NOVGOROD FIRST CHRONICLE - a group of written monuments that most fully developed the official chronicle of the Novgorod Republic publication, which was compiled in the 12th - first half of the 15th centuries under the new city bishop's (arch-episcopal) ca-fed. re; the most important letter. source on the history and culture of the New City Republic.

Stored in 2 rooms (re-dak-tsi-yah). The eldest of the waters is represented by a single st-ven-per-ga-men Si-no-distant list (XIII-XIV centuries; stored in the State Historical Museum) - the oldest of the preserved lists of Russian literature. Ru-co-writing is defective: ut-ra-che-ny first 16 tet-ra-day and tet-radi in se-re-di-not with from-lo-same-no-em with -by 1273-1298. It consists of two different-time parts: the first part (for the years 1016-1234) in black-letter style of the 13th century, the second part ( for the years 1234-1330) - in black from the first half of the 14th century. On 3 additional sheets there are readings for the years 1331-1352, made in various ink.

The youngest of the waters is represented by 9 lists (XV-XIX centuries), the main of which is Ko-mis-si-on-ny (1440s, temple -nit-sya in the Archive of the St. Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences) and Aka-de-mi-che-sky (1440s, stored in the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences). The co-mis-si-on-ny list in its main parts extends until 1439 and lasts until 1446, on- pi-san-noe another hand on the other boo-ma-ge. Aka-de-mi-che-sky list, with a morning window-cha-ni-em, judging by the ko-pi-yams removed from it in the 18th century, for -kan-chi-val-sha become-yoy 1444.

The text of the youngest of the NPL for the years 1074-1330 is very similar to the Si-no-distant list, which explains no matter si-mo-stu-one from the other, and vo-ho-de-ni-em both of them to the general pro-to-graph - the new city ruler (ar-hi-episcopal) le-to-pi-si, led by the Sophia council. The basis of the ruler's le-to-pi-si was the prince's le-to-pi-si, compiled around 1115, in which the text Ki-ev-sko-go le-to-pis-no-go is-precisely (used until 1016 completely, and then - in vi- de brief selection) was combined with brief new towns from the West for the second half of the 11th - early 12th centuries. Soon after its creation, this code was continued year by year for the princes, and from the beginning of the 1130s - Episcopal scribes. Apparently, at least until the end of the 14th century, the ruler’s hand-written le-to-pi-si (her “official-tsi-al-ny ek -ze-p-lyar”, according to the term-mi-no-logia of M.D. Pri-sel-ko-va) has never been completely replaced, -you and te-ra-di could have replaced individual sheets with ot-re-dak-ti-ro-vans. The si-but-distant list as a whole is from earlier, and the list of the younger one is from (through a series of pro-me -zhu-exact copies) - the later state of this codex.

According to their pro-heaviness and tek-sto-logical one-gen-no-sti massifs of year-by-year records, compose- who have been writing the text of the NPL since the mid-1110s, un-ka-len in the ancient Russian le-to-pi-sa-nii, which allows for research-to-va-te-lyam pro- follow on its example the periodicity of the completeness of the summer-written texts, di-na-mi-ku change of the summer-written texts -tsev, in-di-vi-du-al-special-ben-no-sti their languages ​​and styles. Analysis of the linguistic diversity of NPL (especially significant in the first part of the Si-no-dal-no-go list , where it manifests itself even at the level of or-pho-graphy) shows that the fullness of power le-to-pi-si no-si-lo or-ga-ni-zo-van-ny ha-rak-ter, and what is the change to ar-hi-epi-sko-pa re-gu-lar- but he drew me along and replaced the scribe. In the literary sense, the text of the NPL is also not the same - from short notes of the 11th - early 12th centuries to the present day. tor-commen-ta-ri-em under-rob-no-th story about the events of the mid-13th century. The scribe of the 13th century was Po-no-Mar Ti-mo-fey, who mentioned himself in an article of 1230, and in the 1260s he -shy obligation of the Vladych-no-go sec-re-ta-rya (his hand on-pi-sa-ny to-go-vo-ry Nov-go-ro-da with Grand Duke of Vladimir Yaro-slav Yaro-sla-vi-ch).

The circle of co-existence, re-gu-lar-but os-ve-sha-my rulers of the summer-pi-sue, are replacing the princes with a new one. city ​​capital, you-bo-ry of the ar-hi-epi-sco-pa and the highest city ma-gi-st-ra-tov (in the garden, thousand), construction of churches and establishment of monasteries, military. enterprises with the participation of new towns, ex-three-small annual phenomena, heat, epidemics. Having a predominantly local ha-rak-ter, the lord's le-to-write included a number of stories about the -by-ti-yah, pro-is-ho-div-shih outside Nov-go-ro-da: taking Kon-stan-ti-no-po-la in the course of the 4th Crusade- in the same year (under 1204), from the beating of the Ryazan princes in 1217 in the village. Isa-dy book. Gle-bom Vla-di-mi-ro-vi-chem (under 1218), Kalk battle in 1223 (under 1224), Mon-go-lo-ta-tar-sky on-she-st- Vii (under 1238). These stories were, apparently, recorded in Novgorod on the basis of oral evidence, spe- tsi-al-but for not-seeing them in the letter. Reliable cases of the use of the Vladych's summer-writing sources are not new. the city's pro-is-ho-zh-de-niya og-ra-ni-chi-va-yut-sya several of the weight-tia for the years 1201-1203 , take us to the world-power of le-to-pi-sa-niy.

According to the Vladych Le-to-pi-si, the eldest and youngest of the NPL had their own additional sources. Not-in-the-middle-st-ven-nym ori-gi-na-lom Si-no-dal-no-go sleep-ska in parts until 1195 served until-half-nen- Naya local for-pi-sya-mi copy of the Vladych-noy le-to-pi-si, at-cha-taya priest. Herman Vo-yata between 1144 and 1188. This letter is the only one that is connected with the Church of St. Jacob in Lyu-din or the Ne-revsky end of New -go-ro-da (D.I. Pro-zo-rov-sky, M.P. Po-go-din, A.A. Shakh-matov, D.S. Li-kha-chev, G .I. Vzdor-nov, V.L. Yanin), others - with Yuri-e-vym. near Novgorod (I.M. Trotsky, V. Vodov). Without a doubt, in the Yur-e-ve monastery they made pi-si on the following sheets of ru-ko-pi-si. Additional additional sources from the younger NPL were the Life of Alek-san Dr. Nevsky, local new fragments under 1240/1241, 1242/1243, 1246/1247, 1251/1252, a tale about the murder of the Cher-nigov book in Or-de. Mi-hai-la All-vo-lo-do-vi-cha and his battle-ri-na Fyo-do-ra (6753) and the story about the Ku-li-kov-battle of 1380, from -drawn from the early-non-Moscow-le-to-write-but-me-me-not. These texts, most likely, became part of the NPL during the re-writing of the Vladych Le-to-pi-si at the very end of the 14th - beginning of the 15th centuries .

The text of the ruler's le-to-pi-si was used more than once in the New-Gorod Le-to-pi-sa-nia. He became one of the main sources of the Nov-gorod-sko-Sofiy-skogo svo-da - the pro-count of the Nov-gorod-sko-4th and Sophia 1st le-to-pi-sey and through him, through the middle, entered into the general Russian summer-to-pi-sa-nie XV- XVI centuries. Not-behind-the-see-my image, the new city's ruler's le-to-writing collection was held in Tver -no-ke.

NPL has a special significance for the study of the beginning of ancient Russian literature. So-glas-but-gi-po-te-ze A.A. Shah-ma-to-va, un-de-my pain-shin-st-vom modern. is-follow-up-va-te-lei, in the ancient part of the younger part of the NPL, the Ki-ev Initial Code was developed 1090s, lying in the basis of “By the weight of time.” Shah-ma-to-va’s assumption that the text of this code appeared in the NPL in the 15th century, replacing the text “Po- all the time”, at the present time from-clone-but; in-vi-di-mo-mu, on the Nachal-ny svo-de, pro-dol-zhen-nom for-pi-sya-mi until 1115, New-city le-to-pi -sa-nie was already at the prince's court in the 1110s.

Ed.: Nov-gorod-skaya first le-to-write of the elder and younger of the vo-dov / Ed. A.N. Na-so-no-va. M.; L., 1950 (facsimile re-ed. - Complete collection of Russian summer literature. M., 2000. T. 3); Nov-gorod-skaya ha-ra-tei-naya le-to-write. M., 1964.

Additional literature:

Pro-zo-rovsky D.I. Who was the first pi-sa-te-lem of the first Nov-gorod-skaya le-to-pi-si? St. Petersburg, 1852;

Po-go-din M.P. Nov-gorod-skie le-to-pi-si // From the news of the Im-per-ra-tor Academy of Sciences on the de-le-tion of the Russian language and layer- weight St. Petersburg, 1857. T. 1. Issue. 3;

Shakh-ma-tov A.A. Ra-zy-sk-niya about the ancient Russian chronicles. St. Petersburg, 1908;

Trotsky I.M. Experience of analysis of the first Nov-gorod-skaya summer-to-pi-si // Iz-ves-tiya of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Ser. 7. From-de-le-tion of social-st-ven-nyh na-uk. 1933. No. 5;

Li-kha-chev D.S. “Sophia's times” and the New-city po-li-ti-che-sky re-rot of 1136 // Is-to-ri-che-skie za-pi-ki. M., 1948. T. 25;

Yanin V.L. To the question about the role of Si-no-dal-no-go list of Nov-gorod-skaya I le-to-pi-si in Russian le-to-pi-sa-nii XV century // Le-to-pi-si and chron-ni-ki. 1980. M., 1981;

Vodoff W. Quelques remarques sur la Première chronique de Nov-go-rod // Studia slavica mediaevalia et huma-ni-sti-ca R. Picchio dicata. Roma, 1986. Vol. 2;

Gip-pi-us A.A. To the history of the composition of the text of the Nov-gorod-skaya first le-to-pi-si // Nov-gorod-skiy is-to-ri-che-sky collection -Nick. St. Petersburg, 1997. Issue. 6(16);

aka. Nov-Gorod-Vladych-naya le-to-writing and its authors: is-to-riya and structure of text-sta in Lin-Gwis-ti-che-os -ve-sche-nii // Lin-gwis-ti-che-is-s-exact-ni-ko-ve-de-nie and history of the Russian language. 2004-2005. M., 2006;

The history of chronicles in Rus' goes back to the distant past. It is known that writing arose before the 10th century. The texts were written, as a rule, by representatives of the clergy. It is thanks to ancient writings that we know. But what was the name of the first Russian chronicle? Where did it all start? Why is it of great historical significance?

What was the name of the first Russian chronicle?

Everyone should know the answer to this question. The first Russian chronicle was called “The Tale of Bygone Years.” It was written in 1110-1118 in Kyiv. Linguistic scientist Shakhmatov revealed that she had predecessors. However, this is still the first Russian chronicle. It is called confirmed, reliable.

The story describes a chronicle of events that occurred over a certain period of time. It consisted of articles that described each past year.

Author

The monk described events from biblical times to 1117. The title of the first Russian chronicle is the first lines of the chronicle.

History of creation

The chronicle had copies made after Nestor, which were able to survive to this day. They weren't very different from each other. The original itself was lost. According to Shchakhmatov, the chronicle was rewritten just a few years after its appearance. Big changes were made to it.

In the 14th century, the monk Lawrence rewrote the work of Nestor, and it is this copy that is considered the most ancient that has survived to our time.

There are several versions of where Nestor got the information for his chronicle. Since the chronology goes back to ancient times, and articles with dates appeared only after 852, many historians believe that the monk described the old period thanks to the legends of people and written sources in the monastery.

She corresponded often. Even Nestor himself rewrote the chronicle, making some changes.

The interesting thing is that in those days the scripture was also a code of laws.

The Tale of Bygone Years described everything: from exact events to biblical legends.

The purpose of the creation was to write a chronicle, record events, restore chronology in order to understand where the Russian people come from and how Rus' was formed.

Nestor wrote that the Slavs appeared a long time ago from the son of Noah. Noah had three in total. They divided three territories among themselves. One of them, Japheth, received the northwestern part.

Then there are articles about the princes, the East Slavic tribes that descended from the Noriks. It is here that Rurik and his brothers are mentioned. It is said about Rurik that he became the ruler of Rus' by founding Novgorod. This explains why there are so many supporters of the Norman theory of the origin of the princes from the Rurikovichs, although there is no factual evidence.

It tells about Yaroslav the Wise and many other people and their reign, about wars and other significant events that shaped the history of Rus' and made it what we know it now.

Meaning

"The Tale of Bygone Years" is of great importance today. This is one of the main historical sources on which historians conduct research. Thanks to her, the chronology of that period has been restored.

Since the chronicle has an open genre, ranging from stories of epics to descriptions of wars and weather, one can understand a lot about the mentality and ordinary life of the Russians who lived at that time.

Christianity played a special role in the chronicle. All events are described through the prism of religion. Even the deliverance from idols and the adoption of Christianity are described as a period when people got rid of temptations and ignorance. And the new religion is light for Rus'.

1.2.1. Chronicle period of Kievan Rus (X - early XII century)

In the history of Russian chronicles, it is customary to distinguish three major stages: the chronicles of Kievan Rus, the chronicles of the period of feudal fragmentation and the chronicles of the unified Russian state. The chronicle of each of these stages had its own characteristics, reflected in the form and content of the historical source, methods of its creation, and political orientation.

The chronicle of Kievan Rus is not represented by independent, completed chronicle texts that have actually reached us.

With x-~s. Its traces were preserved in later chronicles, so many issues of the initial stage of Russian chronicles are controversial.

A feature of this period of chronicle writing can be considered the formation of the weather grid of the chronicle narrative. We do not know what form the very first chronicle texts had. There is reason to believe that the weather form of recording was not the only one and did not appear immediately. Researchers date the beginning of the tradition of recording events under specific absolute dates to the 70s. XI century and connect it with the chronicle activity of K 1^1evo-Pechersk abbot Nikon. The idea of ​​Weather Articles could have arisen under the influence of calendar tables that are found in liturgical books. In the 19th century books were discovered, in which there are simultaneously both a lapidary mention of this existence, correlated with the date of the table, and a detailed chronicle weather record about the same event, placed outside the framework of Ta j blitz. The calendar tables used by the Orthodox Church may have reinforced the practice of accurately recording events.

At the same time, there was another system of recording events. In Leu, dating was based on a relative time scale: ■-, those. new events were dated in relation to those that had already happened: “after many times, the time did not pass...”, “the same time passed...”, “burned in twos? I'm flying..."

An example of such dating is the Galicia-Voshchinsky vault of the 13th century, which is part of the Ipatiev Chronicle (15th century). According to researchers, the original text of this code did not have exact dates. Later, when it was combined with the Kyiv arch of 1200, in which the text was divided into years, relative dating was converted into absolute, but this was done with an error: the events that took place in the Galician-Volyn principality from the beginning of the 13th century were shifted back by four years. Thus, the error shows that initially the Galician-Volyn vault ^ did not have a weather grid* Giving uniformity to the new text, the vaulter immediately after the Kiev vault, which ended with the weather grid of 1200, placed: l in the 1201 record of the Galician- Volyn events, although in fact the first events conveyed by the Galician-Volyn vault took place in 1205.

The difficult question is about the original one! point of the ancient Russian chronicle, its original content and form. Some pre-revolutionary researchers considered Nestor to be the first Russian chronicler, and the “Tale of Time Years” created by him in 1113 as her first chronicle work. However, in domestic historiography, the origins of chronicle writing in Rus' were gradually pushed back to an earlier time; time. After analyzing many chronicles, Shakhmatov suggested that the first Russian

The Russian chronicle text was created around 1039 in Kyiv at the newly opened Russian metropolitan see. The scientist called this hypothetical text the Ancient Chronicle.

Later, a number of Soviet researchers, relying on data from various written sources, suggested that the chronicle appeared at the end of the 9th century. Thus, L.V. Cherepnin (1905-1977) considered the starting point of Russian chronicles to be 996, when a chronicle was compiled on the occasion of the issuance of tithes to the Kyiv church by Vladimir Svyatoslavich. According to the historian, it included stories about the Polyana-Rus. To reconstruct the vault of 996, Cherep-nin used “Memory and Praise to Prince Vladimir” by the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Jacob. M.N. Tikhomirov (1893 - 1965) also attributed the beginning of chronicle writing to the end of the 10th century. - beginning of the 11th century According to the reconstruction of this scientist, chronicle writing began with the creation of three legends: “Tales about the beginning of Russia”, “Tales about the calling of the Varangians” and “Tales about Russian princes”. Tikhomirov expressed the opinion that chronicle writing originated in both Kiev and Novgorod. B. A. Rybakov (1908 - 2001) dated the first Russian code, created in Kyiv and covering the activities of Prince Vladimir and his predecessors, to 996 - 997. According to the scientist’s reconstruction, this collection was a processing of various sources: episodic records, epic tales, the Belgorod Chronicle - a monument that appeared at the court of a local bishop, etc. D.S. Likhachev (1906-1999) assumed that the origins of the chronicle that arose in 40s XI century, lie in the synthesis of oral traditions and a literary-historical work, conventionally called by him “The Tale of the Spread of Christianity.”

During the period of the existence of the Old Russian state, chronicle writing was carried out in the largest cities - Kyiv and Novgorod. I Based on the surviving late chronicles, it is possible to most fully restore the Kiev chronicle, which was not limited to Kiev events and recorded many events that took place throughout the entire territory of the then state. Thus, the Kiev chronicle of the 11th - early 12th centuries. can be defined as all-Russian.

The largest chronicle work created during the period of Kievan Rus is “The Tale of Bygone Years”. The self-title of the Chronicle is “Behold the stories of the past years, where the Russian land came from, who began to reign first in Kyiv, and where the Russian land began to eat.” In this version, it is given at the beginning of the Lavra 1tievskaya and the Trinity, Radziwill and Mos-Koisko-Academic chronicles close to it.

Go, Ermolaevsky, etc.), in which the self-title of the work is supplemented by an indication of the author - a monk, i.e. monk of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery. But his name - Nestor - was preserved only in the Khlebnikov list.

The end of the “Tale of Bygone Years” as part of the later chronicles is determined conditionally, since there is no clear boundary between it and subsequent collections. A guide in searching for the boundary of Nestorov’s text is the first weather record in the Tale of Bygone Years - 852 (6360), which provides a calculation of the years from the creation of the world to the death of the Kyiv prince Svyatopolk, who died in 1113. Consequently, the author of this chronological calculation knew about the death of the prince and worked on his chronicle, most likely in 1113 or a little later.

After a short time, the author’s text of “The Tale of Bygone Years” was revised. Various options for processing the text are presented today in two editions, preserved primarily in the Laurentian and Ipatiev Chronicles. Nestor's original text has not survived, and scientists are trying to find traces of it in the two subsequent editions.

Research of the 20th century, especially the work of Shakhmatov, proved that Nestor used earlier chronicle texts. The scientist managed to outline several milestones in the chronicles of the 11th century.

The arch closest in time to the Tale of Bygone Years, which was established by Shakhmatov, is the so-called Initial arch of 1093 - 1096. Its traces were discovered when comparing the “Tale of Bygone Years”, presented in the Laurentian and Ipatiev Chronicles, with the initial part of the Novgorod First Chronicle of the younger edition. The last chronicle has a short preface, which could have been created in Kyiv, and not in Novgorod. The initial code tells why Kyiv received such a name, describes a city located on the mountains (such a city could be Kiev, and not Novgorod), expresses dissatisfaction with the greed of the princes, for which God punished the Russian land with an invasion of the “filthy” (to Novgorod, as is known, the Polovtsians did not reach). The content of the preface made it possible to make an assumption about the Kiev origin of the chronicle text that followed this introduction.

In the weather records of the late 11th century, read in the Tale of Bygone Years, Shakhmatov found some thematic parallels with the text of the preface of the Novgorod chronicle. These are, on the one hand, the detailed arguments of the chronicler of “The Tale of Bygone Years” about the invasion of the Polovtsians as God’s punishment for the unreasonable actions of the princes and his squad, and on the other hand, generalized critical statements of the preface addressed to the prince and his squad, whose greed led to the invasion of “filthy " Most emo

i tonally, the Polovtsian invasion, its causes and devastating consequences for the people of Kiev, primarily the monks of the Kiev-Pemersk monastery, are described in the “Tale of Bygone Years” and weather articles for 1093 - 1096. It was this time that Shakhmatov dated the creation of that Kiev chronicle work, to which the preface of the Novgorod chronicle belonged and which was used by the Novgorod chronicler. The Kiev-Pechersk Monastery was named as the place where this text was compiled.

A comparison of the Novgorod First Chronicle of the younger edition and the Tale of Bygone Years shows that the text of the first chronicle is more correct than the second. The malfunction of a number of places in ■ The Tale of Bygone Years” is seen in the redundancy of information about some events, which sometimes violates the logic of the narrative about the development of events. These violations indicate the processing of the text common to both works by different chroniclers who had different tasks and sources. The closest original in the text of one or more lists is usually called protographer.

For the “Tale of Bygone Years” (in the Laurentian, Ipatiev and other copies) and the Novgorod first chronicle of the younger edition, the protograph is the Kiev code, which was determined by Shakhmatov and called by him the Initial chronicle code of 1093 - 1096. The scientist did not attribute it, i.e. did not link the creation of the text to any specific person. However, later M.D. Priselkov (1881 - 1941) put forward the hypothesis that the compiler of the code was the abbot of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, John.

The text of the protograph is less processed in the Novgorod first chronicle of the younger edition. The inclusion of additional information in The Tale of Bygone Years, which led to a violation of the logic of the initial stories about the events described, indicates Nestor’s significant processing of the Initial Chronicle.

In the Laurentian and Ipatiev Chronicles, text redundant in relation to the original is found, for example, in the narrative of Princess Olga’s revenge on the Drevlyans for the death of her husband, Prince Igor (946). Apparently, the protograph of “The Tale of Bygone Years” spoke of three cases of revenge: firstly, the burial alive in a pit of the ambassadors of the Drevlyan prince Mal, who arrived in Kiev to Olga for matchmaking; secondly, the burning of the second Drevlyan embassy in Kyiv; thirdly, the destruction of the Drevlyans after the funeral feast for Igor in their own land. One reads about these methods of Olga’s first revenge in the First Novgorod Chronicle. But in I “The Tale of Bygone Years” there is a story about the fourth revenge, which is “absent in the Novgorod text:

Novgorod first chronicle of the younger persecution

“In the summer of 6454 (946). Olga and her son Svyatoslav are many and brave, going to the Derevskaya land<...>And the Drevlyans will win; and impose a heavy tribute on them; and two parts of the tribute goes to Kiev, and the third goes to Vyshegorod to Olza: be it Vyshegorod Olgin’s grad” 1 .

"Tale temporary years"

“In the summer of 6454 (946). Olga and her son Svyatoslav gathered together in large numbers and were brave, and went to the Dervy land<...>And the Derevlyans will win. The Derevlyans ran away and shut themselves up in their towns. Olga rushed with her son to the Iskorosten city, as if they had killed her husband, and stood near the city with her son, and the Derevlians shut themselves in the city, and fought hard from the city, knowing that they themselves had killed the prince and to what end betray And Olga stood in the summer, and could not take the hail, and the intentions of her (followed by the story of the fourth revenge of the princess - the arson of the city of Isko-Rosten with the help of pigeons. - T. TO.). And the people ran out of the city, and Olga commanded them to fight, as if they had taken the city and burned it; The elders of the city were taken away, and the rest of the people were beaten, and the others were given over to work by their husbands, and left to pay tribute for their use.

And he laid a heavy tribute on her; 2 parts of the tribute go to Kyiv, and the third to Vyshegorod to Olza; Be bo Vyshegorod city Volzin...” 2.

Using the example of a fragment of a weather article in 946, taken from the Tale of Bygone Years, one can see how ineptly the chroniclers processed the texts of their predecessors, wanting to add additional news. The author tore up the sentence as read in his source and inserted a legend. More logical is the text of the same article in the Novgorod first chronicle of the younger edition, which, therefore, better reflects the text of the protograph.

The compiler of the Initial Chronicle Code, in turn, relied on an even earlier code, which dates back to the early 70s. XI century

Many researchers, starting with Shakhmatov, consider the abbot of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nikon to be the author of the code. Some facts from his life known today indicate that he could be related to the Kiev chronicle. So, Nikon was in Tmutarakan, and in the chronicles in the records of the 60s. XI century The events of TMU-Cockroach are described in quite detail for that level of chronicle writing.

According to Shakhmatov, Nikon’s code was supplemented with records of events up to 1093 inclusive and formed the basis of the Initial Chronicle Code.

A feature of the vault of the 70s. XI century there was the appearance in it of a number of precisely dated social events, which indicated the existence of some kind of contemporary records. The first such event was noted in 1061: “In the summer of 6569 (1061). The Polovtsi came first to fight on Russian soil; Vsevolod went out against them on the 2nd day of the month of February. And those who fought with him defeated Vsevolod, and left the war. Behold, the first evil came from the filthy and godless enemies. So the prince was looking for them” 1. Subsequently, the number of precisely dated events increases. Perhaps Nikon gave historical records the form of weather records, which determined the specifics of this type of historical sources.

The next oldest vault, which was reconstructed by Shakhmatov, dates back to approximately 1039. Its appearance, according to the scientist, is associated with the opening of the metropolis in Kiev, where, following the example of the Byzantine hierarchs, the recording of events in church and secular life began.

In addition to the listed chronicle works, traces of which are found in the largest chronicle collection of Kievan Rus at the beginning of the 12th century, Nestor used numerous written and oral sources. Written sources are varied in genre and place of creation (the South Slavic “Tale of the Beginning of Slavic Writing”, the translated Greek “Chronicle of George Amartol”, outlining world history up to 948, etc.). Nestor supplemented the news of his predecessors with legends. In addition to the fourth revenge of Princess Olga, he introduced historical legends into the chronicle, for example, about how the young Kozhemyaka defeated the Pecheneg hero, and the old man saved Belgorod, besieged by the Pechenegs. The chronicler included in the text oral information received from his contemporaries. So, about the events of the second half of the 11th century. Nestor was informed by Jan Vyša-tic. The chronicler reported on the death of this venerable old man on the pages of the “Tale of Bygone Years”: “In the summer of 6614 (1106)... In the same summer, Yan, a good old man, died, lived 90 years, suffered from mastitis in old age; Living according to the law of God, he is no worse than the first righteous. I heard many words from him, including seven written in the chronicles, from him I heard them. Be a good man, and meek, and humble, raking in all things, his coffin is in the Pechersky monastery, in the vestibule, where his body is laid to lie in the month of June, 24” 2.

Novgorod first chronicle of the older and younger editions... - P. 112-

2 The Tale of Bygone Years... - pp. 28 - 29.

"The Tale of Bygone Years 2 Ibid. - P. 119.

The stages of creating vaults described above during the 11th - beginning XII century, reconstructed by Shakhmatov, are generally accepted by most scientists. Some authors propose to revise the attribution of some of these codes, clarify the dating of the codes and explain the reasons for their appearance. While building their new hypotheses, they nevertheless proceed from Shakhmatov’s reconstruction.

So, “The Tale of Bygone Years” was a chronicle work that completed the first stage of Russian chronicle writing and influenced chronicle writing during the period of feudal fragmentation.

1. Chronicle

Any object or concept, before talking about it, needs to be defined somehow. Therefore, when starting to study the history of the Aryan-Slavs and their chronicles, it is worth clarifying the meaning of these terms.
As for the “chronicle”, everything seems clear and without explanation. The name itself suggests that in it, year after year (summer after summer), the Scribe describes the events known to him.
. And this is done in order not to lose the accumulated knowledge of the ancestors, and also, based on a series of events, to replenish this knowledge, clarify it and discover new rules and laws that operate over longer periods of time (than the laws of the ancestors).
In short, the goal of the Chronicle is promotion!

2. History

But the term “History”, which replaced the “Chronicle” from the West, requires some clarification.
.
The patroness of History in ancient Greece was the goddess Clio.
"The name Clio comes from the fact that chanting in poetry gives great glory to those praised" (http://history-illustrated.ru/article_2338.html)

This means that the purpose of History is to exalt and glorify individual individuals, as a rule, military and statesmen, as well as individual (selected) states and peoples!
History, by definition, is not a science, but a matter of praise and glorification!
So the task of Clio-History, to describe the sequence of events, especially the objective description of them, which is expected from it, by design, is in no way I don't have any!
Therefore, there is nothing strange in the fact that in history, cultures and peoples appear from nowhere, and then disappear to God knows where. “From” and “where” is not a question of history, it is a question of chronicle. The task of History is to praise what exists now!

Why does every nation have its own beautiful history, which does not fit in with others...
Or why is History rewritten anew with every leader?
Yes, because stories are intended specifically to praise leaders. Therefore, every leader of every people is written with great praise!

Substitution, replacement of the Chronicle with History is the biggest scam of all time!

3. Why is History so attractive?

Why is History so attractive? To whom and what benefits does this replacement provide?
This question is best examined with individual examples.

In modern History, for example, there is (the pride of modern Lithuanians!) the state “Greater Lithuania”. She, being “Great,” managed to expand her possessions to the Black Sea, and then, in alliance with Poland, played a significant role on the world (in the sense of the European) arena. The Lithuanian prince Dovmont successfully ruled Pskov, etc., etc.
Greatness on all sides!...
In the chronicles it is modestly designated as the Russian-Lithuanian state, in which only... 8% of Lithuanians (Litvins) lived. And in the Polish Sejm there were constant disputes about whether to conduct the meeting in Russian or Polish? I haven’t heard anything about any Lithuanians or the Lithuanian language...
Can you feel the difference?
That's it!

Or more.
In the history of Estonia there is an episode "War in Mahtra", with a detailed description of the development of its strategy and tactics!
And the fighting itself is described so thrillingly that the Great Patriotic War is simply resting...
And the chronicle confirms this!
According to the chronicle, up to... 30 people took part there on each side!
This is what intelligently written History means!
In history you can easily make a Great Elephant out of a molehill, but in the chronicle you will remain a molehill. This is the main advantage of History.

But in large states such as India or China, Chronicles and legends are more valuable. They don’t need to inflate anything; they are elephants without it.

The weaker and more frail a person or nation is, the more he clings to History.

4. The word "History"

And the word “History” itself reads in Cyrillic as: - “I am from the Torah”! What exactly does it mean is that it is aimed at exalting and praising “the people of the Torah.” Short and succinct, precise and specific! Couldn't have said it better!
This contains the answers to many questions like:
- who is primarily interested in replacing the chronicle with laudatory stories
- who writes history?
- who makes history?
- Etc....
And the logical answer: - People from the Torah!

5. People from the Torah!

According to chronicles and legends, “people from the Torah” consist of two classes (castes)..
The lowest caste originates (on the maternal side) from the Dravidians and Nagas captured in southern India (castes also originate from there). You can’t take much from them, from prisoners. They themselves are forced people, deceived like everyone else.
But the upper class is of great interest! This class is the clergy or, according to the Bible, the tribe of the Levites, represented there by the Aryan family of “brother” Aron. (Aron = Ar he or Arius he)
This is precisely a clan, and not a tribe, because their affiliation is determined according to the principle of clan. (p o t ts u)!
Organizers of the slave system, dreaming of world domination, instigators of almost all wars...
How did they get to this point? How did the Aryan culture allow this to happen? And how can they be corrected or restored?
This is the point of view from which it is useful to look at Aryan History, Chronicles, Myths and Traditions!
And at the same time, try to answer why huge Russia, this elephant of world humanity, forgets its richest Chronicles, and slavishly clings to History, like a pygmy little people?

Reviews

I was looking for the period when in Rus' officially, instead of “chronicles,” they began to write “history.” Have not found. The search engine brought you this topic. I read it and there are even more questions. In order to leave you a review and ask questions, I had to become the author of “Prose,” but I don’t do prose.
Presumably, he found out that the reformer Peter, who replaced the Leta with the Goths, could become the initiator or simply the conductor of this idea, replacing the chronicle with history, since the very first work on the history of the Russian state belonged to A.V. Lomonosov. At least I didn't find an earlier one. Karamzin was already a late father, but apparently, Karamzin (like a true Freemason) grasped the meaning of the idea of ​​​​such a renaming. In his “history” A.V. Lomonosov covers the period of pre-Christian Rus', when the princes were Slavs and Scythians, and Karamzin began counting from the period of the beginning of the reign of the Jew Vladimir. After all, this is exactly the conclusion that is interpreted in many modern sources? And if this is so, then all subsequent “Rurikovichs” were not as such; by blood they were descendants of Prince Vladimir, but not Svyatoslav? In addition, on the maternal side there is complete foreignness there.
Considering your conclusions about the semantic meaning of the word IzToria, we can assume that Karamzin actually wrote a continuation of the Torah developing on the territory of Rus' and was right that before, before Kievan Rus there was no state? After all, the state is based on Roman slaveholding Law, and in Rus' there was a Power that existed according to Kopny and other types of Law.
Where am I going wrong?

Good afternoon, Pavanik!
I’m not a historian, so I can’t say what’s right and what’s wrong.
I just analyzed the words and this is how it turned out (at that time).
In fact, it seems to me now that the matter is much more complicated there. As far as I understand, “Summers” were considered the time when the year was divided into three parts, into three seasons: Summer, Autumn and Winter.
With the transition to four seasons, the new year began to be counted either from the beginning of autumn, from September, or from the beginning of Winter. And before that, our ancestors began the new year in the spring, with the awakening of Nature, after hibernation, but they also considered it to be summers.
HISTORY (and not IzToria) is a native Russian word, and the Torah is also a native Russian word!
It means "path". It is not correct to replace history and istory.
“History” can also be read as Isto-R-iya, or Ist-Or-iya i.e. Speaking the truth. It all depends on what letter it is written with ("IST", "ISTO" were such letters in Rus')
So, not everything is so clear here...

Great philosophers have often repeated that people who do not know their past have no future. You should know the history of your family, your people, your country, if only so that you don’t have to make the same discoveries and make the same mistakes.

Sources of information about past events include official state documents, records of religious, social, and educational institutions, preserved eyewitness accounts, and much more. Chronicles are considered the most ancient documentary source.

Chronicle is one of the genres of Old Russian literature, which existed from the 11th to the 17th centuries. At its core, it is a sequential presentation of significant events in history. The records were kept by year; in terms of volume and details of the presentation of the material, they could vary greatly.

What events deserved mention in the chronicles?

Firstly, these are turning points in the biography of Russian princes: marriage, the birth of heirs, the beginning of a reign, military exploits, death. Sometimes Russian chronicles described miracles occurring from the relics of deceased princes, such as Boris and Gleb, the first Russian saints.

Secondly, chroniclers paid attention to describing celestial eclipses, solar and lunar, epidemics of serious diseases, earthquakes, etc. Chroniclers often tried to establish a relationship between natural phenomena and historical events. For example, defeat in a battle could be explained by the special position of the stars in the sky.

Thirdly, ancient chronicles told about events of national importance: military campaigns, attacks by enemies, the construction of religious or administrative buildings, church affairs, etc.

Common features of famous chronicles

1) If you remember what a chronicle is, you can guess why this genre of literature received such a name. The fact is that instead of the word “year” the authors used the word “summer”. Each entry began with the words “In the summer,” followed by the year and a description of the event. If, from the chronicler’s point of view, nothing significant happened, then a note was written: “There was silence in the summer of XXXX.” The chronicler had no right to completely omit the description of a particular year.

2) Some Russian chronicles begin not with the emergence of the Russian state, which would be logical, but with the creation of the world. In this way, the chronicler sought to fit the history of his country into universal human history, to show the place and role of his homeland in his modern world. Dating was also carried out from the creation of the world, and not from the Nativity of Christ, as we do now. The interval between these dates is 5508 years. Therefore, the entry “In the summer of 6496” contains a description of the events of 988 - the Baptism of Rus'.

3) For work, the chronicler could use the works of his predecessors. But he not only included the materials they left behind in his narrative, but also gave them his own political and ideological assessment.

4) The chronicle differs from other genres of literature in its special style. The authors did not use any artistic devices to decorate their speech. The main thing for them was documentation and information content.

The connection between the chronicle and literary and folklore genres

The special style mentioned above, however, did not prevent chroniclers from periodically resorting to oral folk art or other literary genres. Ancient chronicles contain elements of legends, traditions, heroic epics, as well as hagiographic and secular literature.

Turning to the toponymic legend, the author sought to explain where the names of the Slavic tribes, ancient cities and the entire country came from. Echoes of ritual poetry are present in the description of weddings and funerals. Epic techniques could be used to depict the glorious Russian princes and their heroic deeds. And to illustrate the life of rulers, for example, the feasts they organize, there are elements of folk tales.

Hagiographic literature, with its clear structure and symbolism, provided chroniclers with both material and a method for describing miraculous phenomena. They believed in the intervention of divine forces in human history and reflected this in their writings. The authors used elements of secular literature (teachings, stories, etc.) to reflect and illustrate their views.

Texts of legislative acts, princely and church archives, and other official documents were also woven into the fabric of the narrative. This helped the chronicler to give the most complete picture of important events. What is a chronicle if not a comprehensive historical description?

The most famous chronicles

It should be noted that chronicles are divided into local, which became widespread during the times of feudal fragmentation, and all-Russian, describing the history of the entire state. The list of the most famous is presented in the table:

Until the 19th century, it was believed that “The Tale of Bygone Years” was the first chronicle in Rus', and its creator, monk Nestor, was the first Russian historiographer. This assumption was refuted by A.A. Shkhmatov, D.S. Likhachev and other scientists. “The Tale of Bygone Years” has not survived, but its individual editions are known from lists in later works - the Laurentian and Ipatiev Chronicles.

Chronicle in the modern world

By the end of the 17th century, the chronicles had lost their historical significance. More accurate and objective ways of recording events have emerged. History began to be studied from the standpoint of official science. And the word “chronicle” acquired additional meanings. We no longer remember what a chronicle is when we read the headings “Chronicles of life and work N”, “Chronicle of a museum” (theater or any other institution).

There is a magazine, a film studio, a radio program called “Chronicles,” and fans of computer games are probably familiar with the game “Arkham Chronicles.”