completed the work “Conversations and Mathematical Proofs Concerning Two New Branches of Science,” which summed up his physical research.

Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de Galilei

Presentation made by a physics teacher

V.S. Pronkina. MKOU "School school" Legostaevo"

There were six children in the family of Vincenzo Galilei and Giulia Ammannati, but four managed to survive: Galileo (the eldest of the children), daughters Virginia, Livia and the youngest son Michelangelo, who later also gained fame as a composer-lutenist.

The Marquis was able to assess him correctly. Even then, del Monte said that since the time of Archimedes the world had not seen such a genius as Galileo. In 1589, Galileo returned to the University of Pisa as professor of mathematics. In 1590, Galileo wrote his treatise On Motion.

In 1591, the father died, and responsibility for the family passed to Galileo.

In 1592, Galileo received a position at the prestigious University of Padua, where he taught astronomy, mechanics and mathematics. Galileo's scientific authority was already extremely high in these years.

Padua, 1592-1610

The years of his stay in Padua were a fruitful period of Galileo's scientific activity. He soon became the most famous professor in Padua. The young Kepler and other scientific authorities of that time actively corresponded with him.

During these years he wrote the treatise “Mechanics”. In his early works, Galileo gave the first sketch of a new general theory of the fall of bodies and the motion of a pendulum.

The reason for a new stage in Galileo's scientific research was the appearance in 1604 of a new star, now called Kepler's Supernova.

The design of the Galileo telescope

Having learned about the invention of the telescope in Holland, Galileo in 1609 constructed the first telescope with his own hands and aimed it at the sky.

What Galileo saw was so amazing that many years later there were people who claimed that it was an illusion. Galileo discovered mountains on the Moon, the Milky Way broke up into individual stars, but his contemporaries were especially amazed by the 4 satellites of Jupiter he discovered.

Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642) - creator of the first telescope (1609) with a magnification of 30 times. Observed the surface of the Moon, the phases of Venus, the satellites of Jupiter, spots on the Sun, clusters of stars in the Milky Way.

Galileo observed the four largest satellites of Jupiter through a telescope: Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto

In honor of the four sons of his late patron Ferdinand de' Medici, Galileo named these satellites the "Medicine Stars". Now they are called “Galilean satellites”.

Galileo described his first discoveries with a telescope in his essay “The Starry Messenger.”

Galileo's duties at the court of Duke Cosimo II were not burdensome - teaching the sons of the Tuscan Duke and participating in some matters as an adviser and representative of the Duke.

Galileo discovered the phases of Venus, spots on the Sun, and then the rotation of the Sun around its axis. Galileo often presented his achievements in a cocky polemical style, which earned him many new enemies.

Defense of Copernicanism

The growth of Galileo's influence and the independence of his thinking contributed to the formation of an aggressive circle of his opponents. Galileo's ill-wishers were especially outraged by his propaganda of the world system. In their opinion, the rotation of the Earth contradicted the texts of the Psalms, a verse from Ecclesiastes, as well as an episode from the Book of Joshua, which talks about the immobility of the Earth and the movement of the Sun.

In 1611, Galileo decided to go to Rome. He was received well, elected the sixth member of the scientific “Academia dei Lincei”, met Pope Paul V. He showed them his telescope. Roman astronomers debated whether Venus moved around the Earth or around the Sun.

Galileo, in a letter to his student, stated that Holy Scripture refers only to the salvation of the soul. he published this letter, which caused denunciations to the Inquisition. In the same year, Galileo published the book “Letters on Sunspots.

Alarmed by the successes of the Reformation, the Catholic Church decided to strengthen its spiritual monopoly by banning Copernicanism

Galileo spent all this time in Rome, trying to turn things around in a different direction. He was able to obtain assurances that he was not in danger, but from now on all support for the “Copernican heresy” must be stopped.
The church ban on heliocentrism was unacceptable to the scientist. He returned to Florence.

Biography of Galileo GALILEO, GALILEO (Galilei, Galileo) (1564–1642), Italian physicist, mechanic and astronomer, one of the founders of modern natural science. Born on February 15, 1564 in Pisa into a family that belonged to a noble but impoverished Florentine family. Galileo's father, Vincenzo, was a famous musicologist, but in order to support seven children, he was forced not only to give music lessons, but also to engage in the cloth trade. Galileo received his primary education at home. In 1575, when the family moved to Florence, he was sent to the school at the Vallombrosa monastery, where he studied the then “seven arts”, in particular grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, arithmetic, and became acquainted with the works of Latin and Greek writers. Fearing that his son would become a monk, his father took him from the monastery at the age of 15 under the pretext of a serious eye illness, and for the next year and a half Galileo studied at home. Vincenzo taught him music, literature, and painting, but wanted to see his son as a doctor, believing that medicine was a respectable and profitable occupation. In 1581, Galileo entered, at the insistence of his father, the University of Pisa, where he was to study medicine. However, he attended lectures at the university irregularly, preferring independent studies in geometry and practical mechanics.

Galileo's discoveries While studying mechanics, Galileo discovered a number of its fundamental laws: the proportionality of the path traversed by falling bodies to the squares of the time of their fall; equality of the falling speeds of bodies of different weights in an airless environment (contrary to the opinion of Aristotle and the scholastics about the proportionality of the falling speed of bodies to their weight); the preservation of rectilinear uniform motion imparted to any body until some external influence stops it (which later became known as the law of inertia), etc.

Galileo's discoveries in astronomy Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642) - creator of the first telescope (1609) with a magnification of 30 times. Observed the surface of the Moon, the phases of Venus, the satellites of Jupiter, spots on the Sun, clusters of stars in the Milky Way.

Galileo's illness In 1637, Galileo's vision began to deteriorate, and in 1638 he became completely blind. In 1641, Galileo's health deteriorated sharply, he died in Arcetri on January 8, 1642. In 1737, Galileo's last will was fulfilled - his ashes were transferred to Florence, to the Church of Santa. Croce

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Galileo Galilei Italian philosopher, mathematician, physicist, mechanic and astronomer who had a significant influence on the science of his time.

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Galileo was born in 1564 in the Italian city of Pisa, in the family of a well-born but impoverished nobleman, composer and lutenist. In the family of Vincenzo Galilei and Giulia Ammannati.

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In 1575, when the family moved to Florence, he was sent to the school at the Vallombrosa monastery, where he studied the then “seven arts”, in particular grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, arithmetic, and became acquainted with the works of Latin and Greek writers.

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In 1581, Galileo entered, at the insistence of his father, the University of Pisa, where he was to study medicine. At this time, he first became acquainted with the physics of Aristotle, with the works of ancient mathematicians - Euclid and Archimedes.

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Probably during these years he became acquainted with the theory of Copernicus, which in those years was not yet officially prohibited. Astronomical problems were then actively discussed, especially in connection with the calendar reform that had just been carried out.

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Guidobaldo del Monte. The first result of the four-year period of Galileo's life was a small essay, Small Hydrostatic Balances. The work pursued purely practical goals: having improved the already known method of hydrostatic weighing, Galileo used it to determine the density of metals and precious stones. He made several handwritten copies of his work and tried to distribute them. This way he met the famous mathematician of that time - Marquis Guido Ubaldo del Monte, author of the Textbook on Mechanics.

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Monte immediately appreciated the outstanding abilities of the young scientist and, holding the high post of inspector general of all fortresses and fortifications in the Duchy of Tuscany, was able to provide Galileo with an important service: on his recommendation, in 1589 the latter received a position as professor of mathematics at the same University of Pisa, where he had previously been a student.

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Works on motion.. His work On motion dates back to the time of Galileo's tenure at the department in Pisa... In it, he first argued against the Aristotelian doctrine of the fall of bodies.

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The reason for a new stage in Galileo's scientific research was the appearance in 1604 of a new star, now called Kepler's supernova. This awakens general interest in astronomy, and Galileo gives a series of lectures, proving the truth of the heliocentric model of the world. Having learned about the invention of the telescope in Holland, Galileo in 1609 constructed the first telescope with his own hands (at first - threefold magnification) and directed it into the sky.

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Galileo also noted the strange “appendages” of Saturn, but the discovery of the ring was prevented by the weakness of the telescope and the rotation of the ring, which hid it from an earthly observer. Half a century later, Saturn's ring was discovered and described by Huygens, who had a 92x telescope at his disposal.

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Galileo donates several telescopes to the Venetian Senate, which, as a token of gratitude, appoints him a professor for life with triple pay. Galileo described his first discoveries with a telescope in his work “The Starry Messenger,” published in Florence in 1610.

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Tuscan courtyard. Pan-European fame and the need for money pushed Galileo to take a disastrous step, as it later turned out: in 1610 he left calm Venice, where he was inaccessible to the Inquisition, and moved to Florence. Duke Cosimo II de' Medici, son of Ferdinand, promised Galileo an honorable and profitable position as an adviser at the Tuscan court. He kept his promise, which freed Galileo from everyday worries and allowed him to marry off his two sisters with a good dowry.

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Galileo's duties at the court of Duke Cosimo II were not burdensome - teaching the duke's sons and participating in some matters as an adviser and representative of the Tuscan duke. Galileo continues his scientific research and discovers the phases of Venus, spots on the Sun, and then the rotation of the Sun around its axis. Galileo often presented his achievements (and often his priorities) in a cocky polemical style, which earned him many new enemies.

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The growing influence of Galileo, the independence of his thinking and his sharp opposition to the teachings of Aristotle contributed to the formation of an aggressive circle of his opponents, consisting of Peripatetic professors and some church leaders. Galileo's ill-wishers were especially outraged by his propaganda of the heliocentric system of the world, since the rotation of the Earth contradicted the texts of Psalms 93 and 104, as well as the verse from Ecclesiastes, which speaks of the immobility of the Earth. In addition, a detailed substantiation of the concept of the immobility of the Earth and a refutation of hypotheses about its rotation was contained in Aristotle’s treatise “On Heaven” and in Ptolemy’s “Almagest”.

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In 1611, Galileo, in the aura of his glory, decided to go to Rome, hoping to convince the Pope that Copernicanism was completely compatible with Catholicism. He was received well, elected the sixth member of the scientific “Academia dei Lincei”, and met Pope Paul V and influential cardinals. He showed them his telescope and gave explanations carefully and carefully. The cardinals created an entire commission to clarify the question of whether it was sinful to look at the sky through a pipe, but they came to the conclusion that this was permissible. Emboldened, Galileo, in a letter to his student Abbot Castelli, stated that Holy Scripture relates only to the salvation of the soul and is not authoritative in scientific matters: “not a single saying of Scripture has such a coercive force as any natural phenomenon.” Moreover, he published this letter and a number of similar ones, which caused denunciations to appear to the Inquisition. Galileo's last mistake was his call to Rome to express its final attitude towards Copernicanism.

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Irritated by the successes of the Reformation, the Catholic Church decides to strengthen its spiritual monopoly by extending it to science and, in particular, by banning Copernicanism. The position of the Church is clarified by a letter from the influential Cardinal Bellarmino, sent on April 12, 1615, to the theologian Paolo Antonio Foscarini, a defender of Copernicanism. The Cardinal explains that the Church does not object to the interpretation of Copernicanism as a convenient mathematical device, but accepting it as a reality would mean recognizing that the former, traditional the interpretation of the biblical text was erroneous. And this, in turn, will undermine the authority of the church.

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To claim that the Sun stands motionless in the center of the world is an absurd opinion, false from a philosophical point of view and formally heretical, since it directly contradicts Holy Scripture. To claim that the Earth is not at the center of the world, that it does not remain motionless and even has a daily rotation, is an equally absurd opinion, false from a philosophical point of view and sinful from a religious point of view. Pope Paul V approved this decision. Copernicus's book was included in the Index of Prohibited Books "until its correction".

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In 1623, Matteo Barberini, an old acquaintance and friend of Galileo, was elected as the new Pope, under the name Urban VIII. Galileo went to Rome, hoping to get the edict of 1616 repealed. He was received with all honors, awarded with gifts and flattering words, but achieved nothing on the main issue. The edict was revoked only two centuries later, in 1818.

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In 1628, the book is ready, and Galileo submits its final version to the papal censor. He waits for her decision for two years, then decides to use a trick. He adds a preface to the book, where he declares his goal to debunk Copernicanism and transfers the book to the Tuscan censorship, and, according to some information, in an incomplete and softened form. Having received a positive review, he sends it to Rome and finally receives the long-awaited permission.

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In 1632, the book “Dialogue about the two most important systems of the world - Ptolemaic and Copernican” was published. The book is written in the form of a dialogue between two supporters of Copernicus and Simplicio, an adherent of Aristotle and Ptolemy. The book does not contain the author's conclusions, but the strength of the arguments speaks for itself. It is significant that the book was written not in learned Latin, but in “folk” Italian. Galileo hoped that the Pope would be lenient towards his trick, but he miscalculated. To top it all off, he himself recklessly sends out 30 copies of his book to influential clergy in Rome. It should be noted that shortly before (1623) Galileo came into conflict with the Jesuits; He had few defenders left in Rome, and even those, assessing the danger of the situation, chose not to intervene.

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In the simpleton Simplicio, the Pope recognized himself, his arguments, and became furious. Within a few months, the book was banned and withdrawn from sale, and Galileo was summoned to Rome (despite the plague epidemic) to be tried by the Inquisition on suspicion of heresy.

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After unsuccessful attempts to obtain a reprieve, he complied and arrived in Rome in February 1633. The investigation lasted from April 21 to June 21, 1633.

the famous Italian physicist, engineer and astronomer

There were six children in a family of Vincenzo Galilei and Giulia Ammannati and he was the eldest. Only four children of their family survived.

For a time he lived in a shelter of the monastery in Florence

Galileo is often called the founder of modern science. He made many discoveries in astronomy and physics and he built telescopes to study space.

In 1609 Galileo constructed his first telescope. He used it to observe the stars and the planets. He saw things that nobody had ever seen before. Galileo discovered that the moon's surface was not smooth and flat, like everyone thought.

In January 1610 Galileo discovered 4 moons revolving around the Jupiter. They were named after him, the Galilean moons.