The ideas about human needs were detailed in his book Motivation and Personality by Abraham Harold Maslow, an American psychologist of Russian origin. Maslow put forward the theory of the multiplicity of different needs of the individual, while arguing that they can be classified into five main categories:
Spiritual Needs - it is cognition, self-actualization, self-expression, self-identification.
Esteem Needs from others, in self-respect. In public recognition and appreciation of human achievements.
Social needs - the need for communication, the presence of social ties, affection, caring for others and attention to oneself, joint activities.
existential - ensuring the safety and comfort of human existence, constancy of conditions and quality of life.
Physiological (they are also biological and organic), satisfaction of the need for food, clothing, sleep, hunger, thirst, sexual desire, etc.
According to this classification, social needs occupy a key place in the hierarchy of human needs. As primary needs are met, higher-level needs become important.
There are many forms of human social needs. Let’s take a look at three main examples:
1. Need "FOR OTHERS". Most clearly, the need “FOR OTHERS” is expressed in altruism, in the readiness to wholeheartedly serve other people, to sacrifice oneself for the sake of another. Most often, this need to protect the weak, the need for disinterested communication.
« I do not know what your fate will be, but one thing I know for sure: only those of you will be truly happy who have searched and found a way to serve people.- Albert Schweitzer, Nobel Peace Prize winner, humanist, theologian, philosopher, musician and physician. The son of a pastor from the small town of Kaiserberg in Upper Alsace, he created a picture of his own world. Such 
in which he could live in accordance with his own ideas. Calling on others to use every opportunity to do good, he himself was a vivid example of the realization of the need "FOR OTHERS". Analyzing the state of modern culture in Europe, the philosopher wondered why the worldview, based on a life-affirming principle, turned from an originally moral into an immoral one.
The concept of "reverence for life" became Schweitzer's idea, embracing both life-affirmation and ethics. Its embodiment is a hospital built by the philosopher's own hands.
« There is no person who does not have the opportunity to give himself to people and thereby show his human essence. Anyone who uses every opportunity to be human can save his life by doing something for those who need help - no matter how modest his activity may be.". Schweitzer sincerely felt sorry for people who cannot devote their lives to others.
2. Need for YOURSELF. The need, aimed at self-affirmation in society, at the self-realization of the individual. This is the need for self-identification of a person. The need to take their rightful place in society, in the team. Last but not least, this need is directed to the desire to have a certain power. “FOR YOURSELF” is a social human need because it can be realized only through the need “FOR OTHERS”.
Benvenuto Cellini. The talented Italian sculptor was born in Florence. During his rather long life for those times, 1500 - 1571, Cellini became famous as a jeweler, writer, medalist and not only. The desire to satisfy the "NEED FOR YOURSELF" prompted him not only to creativity, but also to adventures. Cellini participated in the war with Spain, and later, due to the absurd nature of Benvenuto, he was often the instigator of quarrels that ended in death for his opponents. Despite the patronage of the Pope, the impudent young man was arrested more than once, and later, hiding, left Rome.
Cellini spent his last years at home, in Florence. His autobiography has been translated into almost all European languages. In which the author, desiring even greater glory, attributed to himself deeds that he did not actually commit.
3. The need to “TOGETHER WITH OTHERS”. This is a whole group of needs that determines the reasons for the combined actions of many people, society as a whole. Namely: the need for security, freedom, peace, the need to curb the aggressor, the need to change the political regime. The peculiarity of the need "TOGETHER WITH OTHERS" is that people unite to solve pressing problems of a social nature.
Example: the invasion of fascist troops into the territory of the USSR became the decisive stimulus for the realization of the need “TOGETHER WITH OTHERS”. The common goal - rebuffing the invaders, became the reason for the unification of the peoples living on the territory of the union republics.
Do the needs of the social essence of a person require satisfaction? What if you don't pay attention to it?
Without satisfying their own biological needs, a person will not be able to live like a healthy individual. Illustrative examples illustrate this in the best possible way: the lack of enough money to eat well, buy appropriate clothes, the required medicines, keep your own home in proper order, leads to illness or death of a person.
The lack of opportunities to meet social needs makes a person doubt his own usefulness. Without satisfaction of this kind of needs, a person feels weak, helpless, humiliated. What often pushes a person to the manifestation of aggression, anti-social acts. Everyone in our society needs a stable, constant, usually high self-esteem. The social needs of a person also include self-respect, the presence of self-esteem, reinforced by the attitude of other people. Satisfaction of the need for self-esteem leads to a feeling of self-confidence. A sense of self-worth, strength of personality, capacity, usefulness and necessity in this world leads a person to the same results. The impossibility of satisfying such needs leads a person to completely different results.
Which path are you choosing?
The existence of social needs is due to the life of a person with other individuals and with constant interaction with them. Society influences the formation of the personality structure, its needs and desires. Harmonious development of the individual outside of society is impossible. The need for communication, friendship, love can be satisfied only in the process of interaction between a person and society.
What is a "need"?
It's a need for something. It can be both physiological and psychological in nature, serves as a motive for action and "forces" the individual to take steps aimed at satisfying his need. Needs appear in the form of emotionally colored desires and, as a result, its satisfaction is manifested in the form of evaluative emotions. When an individual needs something, he feels negative emotions, and as his needs and desires are satisfied, positive emotions appear.
Dissatisfaction of physiological needs can lead to the death of a living organism, and psychological needs can cause internal discomfort and tension, depression.
The satisfaction of one need leads to the emergence of another. Their infinity is one of the features of the development of the individual as a personality.
Needs force us to perceive the surrounding reality selectively, through the prism of our needs. They focus the attention of the individual on objects that contribute to the satisfaction of the current need.
Hierarchy
The diversity of human nature is the reason for the existence of various classifications of needs: by object and subject, areas of activity, temporal stability, significance, functional role, etc. The most widely known hierarchy of needs proposed by the American psychologist Abraham Maslow.
- The first step is physiological needs (thirst, hunger, sleep, sexual desire, etc.).
- The second stage is security (lack of fear for one's existence, confidence).
- The third stage is social needs (communication, friendship, love, caring for others, belonging to a social group, joint activities).
- The fourth stage is the need for respect from others and oneself (success, recognition).
- The fifth stage is spiritual needs (self-expression, disclosure of inner potential, achievement of harmony, personal development).
Maslow argues that the satisfaction of needs located at the lower levels of the hierarchy leads to the strengthening of the higher ones. A thirsty person concentrates his attention on finding a source of water, and the need for communication fades into the background. It is important to remember that needs can exist simultaneously, the question is only a priority.
social needs
The social needs of a person are not as acute as the physiological ones, but they play a crucial role in the interaction of the individual and society. Realization of social needs is impossible outside of society. Social needs include:
- the need for friendship;
- approval;
- love;
- communication;
- joint activities;
- caring for others;
- belonging to a social group, etc.
At the dawn of human development, it was social needs that contributed to the development of civilization. People united for protection and hunting, fighting against the elements. Their satisfaction in joint activities contributed to the development of agriculture. The realization of the need for communication spurred the development of culture.
Man is a social being and he tends to communicate with his own kind, therefore the satisfaction of social needs is no less important than physiological ones.
Types of social needs
Distinguish social needs according to the following criteria:
- “For oneself” (the desire for self-affirmation, recognition from others, power).
- "For others" (the need for communication, protection of others, selfless help, giving up one's desires in favor of others).
- “Together with others” (expressed as a desire to be part of a large social group to implement large-scale ideas that will benefit the entire group: uniting for the sake of resisting the aggressor, for the sake of changing the political regime, for the sake of peace, freedom, security).
The first kind can be realized only through the need "for others".
Classification according to E. Fromm
The German sociologist Erich Fromm proposed a different need:
- connections (the desire of an individual to be part of any social community, group);
- attachments (friendship, love, desire to share warm feelings and receive them in return);
- self-affirmation (desire to feel significant for others);
- self-awareness (the desire to stand out from the background of others, to feel one's own individuality);
- a reference point (an individual needs a certain standard for comparing and evaluating his actions, which can be religion, culture, national traditions).
Classification according to D. McClelland
American psychologist David McClellad proposed his classification of social needs based on the typology of personality and motivation:
- Power. People gravitate towards influencing others and being able to control their actions. There are two subtypes of such personalities: those who desire power for the sake of power itself, and those who seek power for the sake of solving other people's problems.
- Success. This need can only be satisfied if the work begun is successfully completed. It forces the individual to take initiative and take risks. However, in case of failure, the person will avoid repeating the negative experience.
- Involvement. Such people strive to establish friendly relations with everyone and try to avoid conflicts.
Satisfaction of social needs
The main feature of social needs is that they can be satisfied only through interaction with society. The very emergence of such needs is connected with society at the current stage of cultural and historical development. Activity is the main source of satisfaction of the social needs of the individual. Changing the content of social activities contributes to the development of social needs. The more diverse and complex, the more perfect the system of needs of the individual becomes.
Significance
The influence of social needs should be considered from two sides: from the point of view of the individual and from the point of view of society as a whole.
Satisfying social needs helps a person feel complete, needed, increases self-esteem and self-confidence. The most important social needs are communication, love, friendship. They play a primary role in the development of the individual as a person.
From the point of view of society, they are the engine of development of all spheres of life. The scientist, desiring recognition (satisfaction of the need "for himself"), invents a method of treating a serious illness that saves many lives and contributes to the development of science. An artist who dreams of becoming famous, in the process of satisfying his social need, contributes to culture. There are many such examples, and all of them will confirm that the satisfaction of the needs of an individual is as important for society as for the person himself.
Man is a social being and cannot harmoniously develop outside of him. The main social needs of the individual include: the need for communication, friendship, love, self-realization, recognition, power. Diversity contributes to the development of the system of needs of the individual. Dissatisfaction of social needs causes apathy and aggression. Social needs contribute not only to the improvement of the individual as a person, but also are the engine of the development of society as a whole.
Unlike biological and material needs, social needs do not make themselves felt so persistently, they exist as a matter of course, do not prompt a person to immediately satisfy them. It would, however, be an unforgivable mistake to conclude that social needs play a secondary role in the life of man and society.
On the contrary, social needs play a decisive role in the hierarchy of needs. At the dawn of the emergence of man, in order to curb zoological individualism, people united, created a taboo on the possession of harems, jointly participated in the hunt for a wild beast, clearly understood the differences between "us" and "them", jointly fought against the elements of nature. Thanks to the prevalence of needs "for the other" over the needs "for oneself", a person became a person, created his own history. Being a person in society, being for society and through society is the central sphere of manifestation of the essential forces of a person, the first necessary condition for the realization of all other needs: biological, material, spiritual.
Social needs exist in an infinite variety of forms. Without trying to present all the manifestations of social needs, we will classify these groups of needs according to three criteria: 1) needs for others; 2) needs for oneself; 3) needs together with others.
Needs for others are needs that express the generic essence of a person. It is the need to communicate, the need to protect the weak. The most concentrated need "for others" is expressed in altruism - in the need to sacrifice oneself for the sake of another. The need "for others" is realized by overcoming the eternal egoistic principle "for oneself". An example of a need "for others" is the hero of Yu. Nagibin's story "Ivan". "It gave him much more pleasure to try for someone than for himself. Probably, this is love for people ... But gratitude did not gush out of us. Ivan was shamelessly exploited, deceived, robbed."
The need "for oneself": the need for self-affirmation in society, the need for self-realization, the need for self-identification, the need to have one's place in society, in a team, the need for power, etc. Needs "for oneself" are called social because they are inextricably linked with needs " for others", and only through them can they be realized. In most cases, needs "for oneself" act as an allegorical expression of needs "for others". P. M. Ershov writes about this unity and interpenetration of opposites - needs "for oneself" and needs "for others": "The existence and even "cooperation" in one person of opposite tendencies" for oneself" and "for others" is possible, as long as we are not talking about individual and not about deep needs, but about the means of satisfying one or another - about the needs of service and derivative.The claim to even the most significant place "for oneself" is easier to realize, if at the same time, if possible, do not offend the claims of other people; the most productive means of achieving selfish goals are those which contain some compensation "for others" - those who claim the same place, but can be content with less ... "
Needs "together with others". A group of needs that expresses the motivating forces of many people or society as a whole: the need for security, the need for freedom, the need to curb the aggressor, the need for peace, the need for a change in political regime.
The peculiarities of the needs "together with others" are that they unite people to solve urgent problems of social progress. Thus, the invasion of the Nazi troops on the territory of the USSR in 1941 became a powerful stimulus for organizing a rebuff, and this need was of a universal nature. Today, the blatant aggression of the United States and NATO countries on Yugoslavia has shaped the common need of the peoples of the world to condemn the unprovoked bombing of Yugoslav cities, and has helped unite the Yugoslav people in their determination to wage an uncompromising struggle against the aggressor.
The most respected person is a person who has a wealth of social needs and directs all the efforts of his soul to satisfy these needs. This is a man - an ascetic, a revolutionary, a people's tribune, who brings his whole life to the altar of the fatherland, to the altar of social progress
Social is the behavior of a person in society, calculated to have a certain impact on society and on the people around him. Such behavior is regulated by special motives, which are called the motives of social behavior.
The types of social behavior driven by appropriate motives and needs include: behavior aimed at achieving success or avoiding failure, attachment type behavior, aggressiveness, desire for power, affiliation (desire for people and fear of being rejected), helping behavior - English), type A behavior, type B behavior, altruism, helpless and deviant behavior. All types of social behavior, depending on what they are and what benefits they bring to people, are divided into three main groups: pro-social, asocial and anti-social behavior.
Motives, like social behavior itself, can be positive or negative. Positive - these are the motives of social behavior that stimulate the pro-social behavior of a person, aimed at helping and psychological development of other people.
The motivation of social behavior is a dynamic, situationally changing system of factors that, in a single space and time, act on a person’s social behavior, motivating him to perform certain deeds and actions. In addition to the motive of such behavior, motivational factors can also include the value of the goal, the likelihood of achieving it in the current situation, a person’s assessment of his abilities and capabilities, separation in his mind and an accurate definition of what depends on luck (coincidence) and on the efforts made. Motives and motivation factors of social behavior represent a single system in which they are functionally related to each other both in terms of influence on social behavior and in the dynamics of development.
Asocial behavior - behavior that is contrary to socially accepted norms and principles, acting in the form of immoral or illegal norms. It manifests itself in petty misconduct, behavior that does not pose a social danger and does not require administrative action. Its evaluation is carried out at the microenvironmental and personal levels in the forms of communicative, psychological and behavioral manifestations.
With such behavior, a person is not aware of the damage caused to society, is not aware of the negative direction of his actions. Examples of antisocial behavior can be infantilism, the actions of mentally insane persons, that is, those cases when people are unable to understand the social meaning of their actions. Antisocial or antisocial behavior generates negative motives, stimulating activities that impede a person's psychological growth and harm people.
The cause of various forms of antisocial behavior and personality disorders can be crises that naturally arise at different stages of a person's life path. Difficulties and stressful conditions caused by them that a person encounters require certain strategies for overcoming obstacles. A person either forms effective adaptive behavior, which corresponds to the progressive movement of the personality, or undergoes disadaptation and finds a way out in various forms of non-optimal behavior.
Drug addiction and alcoholism, vandalism, hooliganism, escape from reality, parasitism, lack of interest in learning, membership in sects are not neuroses in the strict sense of the word, but they are a problem for society and for those of its institutions that are included in the process of socialization of new generations of citizens
The source of antisocial behavior can be unreacted negative experience of different periods of life, the inability to withstand failures and difficulties, the lack of clear guidelines, the inability to take responsibility for one's life, and other reasons. Each of them can lead to imprinting an inadequate form of personal protection.
According to V. Merlin, the result of acute dissatisfaction with the deep and actual motives and needs of the individual is an intrapersonal conflict, which is characterized by a long and stable disintegration of adaptive activity. Depending on what value-motivational components of the personality come into mutual contradiction, six main types of intrapersonal conflict are distinguished.
Motivational conflict - between "I want" and "I want", a clash of two different desires, motives, needs, equally attractive to the individual. “I don’t want - I don’t want” - a choice between two equally undesirable possibilities against the background of the desire to avoid each of the alternatives. "I choose the lesser of two evils."
Moral conflict - between "I want" and "I must", between desire and duty, moral principles and desires, between duty and doubt about the need to follow it.
The conflict of unfulfilled desire, between “I want” and “I can”, between desire and the impossibility of satisfying it due to various subjective and objective reasons (physical and mental characteristics of a person, temporal and spatial restrictions). “I want - I can’t” - fear keeps from achieving the goal, fear associated with its achievement, either with the goal itself or with the process of achieving it.
Role conflict - between "Need" and "Need", between two values, principles, and strategies of behavior that are significant for the individual, if it is impossible to combine several socio-psychological roles at the same time, or associated with various requirements imposed by the individual on this role.
Adaptation conflict - between "I must" and "I can", a discrepancy between the mental, physical, professional and other capabilities of a person and the requirements placed on him.
The conflict as a result of inadequate self-esteem - between "I can" and "I can". Self-esteem depends on the degree of criticality of the individual to himself, to his successes and failures, real and potential opportunities, the ability to introspection. It can be subjectively overestimated or underestimated when compared with the assessment of others.
As a reaction to difficulties in resolving internal contradictions, to the impossibility of achieving a significant goal, to deceiving expectations, a person may experience frustration. It combines the whole range of negative emotions and behaviors from depression to aggression. If the obstacle that caused the frustration could not be overcome, then it is necessary to find another way to solve the problem, for example: replace the means to achieve the goal; replace goals; lose interest in the target based on new information.
The group of social needs includes all the needs and forms of behavior associated with communication with other creatures, most often with representatives of their own species. Communication may not be direct, but only imaginary. However, almost everything we do, we do with the existence of other people in mind. Each person is included in more than one social group and plays different roles in them. The degree of involvement in each of these groups is different, therefore, the need for self-identification becomes the main social need of a person.
By social self-identification, a person is saved from the fear of loneliness - one of the existential, i.e., inherent in all people, problems.
Every person has a need to feel like a member of a community. All human behavior and the inner world of his emotional experiences are built on the basis of identifying himself with a certain group: a family, a specific state, a people, a labor collective, a football team fan, a group in social networks, etc. Sometimes communities are formed according to random, insignificant signs. It can be the same surname if it is rare or if it is carried by some prominent person. Or a general illness or even hair color. It is important that association in the community improves the mental well-being of people.
At different moments of life, various groups become the most important for a person, i.e., his priorities change. As a rule, he identifies himself with the most successful community at the moment.
Often social identification is emphasized by certain attributes. The concept of "honor of the uniform" was equivalent to the concept of "honor of the regiment." Features of clothing were strictly regulated in the class society. A person does many things only because it is "so accepted" in the society of which he considers himself a member. Behaving in a certain way just because "that's the way" is the satisfaction of this need. For example, the Greeks and Romans did not wear pants. This is not always convenient, for example, patients had to wrap their shins and thighs with tissue. But they considered it impossible to use such a practical thing as pants, because for them it was a sign of barbarism. In modern European society, behavioral characteristics, including the choice of costume, also play a huge role in satisfying the need for social self-identification.
A person considers himself a member of some community, not because most of the members of this group are somehow attractive to him. In the absence of another group, people consider themselves members of the one that is. For example, one of the existing definitions of the concept of "relatives" sounds like this: this is a group of completely strangers who periodically gather to drink and eat about a change in their number. In fact, when answering the question: "List the 20 people with whom you enjoy the greatest pleasure," the subjects mention no more than two relatives, and these are, as a rule, family members. An analysis of the description of the subjects' attitudes towards relatives shows that in most cases these people are perceived by them as individuals alien to them with different interests, a different system of values, a different lifestyle and a different sense of humor. Nevertheless, communicating with relatives at weddings, commemorations and anniversaries, a person experiences a spiritual uplift due to the fact that this satisfies his need for social self-identification.
Patriotism is most often based on the self-identification of people as members of metaphysical, that is, those who do not have material objects that can serve as a symbol of unity, communities. A classic example of the influence of subjective categories on a completely material development of events is the renaming of streets in besieged Leningrad. Indeed, the fighting was conducted more successfully by people who live in a city where there is Nevsky Prospekt, Sadovaya Street and Palace Square than by residents of a city with 25th October Avenue, 3rd July Street and Uritsky Square.
To satisfy the need for social self-identification, a person must determine which of the social groups is most important to him at the moment. A person's behavior and the inner world of his emotional experiences are built on the basis of self-identification as a member of a certain group: a family member, a citizen of a particular state, a representative of a nation, a member of a labor collective, a fan of a football team, etc. A change in self-identification is common. A person unconsciously associates himself with the most successful community at the moment (it is more pleasant to root for a champion, and not for an eternal average).
The need for friendly relations is one of the social needs. Direct physical contacts (hugs, patting, stroking, etc.) are present in the relationships of close people. We can observe similar behavior in many animals - these are the so-called crowding and mutual cleaning.
Some social needs are transformed into artificial ones, which is most clearly manifested in the prices of art objects. A painting can hang for decades until some expert discovers that it was painted not by an unknown artist, but by a famous one. The price of the canvas will immediately increase hundreds of times. Neither the artistic nor the historical value of the art object has changed, but now people are willing to pay huge sums of money for it. At the heart of this phenomenon is their need for vanity.
Regular satisfaction of social needs is as necessary for human health as vital. But the fundamental difference between social needs and actually vital ones is that in order to satisfy the first, the presence of other people is necessary - human society, society.
Mental disorders of children deprived for one reason or another of the opportunity to satisfy social needs prove the vital importance of the latter. An example would be the so-called unfrustrated children who are brought up without denying them any request or forbidding anything. When they grow up, they experience more than just communication problems. As a rule, they develop a range of cognitive and emotional disorders. This is explained by the fact that in childhood they were deprived of the opportunity to satisfy the child's natural need to "follow the leader."
There are many classifications of needs. The first classification divides all needs by origin into two large groups - natural and cultural (Fig. 1). The first of them are programmed at the genetic level, and the second are formed in the process of social life.
Fig.1.
The second classification (according to the level of complexity) divides the needs into biological, social and spiritual.
Biological include the desire of a person to maintain his existence (the need for food, clothing, sleep, security, economy of strength, etc.).
Social needs include a person's need for communication, for popularity, for dominance over other people, for belonging to a certain group, for leadership and recognition.
The spiritual needs of a person are the need to know the world around and oneself, the desire for self-improvement and self-realization, in knowing the meaning of one's existence.
Usually a person simultaneously has more than ten unfulfilled needs at the same time, and his subconscious mind arranges them in order of importance, forming a rather complex hierarchical structure, known as “Abraham Maslow's pyramid” (Fig. 2). According to the theory of this American psychologist, its lower level is made up of physiological needs, then comes the need for security (realizing which a person seeks to avoid the emotion of fear), above is the need for love, then the need for respect and recognition, and at the very top of the pyramid is the desire of the individual to self-actualization. However, these needs are far from exhausting the set of actual human needs. No less important are the needs for knowledge, freedom and beauty.
Rice. 2.
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Need level |
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Physiological (biological) needs |
The human need for food, drink, oxygen, optimal temperature and humidity, rest, sexual activity, etc. |
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The need for security and stability |
The need for the stability of the existence of the current order of things. Confidence in the future, the feeling that nothing threatens you, and old age will be secure. |
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The need to acquire, accumulate and capture |
The need for not always motivated acquisition of material values. Excessive manifestation of this need leads to greed, greed, stinginess |
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The need for love and belonging to a group |
The need to love and be loved. The need to communicate with other people, to be involved in a group. |
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The need for respect and recognition |
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The need for independence |
The need for personal freedom, independence from other people and external circumstances |
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Need for novelty |
Striving for new information. This also includes the need to know and be able to do something. |
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The need to overcome difficulties |
Needs for risk, adventure and overcoming difficulties. |
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The need for beauty and harmony. |
The need for order, harmony, beauty |
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The need for self-realization |
The desire to realize your uniqueness, the need to do what you like, what you have the abilities and talents for. |
A person is aware of the freedom of his actions, and it seems to him that he is free to act one way or another. But a person's knowledge of the true cause of his feelings, thoughts and desires often turns out to be false. A person is not always aware of the true motives of his actions and the underlying causes of his actions. As Friedrich Engels said, "People are used to explaining their actions from their thinking, instead of explaining them from their needs."
social need behavior motivation
The needs of the individual (need) is the so-called source of personal activity, because it is the needs of a person that are his motivating reason for actions in a certain way, forcing him to move in the right direction. Thus, need or need is such a personal state in which the dependence of subjects on certain situations or conditions of existence is revealed.
Personal activity is manifested only in the process of satisfying its needs, which are formed during the upbringing of the individual, introducing him to social culture. In its primary biological manifestation, necessity is nothing but a certain state of the organism, expressing its objective need (desire) for something. Thus, the system of needs of the individual directly depends on the lifestyle of the individual, the interaction between the environment and the sphere of its use. From the standpoint of neurophysiology, need means the formation of some kind of dominant, i.e. the appearance of excitation of special brain cells, characterized by stability and regulating the required behavioral actions.
Types of personality needs
Human needs are quite diverse and today there is a huge variety of their classifications. However, in modern psychology, there are two main classifications of types of needs. In the first classification, needs (needs) are divided into material (biological), spiritual (ideal) and social.
The realization of material or biological needs is connected with the individual species existence of the individual. These include - the need for food, sleep, clothing, security, home, intimate desires. Those. need (need), which is due to biological need.
Spiritual or ideal needs are expressed in the knowledge of the world that surrounds, the meaning of existence, self-realization and self-respect.
The desire of the individual to belong to any social group, as well as the need for human recognition, leadership, dominance, self-affirmation, attachment of others in love and respect, is reflected in social needs. All these needs are divided into important types of activity:
- labor, work - the need for knowledge, creation and creation;
- development - the need for training, self-realization;
- social communication - spiritual and moral needs.
The needs or needs described above have a social orientation, therefore they are called sociogenic or social.
In another type of classification, all needs are divided into two types: need or need for growth (development) and conservation.
The need for preservation combines such needs (needs) - physiological: sleep, intimate desires, hunger, etc. These are the basic needs of the individual. Without their satisfaction, the individual is simply not able to survive. Further the need for security and preservation; abundance - the comprehensiveness of the satisfaction of natural needs; material needs and biological.
The need for growth combines the following: the desire for love and respect; self-actualization; self-respect; knowledge, including life meaning; needs for sensual (emotional) contact; social and spiritual (ideal) needs. The above classifications make it possible to highlight the more significant needs of the subject's practical behavior.
OH. Maslow put forward the concept of a systematic approach to the study of the psychology of the personality of subjects, based on the model of personality needs in the form of a pyramid. Hierarchy of personality needs according to A.Kh. Maslow is the behavior of an individual, directly dependent on the satisfaction of any of his needs. This means that the needs at the top of the hierarchy (realization of goals, self-development) guide the behavior of the individual to the extent that his needs at the very bottom of the pyramid are satisfied (thirst, hunger, intimate desires, etc.).
There are also potential (non-actualized) needs and actualized ones. The main driver of personal activity is the internal conflict (contradiction) between the internal conditions of existence and external ones.
All types of needs of the individual, located on the upper levels of the hierarchy, have a different level of severity in different people, but without society, no person can exist. A subject can become a full-fledged personality only when he satisfies his need for self-actualization.
Social needs of the individual
This is a special kind of human need. It consists in the need to have everything necessary for the existence and life of an individual, any social group, society as a whole. This is an internal motivating factor of activity.
Public needs are people's need for work, social activity, culture, and spiritual life. Needs created by society are those needs that are the basis of social life. Without motivating factors for meeting needs, production and progress in general are impossible.
Also, social needs include the needs associated with the desire to form a family, joining various social groups, teams, with various areas of production (non-production) activities, the existence of society as a whole. Conditions, factors of the external environment that surround the individual in the course of his life, not only contribute to the emergence of needs, but also form opportunities to satisfy them. In human life and the hierarchy of needs, social needs play one of the defining roles. The existence of an individual in society and through it is the central area of manifestation of the essence of man, the main condition for the realization of all other needs - biological and spiritual.
They classify social needs according to three criteria: the needs of others, their own needs, and joint needs.
The needs of others (needs for others) are the needs that express the generic basis of the individual. It consists in the need for communication, protection of the weak. Altruism is one of the expressed needs for others, the need to sacrifice one's own interests for others. Altruism is realized only through the victory over egoism. That is, the need “for oneself” must be transformed into the need “for others”.
Own need (need for oneself) is expressed in self-affirmation in society, self-realization, self-identification, in the need to take one’s place in society and the team, the desire for power, etc. Such needs, therefore, are social, which cannot exist without needs “for others ". Only through doing something for others, it is possible to realize their desires. Take any position in society, i.e. to achieve recognition for oneself is much easier to do without hurting the interests and claims of other members of society. The most effective way of realizing one's egoistic desires will be one that contains a share of compensation in the movement to satisfy the claims of other people, those who can claim the same role or the same place, but can be satisfied with less.
Joint needs (needs "together with others") - express the motivating power of many people at the same time or society as a whole. For example, the need for security, freedom, peace, change in the existing political system, etc.
Needs and motives of the individual
The main condition for the life of organisms is the presence of their activity. In animals, activity is manifested in instincts. But human behavior is much more complicated and is determined by the presence of two factors: regulatory and incentive, i.e. motives and needs.
The motives and system of needs of the individual have their own main features. If a need is a need (deficiency), the need for something and the need to eliminate something that is in excess, then the motive is a pusher. Those. the need creates a state of activity, and the motive gives it a direction, pushes the activity in the required direction. Necessity or necessity, first of all, is felt by a person as a state of tension inside, or manifests itself as reflections, dreams. This encourages the individual to search for the object of need, but does not give direction to activities to satisfy it.
The motive, in turn, is the motivating reason for achieving the desired or, conversely, avoiding it, to carry out activities or not. Motives can be accompanied by positive or negative emotions. Satisfaction of needs always leads to the removal of tension, the need disappears, but after a while it may arise again. With motives, the opposite is true. The goal and the motive itself do not coincide. Because the goal is where or what a person aspires to, and the motive is the reason for which he aspires.
Goals can be set for a variety of reasons. But it is also possible that the motive shifts to the goal. This means the transformation of the motive of activity directly into a motive. For example, a student first learns lessons because his parents force him to, but then interest awakens and he begins to study for the sake of studying. Those. it turns out that the motive is an internal psychological stimulus of behavior or actions, which is stable and encourages the individual to carry out activities, giving it meaning. A need is an internal state of feeling of need, which expresses the dependence of a person or animals on certain conditions of existence.
Needs and interests of the individual
The category of needs is inextricably linked with the category of interests. Interests are always based on needs. Interest is an expression of the purposeful attitude of an individual to any kind of his needs.
The interest of a person is not so much directed precisely at the subject of need, but rather at such social factors that make this subject more accessible, mainly these are the various benefits of civilization (material or spiritual), which ensure the satisfaction of such needs. Interests are also determined by the specific position of people in society, the position of social groups and are the most powerful incentives for any activity.
Interests can also be classified depending on the direction or the bearer of these interests. The first group includes social, spiritual and political interests. To the second - the interests of society as a whole, group and individual interests.
The interests of the individual express its orientation, which largely determines its path and the nature of any activity.
In its general manifestation, interest can be called the true cause of social and personal actions, events, which stands directly behind the motives - the motives of individuals participating in these very actions. Interest can be objective and objective social, conscious, realizable.
An objectively effective and optimal way to meet needs is called objective interest. Such an interest is of an objective nature, does not depend on the consciousness of the individual.
An objectively effective and optimal way to meet the needs of public space is called an objective social interest. For example, there are a lot of stalls and shops in the market, and there is definitely an optimal path to the best and cheapest product. This will be a manifestation of objective social interest. There are many ways to make various purchases, but among them there will definitely be one that is objectively optimal for a particular situation.
The ideas of the subject of activity about how to better satisfy their needs is called conscious interest. Such interest may coincide with the objective one or differ slightly, or it may have an absolutely opposite direction. The immediate cause of almost all the actions of subjects is precisely the interest of a conscious nature. Such interest is based on the personal experience of a person. The path that a person goes to meet the needs of the individual is called realizable interest. It can completely coincide with the interest of a conscious nature, or absolutely contradict it.
There is another kind of interests - this is a product. This variety is both a way to satisfy needs and a way to satisfy them. A product may or may not appear to be the best way to meet a need.
Spiritual needs of the individual
The spiritual needs of the individual is a directed striving for self-realization, expressed through creativity or through other activities.
There are 3 aspects of the term spiritual needs of the individual:
- The first aspect is the desire to master the results of spiritual productivity. It includes familiarization with art, culture, science.
- The second aspect lies in the forms of expression of needs in the material order and social relations in today's society.
- The third aspect is the harmonious development of the individual.
Any spiritual needs are represented by a person's internal motivations for his spiritual manifestation, creativity, creation, creation of spiritual values and their consumption, for spiritual communications (communication). They are caused by the inner world of the individual, the desire to withdraw into oneself, to focus on what is not related to social and physiological needs. These needs encourage people to engage in art, religion, culture, not in order to satisfy their physiological and social needs, but in order to understand the meaning of existence. Their hallmark is insatiability. For the more internal needs are satisfied, the more intense and stable they become.
There are no limits to the progressive growth of spiritual needs. The limitation of such growth and development can only be the amount of wealth of a spiritual nature accumulated earlier by mankind, the strength of the desires of the individual to participate in their work and his capabilities. The main features that distinguish spiritual needs from material ones:
- needs of a spiritual nature arise in the mind of the individual;
- needs of a spiritual nature are inherently necessary, and the level of freedom in choosing ways and means to satisfy such needs is much higher than that of material ones;
- the satisfaction of most needs of a spiritual nature is connected mainly with the amount of free time;
- in such needs, the connection between the object of need and the subject is characterized by a certain degree of disinterestedness;
- the process of meeting the needs of a spiritual nature has no boundaries.
Yu. Sharov singled out a detailed classification of spiritual needs: the need for labor activity; the need for communication aesthetic and moral needs; scientific and educational needs; the need for recovery; military duty. One of the most important spiritual needs of a person is knowledge. The future of any society depends on the spiritual foundation that will be developed among today's youth.
Psychological needs of the individual
The psychological needs of an individual are those needs that are not reduced to bodily needs, but do not even reach the level of spiritual ones. Such needs usually include the need for affiliation, communication, etc.
The need for communication in children is not an innate need. It is formed through the activity of surrounding adults. Usually actively begins to manifest itself by two months of life. Adolescents, on the other hand, are convinced that their need for communication brings them the opportunity to actively use adults. Insufficient satisfaction of the need for communication has a detrimental effect on adults. They immerse themselves in negative emotions. The need for acceptance lies in the desire of an individual to be accepted by another person by a group of people or by society as a whole. Such a need often pushes a person to violate generally accepted norms and can lead to antisocial behavior.
Among the psychological needs, the basic needs of the individual are distinguished. These are needs that, if not met, young children will not be able to fully develop. They seem to stop in their development and become more prone to certain diseases than their peers, in whom such needs are satisfied. So, for example, if the baby is regularly fed, but grows up without proper communication with the parents, his development may be delayed.
The basic needs of the personality of adults of a psychological nature are divided into 4 groups: autonomy - the need for independence, independence; need for competence; the need for meaningful interpersonal relationships for the individual; the need to be a member of a social group, to feel loved. This also includes a sense of self-worth, and a need for recognition by others. In cases of non-satisfaction of basic physiological needs, the physical health of the individual suffers, and in cases of non-satisfaction of basic psychological needs, the spirit (psychological health) suffers.
Motivation and needs of the individual
Motivational processes of an individual have in themselves the direction of achieving or, conversely, avoiding the set goals, to realize a certain activity or not. Such processes are accompanied by various emotions, both positive and negative, for example, joy, fear. Also, during such processes, some psychophysiological stress appears. This means that motivational processes are accompanied by a state of excitement or agitation, and there may also be a feeling of decline or a surge of strength.
On the one hand, the regulation of mental processes that affect the direction of activity and the amount of energy needed to perform this very activity is called motivation. And on the other hand, motivation is still a certain set of motives, which gives direction to the activity and the very internal process of motivation. Motivational processes directly explain the choice between different options for action, but which have equally attractive goals. It is motivation that affects perseverance and perseverance, with the help of which an individual achieves his goals, overcomes obstacles.
A logical explanation of the causes of actions or behavior is called motivation. Motivation may be different from real motives or consciously applied in order to disguise them.
Motivation is quite closely related to the needs and needs of the individual, because it appears when desires (needs) or a lack of something arise. Motivation is the initial stage of physical and mental activity of an individual. Those. it is a kind of motivation to produce actions by a certain motive or process of choosing reasons for a particular line of activity.
It should always be borne in mind that completely similar, at first glance, actions or actions of the subject can be completely different reasons, i.e. their motivation may be very different.
Motivation can be external (extrinsic) or internal (intrinsic). The first is not related to the content of a particular activity, but is due to external conditions relative to the subject. The second is directly related to the content of the activity process. A distinction is also made between negative and positive motivation. Motivation based on positive messages is called positive. And motivation, which is based on negative messages, is called, respectively, negative. For example, a positive motivation would be - "if I behave well, then they will buy me ice cream", a negative one - "if I behave well, then they will not punish me."
Motivation can be individual, i.e. aimed at maintaining the constancy of the internal environment of his body. For example, avoidance of pain, thirst, the desire to maintain an optimal temperature, hunger, etc. It can also be group. It includes caring for children, searching for and choosing one's place in the social hierarchy, etc. Cognitive motivational processes include various gaming and research activities.
Basic needs of the individual
The basic (leading) needs of the needs of the individual can differ not only in content, but also in terms of the level of conditioning by society. Regardless of gender or age, as well as social class, every person has basic needs. A. Maslow described them in more detail in his work. He proposed a theory based on the principle of hierarchical structure ("Hierarchy of Personal Needs" according to Maslow). Those. Some needs of the individual are primary in relation to others. For example, if a person is thirsty or hungry, he will not really care whether his neighbor respects him or not. Maslow called the absence of an object of need scarce or scarce needs. Those. in the absence of food (an object of need), a person will strive by any means to make up for such a deficit in any way possible for him.
Basic needs are divided into 6 groups:
1. These include primarily physical need, which includes the need for food, drink, air, sleep. This also includes the need of the individual in close communication with subjects of the opposite sex (intimate relationships).
2. The need for praise, trust, love, etc. is called emotional needs.
3. The need for friendship, respect in a team or other social group is called a social need.
4. The need to get answers to the questions posed, to satisfy curiosity are called intellectual needs.
5. Belief in divine authority or simply the need to believe is called a spiritual need. Such needs help people find peace, experience trouble, etc.
6. The need for self-expression through creativity is called creative need (needs).
All of the listed needs of the individual are part of each person. Satisfaction of all basic needs, desires, needs of a person contributes to his health and positive attitude in all his actions. All basic needs necessarily have a cyclical process, direction and tension. All needs in the processes of their satisfaction are fixed. Initially, the satisfied basic need temporarily subsides (extinguishes) in order to emerge with even greater intensity over time.
Needs that are expressed more weakly, but repeatedly satisfied, gradually become more stable. There is a certain pattern in fixing needs - the more diverse the means used to fix needs, the more firmly they are fixed. In this case, the needs become the basis of behavioral actions.
Need determines the entire adaptive mechanism of the psyche. The objects of reality are reflected as probable obstacles or conditions for meeting needs. Therefore, any basic need is equipped with peculiar effectors and detectors. The emergence of basic needs and their actualization directs the psyche to determine the corresponding goals. 
The social needs of a person are the desires and aspirations inherent in the individual as a representative of the human race.
Humanity is a social system, outside of which the development of the individual is impossible. A person is always part of a community of people. Realizing social aspirations and desires, he develops and manifests himself as a person.
Belonging to a human society determines the emergence of human social needs. They are experienced as desires, drives, aspirations, brightly colored emotionally. They form the motives of activity and determine the direction of behavior, replace each other as some desires are realized and others are actualized.
Biological desires and the nature of people are expressed in the need to maintain vital activity and the optimal level of functioning of the body. This is achieved by satisfying the need for something. People, like animals, have a special form of satisfying all kinds of biological needs - unconscious instincts.
The question of the nature of needs remains debatable in the scientific community. Some scientists reject the social nature of desires and drives, others ignore the biological basis.
Types of social needs
Social aspirations, desires, inclinations are conditioned by people's belonging to society and are satisfied only in it.
- "For oneself": self-identification, self-affirmation, power, recognition.
- "For others": altruism, gratuitous help, protection, friendship, love.
- "Together with others": peace on Earth, justice, rights and freedoms, independence.
- Self-identification consists in the desire to be similar, similar to a particular person, image or ideal. The child identifies with the parent of the same gender and is aware of being a boy/girl. The need for self-identification is periodically updated in the process of life, when a person becomes a schoolboy, student, specialist, parent, and so on.
- Self-affirmation is necessary, and it is expressed in the realization of potential, well-deserved respect among people and the affirmation of oneself as a professional in one's favorite business. Also, many people strive for power and vocation among people for their own personal purposes, for themselves.
- Altruism is gratuitous help, even to the detriment of one's own interests, prosocial behavior. A person cares about the other individual as about himself.
- Unfortunately, selfless friendship is a rarity these days. A true friend is valuable. Friendship should be disinterested, not for the sake of profit, but because of the mutual disposition towards each other.
- Love is the strongest desire of each of us. As a special feeling and type of interpersonal relationship, it is identified with the meaning of life and happiness. It is difficult to overestimate her. This is the reason for the creation of families and the appearance of new people on Earth. The vast majority of psychological and physical problems from unsatisfied, unrequited, unhappy love. Each of us wants to love and be loved and have a family. Love is the most powerful stimulus, motivation for personal growth, it inspires and inspires. The love of children for parents and parents for children, love between a man and a woman, for one's business, work, city, country, for all people and the whole world, for life, for oneself is the foundation for the development of a harmonious, holistic personality. When a person loves and is loved, he becomes the creator of his life. Love fills it with meaning.
Each of us on Earth has universal human social desires. All people, regardless of nationality and religion, want peace, not war; respect for their rights and freedoms, not enslavement.
Justice, morality, independence, humanity are universal values. Everyone wants them for themselves, their loved ones, humanity as a whole.
While realizing your personal aspirations and desires, you must also remember about the people around you. By harming nature and society, people harm themselves.
Classification of social needs
In psychology, several dozens of different classifications of needs have been developed. The most general classification defines two types of desires:
1. Primary or congenital:
- biological or material needs (food, water, sleep, and others);
- existential (security and confidence in the future).
2. Secondary or acquired:
- social needs (for belonging, communication, interaction, love, and others);
- prestigious (respect, self-respect);
- spiritual (self-realization, self-expression, creative activity).
The most famous classification of social needs was developed by A. Maslow and is known as the "Pyramid of Needs".
This is a hierarchy of human aspirations from the lowest to the highest:
- physiological (food, sleep, carnal and others);
- need for security (housing, property, stability);
- social (love, friendship, family, belonging);
- respect and recognition of the individual (both by other people and by oneself);
- self-actualization (self-realization, harmony, happiness).
As can be seen, these two classifications equally define social needs as desires for love and belonging.
The Importance of Social Needs
Natural physiological and material desires are always paramount, since the possibility of survival depends on them.
The social needs of a person are assigned a secondary role, they follow the physiological ones, but are more significant for the human personality.
Examples of such significance can be observed when a person is in need, giving preference to the satisfaction of a secondary need: a student, instead of sleeping, is preparing for an exam; the mother forgets to eat when caring for the baby; a man endures physical pain, wanting to impress a woman.
A person strives for activity in society, socially useful work, establishing positive interpersonal relationships, wants to be recognized and successful in the social environment. It is necessary to satisfy these desires for successful coexistence with other people in society.
Such social needs as friendship, love, and family are of unconditional significance.
On the example of the relationship between the social need of people in love with the physiological necessity of carnal relations and with the instinct of procreation, one can understand how interdependent and connected these attractions are.
The instinct of procreation in the interaction of a man and a woman is complemented by care, tenderness, respect, mutual understanding, common interests, love arises.
Personality is not formed outside of society, without communication and interaction with people, without meeting social needs.
Examples of children raised by animals (there have been several such incidents in the history of mankind) are a vivid confirmation of the importance of love, communication, and society. Such children, having got into the human community, could not become its full-fledged members. When a person experiences only primary attractions, he becomes like an animal and actually becomes one.
Social needs are a special kind of human needs. Needs, the need for something necessary to maintain the vital activity of the organism of the human person, social group, society as a whole. There are two types of needs: natural and socially created.
Natural needs are the daily needs of a person for food, clothing, shelter, etc.
Social needs are the needs of a person in labor activity, socio-economic activity, spiritual culture, i.e. in everything that is a product of social life.
Needs act as the main motive that prompts the subject of activity to real activity aimed at creating conditions and means for satisfying his needs, i.e., to production activity. They encourage a person to activity, express the dependence of the subject of activity on the outside world.
Needs exist as objective and subjective connections, as an attraction to the object of need.
Social needs include the needs associated with the inclusion of the individual in the family, in numerous social groups and collectives, in various areas of production and non-production activities, in the life of society as a whole.
The conditions surrounding a person not only give rise to needs, but also create opportunities for their satisfaction. The fixation of social needs in the form of value orientations, the realization of the real possibilities for their implementation and the determination of ways and means to achieve them means a transition from the stage of motivation to activity to the stage of more or less adequate reflection of needs in the human mind.
The needs of people, a social group (community) is an objective necessity for the reproduction of a given community of people in its specifically concrete social position. The needs of social groups are characterized by mass manifestation, stability in time and space, invariance in the specific conditions of life of representatives of the social group. An important property of needs is their interconnectedness. It is advisable to take into account the following major types of needs, the satisfaction of which ensures normal conditions for the reproduction of social groups (communities):
1) production and distribution of goods, services and information required for the survival of members of society;
2) normal (corresponding to existing social norms) psychophysiological life support;
3) knowledge and self-development;
4) communication between members of society;
5) simple (or extended) demographic reproduction;
6) upbringing and education of children;
7) control over the behavior of members of the society;
8) ensuring their safety in all aspects. The theory of labor motivation of an American psychologist and sociologist A. Maslow reveals human needs. Classifying human needs, he divides them into basic and derivative, or meta-needs. The merit of Maslow's theory consisted in explaining the interaction of factors, in discovering their driving force.
This concept is further developed in the theory F. Herzberg, called motivational-hygienic. Here are the higher and lower needs.
Types of social needs
Social needs are born in the process of human activity as a social subject. Human activity is an adaptive, transformative activity aimed at producing means to satisfy certain needs. Since such activity acts as a practical application of sociocultural experience by a person, in its development it acquires the character of a universal social production-consumer activity. Human activity can be carried out only in society and through society, it is performed by an individual in interaction with other people and is a complex system of actions determined by various needs.
Social needs arise in connection with the functioning of man in society. These include the need for social activities, self-expression, ensuring social rights, etc. They are not set by nature, are not laid down genetically, but are acquired during the formation of a person as a person, his development as a member of society, are born in the process of human activity as a social subject.
A distinctive feature of social needs, with all their diversity, is that they all act as requirements for other people and belong not to an individual, but to a group of people united in one way or another. The general need of a certain social group is not only made up of the needs of individual people, but also itself causes a corresponding need in an individual. The need of any group is not identical to the need of an individual, but is always in something and somehow different from it. A person belonging to a certain group relies on the needs common with it, but the group forces him to obey its requirements, and in obeying, he is among the dictators. Thus, a complex dialectic of interests and needs of an individual, on the one hand, and those communities with which he is connected, on the other hand, arises.
Social needs are needs defined by society (society) as additionally mandatory to basic needs. For example, to ensure the process of eating (basic need), social needs will be: a chair, a table, forks, knives, plates, napkins, etc. In different social groups, these needs are different and depend on the norms, rules, mentality, living habits and other factors that characterize social culture. At the same time, the presence in the individual of objects that society considers necessary can determine his social status in society.
With a wide variety of human social needs, one can distinguish more or less distinct individual levels of needs, each of which shows both its specificity and its hierarchical connections with lower and higher levels. For example, these levels include:
social needs of an individual (as a person, individuality) - they act as a ready-made, but also a changing product of social relations;
family-related social needs - in different cases they are more or less broad, specific and strong, and most closely adjoin biological needs;
social needs universal - arise, as a person, thinking and acting individually, at the same time includes his activity in the activity of other people, society. As a result, an objective need arises for such actions and states that at the same time provide the individual with both community with other people and his independence, i.e. existence as a special person. Under the influence of this objective necessity, the needs of a person develop, directing and regulating his behavior in relation to himself and to other people, to his social group, to society as a whole;
the need for justice on the scale of humanity, society as a whole is the need to improve, "correct" society, to overcome antagonistic social relations;
social needs for development and self-development, improvement and self-improvement of a person belong to the highest level of the hierarchy of personality needs. Each person, to one degree or another, is characterized by the desire to be healthier, smarter, kinder, more beautiful, stronger, etc.
Social needs exist in an infinite variety of forms. Without trying to present all the manifestations of social needs, we classify these groups of needs according to three criteria:
needs "for others" - needs that express the generic essence of a person, i.e. the need to communicate, the need to protect the weak. The most concentrated need "for others" is expressed in altruism - in the need to sacrifice oneself for the sake of another. The need “for others” is realized by overcoming the eternal egoistic principle “for oneself”. The existence and even "cooperation" in one person of opposite tendencies "for oneself" and "for others" is possible, as long as it is not about individual and deep needs, but about the means of satisfying one or another - about the needs of the service and their derivatives. The claim to even the most significant place “for oneself” is easier to realize if, at the same time, the claims of other people are not offended as far as possible;
the need "for oneself" - the need for self-affirmation in society, the need for self-realization, the need for self-identification, the need to have one's place in society, in a team, the need for power, etc. The needs “for oneself” are called social because they are inextricably linked with the needs “for others”, and only through them can they be realized. In most cases, needs "for oneself" act as an allegorical expression of needs "for others"; needs "together with others" unite people to solve urgent problems of social progress. A clear example: the invasion of the Nazi troops on the territory of the USSR in 1941 became a powerful incentive for organizing a rebuff, and this need was of a universal nature.
Ideological needs are among the most social human needs. These are human needs in an idea, in explaining life circumstances, problems, in understanding the causes of ongoing events, phenomena, factors, in a conceptual, systemic vision of the picture of the world. The implementation of these needs is carried out through the use of data from natural, social, humanitarian, technical and other sciences. As a result, a person develops a scientific picture of the world. Through the assimilation of religious knowledge by a person, a religious picture of the world is formed in him.
Many people, under the influence of ideological needs and in the process of their implementation, develop a multipolar, mosaic picture of the world with a predominance, as a rule, of a scientific picture of the world in people with a secular upbringing and a religious one in people with a religious upbringing.
The Need for Justice is one of the actualized and functioning needs in society. It is expressed in the ratio of rights and obligations in the mind of a person, in his relationship with the public environment, in interaction with the social environment. In accordance with his understanding of what is fair and what is unfair, a person evaluates the behavior, actions of other people.
In this regard, a person can be oriented:
to uphold and expand, first of all, their rights;
on the predominant performance of their duties in relation to other people, the social sphere as a whole;
to a harmonious combination of their rights and obligations in solving social and professional tasks.
aesthetic needs play an important role in human life. The realization of the aesthetic aspirations of the individual is influenced not only by external circumstances, conditions of life and human activity, but also by internal, personal prerequisites - motives, abilities, volitional preparedness of the individual, understanding of the canons of beauty, harmony in the perception and implementation of behavior, creative activity, life in general according to the laws of beauty, in an appropriate relation to the ugly, base, ugly, violating the natural and social harmony.
An active long life is an important component of the human factor. Health is the most important prerequisite for understanding the world around us, for self-affirmation and self-improvement of a person, therefore the first and most important human need is health. The integrity of the human personality is manifested, first of all, in the relationship and interaction of the mental and physical forces of the body. The harmony of the psychophysical forces of the body increases the reserves of health. Replenish your health reserves through rest.
- Sociology exam answers
- Theoretical premises in sociology. Social knowledge in antiquity. Plato, Aristotle and private property
- Theoretical premises of sociology. Social knowledge in modern times
- The emergence of sociology in the first half of the XIX century. and forerunners of general sociology
- positivist sociology of O. Comte
- Classical stage in the development of sociology. The positivist sociologist Herbert Spencer
- Classical stage in the development of sociology. Socio-philosophical theory of Marxism
- Classical stage in the development of sociology. Georg Simmel
- Classical stage in the development of sociology. Émile Durkheim
- Classical stage in the development of sociology. Max Weber
- Classical stage in the development of sociology. The "understanding" sociology of Max Weber
- Subject and object of modern sociology
- Structure and functions of sociology
- Modern Western sociology (classification of modern sociological trends according to P. Monson)
- Symbolic interactionism (G. Blumer)
- Phenomenological sociology (A. Schutz)
- Integrative sociological theory of J. Habermas
- Theories of social conflict (R. Dahrendorf)
- Development of sociology in Russia
- Integral sociology P. A. Sorokina
- The concept of social
- Social and societal systems
- Society as a societal system
- Types of societies. Classification
- Social laws and social relations
- Social activity and social action
- Social connections and social interaction
- social institution
- social organization. Types of organizations and bureaucracy
- Social community and social group
- Sociology of small groups. small group
- social control. Social norms and social sanctions
- Deviant behavior. Causes of deviation according to E. Durkheim. Delinquent behavior
- Public opinion and its functions
- Bulk Actions
- Socio-political organization of society and its functions
- Relationship between society and the state
- social change
- Social movements and their typologies
- Sociology of religion. Functions of Religion
- Social management and social planning
- Post-industrial society. Global system
- Information society and e-government
- General characteristics of the world community and the world market
- Modern trends in international economic relations. Criteria for socio-economic progress
- International division of labor
- Virtual network communities, telework. Information stratification
- Russia's place in the world community
- The concept of culture. Types and functions of culture
- What are cultural universals. Basic elements of culture
- Sociocultural supersystems
- The concept of "personality". Sociology of personality
- Personality socialization
- Periodization of personality development (according to E. Erickson)
- The concepts of social status and social role
- Socio-role conflict and social adaptation
- Social needs. The concept of human needs (A. Maslow, F. Herzberg)
- The concept of social structure
- Social inequality and social stratification. Types of social stratification
- Cumulative socioeconomic status
- Social stratum and social class. social stratification
- The concept of social mobility, its types and types
- Channels of vertical mobility (according to P. A. Sorokin)
- Major changes in the social stratification of Russian society
- The social structure of modern Russian society as a system of groups and layers (according to T. I. Zaslavskaya)
- Middle class and discussions about it
- What is marginality? Who are the marginals?
- The concept of the family and its functions
- The main types of modern family
- Functions of social conflicts and their classification
- Subjects of conflict relations
- Mechanisms of social conflict and its stages
- Managing social conflict
- Sociology of labor. Its main categories
- The main schools of Western sociology of labor (F. Taylor, E. Mayo, B. Skinner)
- Stimulation and motives of work
- Labor collectives, their types
- Conflicts in production: their types and types
- Causes of conflicts in production teams. Social tension. Functions of industrial conflict
- Economics as a special sphere of public life and economic sociology
- General characteristics of the labor market
- Unemployment and its forms
- Sociology of regions
- Sociology of settlement and the concept of demography. Population
- Population reproduction and social reproduction
- Socio-territorial communities. Sociology of city and countryside
- The process of urbanization, its stages. Migration
- The main categories of ethnosociology. ethnic community, ethnos
- Sociological research and its types
- Sociological Research Program
- Sociological research methods: survey, interview, questioning, observation
- Document Analysis
- Literature
- Content
