There is a lot that needs to be taught to a little person in primary school. I wouldn't want to miss anything. I introduced weekly rhythms into my work system, i.e. I devote 5-7 minutes during the lesson to practicing a certain skill. For example, in Russian lessons:
Monday: spelling work, performing grammar tasks.
Tuesday: sound-letter analysis of words (phonetic analysis).
Wednesday: working with words from the dictionary. Morphological analysis (as part of speech).
Thursday: working on the proposal. Analysis of the sentence by members and parts of speech.
Friday: analysis of words by composition (morphemic analysis).
Every fourth week of the month a test is carried out.
1 class
I select words for phonetic analysis according to the principle from simple to complex.
1.Words consisting of sounds in strong positions:
house, crowbar, himself, son, catfish, dream, poppy, horse, horse, day, bumblebee, stump, spruce, bags, tulip, pipe, arc, pipe, mountains, fish, wounds, sleigh, sled, roses, goats, moose, book, table, bunny, T-shirt, shadow, chair, king, salt, cube, beads, drink, dig, film, Yasha, hole.
2. Words consisting of sounds in strong and weak positions that practically coincide in their acoustic characteristics with the strong positions of the same phonemes:
grass, soup, bow, ruff, rail, Yasha, pit, mom, dad, rainbow, sofa, shelf, goat, bird, room, line, kidney, finger, boy, bunny, T-shirt, cuckoo, ABC book, pilot, goose, perch, cat, crayfish, willow, bag, fisherman, spinning top, watermelons, fungus, barking, wings, ice floe, filming, paint, ringing.
3. Words that contain sounds in strong positions, and the latter differ in sound from the strong positions of phonemes:
hedgehog corner Luke joy bend freezing children chalk snow cover forests blind man's buff entrance run broach wall frosty application mushroom nautical quail pupils leave eye glass evening skates climb tooth pike leg spring streams spoon raspberries runner funny health pillar berry spot pie jam carrot loading bolt ball snowstorm leg track catch walking putty dog flower birch trees catch five south
The sound analysis proceeds in the following sequence:
1.Say the word with normal pronunciation and listen to yourself.
2. Find the stressed syllable and pronounce the word syllable by syllable.
4. Write down and highlight the phoneme (letter).
6. Check if the word is correct.
Students are reminded:
No. 1. Phonetic analysis (Fig. No. 1).
PHONETIC ANALYSIS
Vowel sounds [a], [o], [u], [s], [i], [e].
The vowel letters i, e, e, yu, when they stand:
A) at the beginning of a word (For example: Yasha, spinning top);
b) after a vowel (For example: lighthouse);
V) after the soft separator (For example: trees, blizzard) make two sounds.
Vowels: a, o, u, e, s- show that the consonant is read firmly.
Vowels: I, e, e, yu and- show that the consonant is read softly.
b – softness indicator.
Sounds [nn', pp', ll', mm', th]– voiced unpaired or sonorant.
[th] or [j]– acc., sound nep., soft nep.
Sounds [bb’, vv’, zz’, f, yy’, dd’]- voiced pairs.
Sounds [pp', ff', ss', sh, kk', tt']- deaf pairs.
Sounds [xx ’, sch, h, ts]- deaf unpaired.
Sounds [f, w, c]– solid unpaired.
Sounds [ sch, h, j ]- soft unpaired.
b, b signs - do not indicate sound
’ - softness.
No. 2. Parsing algorithm (Fig. No. 2).
No. 3. Ribbon of letters (Fig. No. 3).
Every day in reading and writing lessons I teach the characteristics of sound in accordance with the study of a new letter and sounds. I take words for analysis from the “ABC” or “copybook”. There is always a ribbon of letters before my eyes.
Words for phonetic analysis in 1st grade (Russian ABC. V.G. Goretsky. Moscow. “Enlightenment”. 2000.).
aster chair nails shepherd forest watermelon steering wheel two shepherds elk perches fence apples spinning top poppy vegetables door Apple tree blacksmith poppies needle goalkeeper mushrooms echo three balls catch circles bream five duck ate ball scarf house drum saw pen scarf seven horse a carpenter geese leaves call snake zebra goose pigeons closet pencil blind man's buff hedgehog tram
2nd grade
Weekly work with a tape of letters, and then the following types of work:
- A). Sounds of nature, remember and reproduce them with your voice.
- A).
- A). Sounds in the house, reproduce them with your voice.
- A). Working with a ribbon of letters.
- A). Remove one phoneme.
- A). Add a phoneme.
- A). Replace the phoneme.
- A). Describe the sound in the word that I indicate.
- A). Add a letter.
- A). Add a letter(similar task of week 9).
- A). Naughty phonemes.
The leaves of the trees rustle: shhhhhh...
Birds are singing: …? The dog barks: ...? It's raining: ...? Thunder: …? Snow creaks underfoot: ...? The rustle of footsteps is heard: ...?
b). Book 1.
How does the kettle whistle? How does a hot frying pan sizzle? How does the alarm clock ring? How does an old door squeak? How does water drip from a tap?
b). Speech 1.
How does the boy play the drum? How does dad work with a drill? How does the washing machine hum? What does a running engine sound like? How does the clock tick? How does your mother's sewing machine make a noise? Etc.
b). Suddenly 1.
Name the vowels that indicate the hardness of the consonant sound.
Name the vowels that indicate the softness of the consonant sound.
Name voiced unpaired consonants, voiceless unpaired consonants, paired voiced and voiceless consonants.
Why are they called that?
Consonants are always soft.
Consonants are always hard.
What do you know about Kommersant And b signs?
b). Mushroom 1– control analysis.
Take one phoneme from each word. Do this so that the remaining phonemes form a new word.
Like this: a handful is a guest.
Regiment, to your heart's content, paint, slope, screen, trouble, warmth.
b). Skis 1.
Add one phoneme to each word to make a new word.
Like this: ball - scarf.
Chopping, gift, table, treasure, paw, mustache, bite.
b). Tea 1.
In the given words, replace one consonant phoneme with another to make a new word.
Like this: cake - walrus.
Nails, bun, paw, teeth, pussy, sand, jackdaw, eagle, mink, wedge, longing, light, log, frame.
b). Handle 1.
Wind – 2 stars, 3 stars, 5 stars.
b). Circus 1– control analysis.
Add a letter to the beginning or end of a word to make a new word.
What sounds are represented by these letters?
rose g
wolf
wasps to
measles
a park
duck w
b). Yasha 1.
ear m
faucet
pillar
one hundred g
glasses t
enemy o
b). Point 1.
You know the important role phonemes play. As soon as you change one phoneme in a word or remove it, confusion arises and it becomes funny.
Here's a funny story that happened in one family.
A first-grader girl says to her grandfather:
Grandpa, look what I drew!
And who is it?
You, grandfather, and a briefcase with textbooks. Why are you laughing?
Your signatures are very funny, Mashenka. You were probably in a hurry and got something wrong.
(According to A. Shivaev).Caption under the 1st picture: portfolio with students.
Signature under the 2nd picture: girl.
b). Spruce 1.
12. a). Working with a ribbon of letters.
What does it mean b sign at the end and in the middle of a word?
Why letters are interesting I, E, Yo, Yu?
When do they have two sounds?
Name the words that have sound [Y].
And the snake casually threw at me:
"Everyone has their own destiny!"
But I knew that this was impossible -
Live by twisting and sliding.
b). Letter 1.
13. a). Absurdities.
Listen to the poem by Novella Matveeva, this is a conversation between two friends. Why is it difficult for them to understand each other? Find and correct absurdities in the poem. What role did sounds (phonemes) play in this?
Confusion.
A loaf is baked in the oven,
And in the buttonhole there is a bud,
A python crawls through the grass,
Milk flows into a can
And there is concrete at the construction site.Repeat in my tone:
Where is the bud?
Where's the loaf?
Where is the can
Where's the python?
Well, where is the concrete?One two three four five.
I start repeating:
A bud is baked in the oven,
And there’s a loaf of bread in the buttonhole,
A can crawls across the grass,
Milk flows into concrete
And there is a python at the construction site.No not like this!
No not like this!
- Well then, like this:
A can is baked in the oven,
And there’s a python in my buttonhole,
Concrete crawls across the grass,
Milk flows into the loaf
And there is a bud at a construction site.No not like this!
No not like this!
Tell me yourself: how?
Figure it out for yourself
Where is the bud, and where is the loaf,
Where is the can, and where is the python.
Well, where is the concrete?
(N. Matveeva)b). Control analysis.
Kidney 1 – 1 in
Hump 1 – 2 in14. a). Miracles.
Listen to a humorous poem. Tell me why such miracles happened? Be attentive to the words in the text - maybe they will tell you the answer.
Smoke
Pies are baked in the river.
Standing on the street
Fishermen are sitting by the stove.
House
The traveler was walking into the city
It's coming out of the pipes.
In a bag.
A spoon climbed into the attic,
Have you heard of this?
The cat fell off the table.
Who doesn't believe in miracles,
On a spring day at the gate
You can see for yourself.
Started to melt together
Honey.
(A. Sanin)b). Ice 1.
15. a). Let's turn the wolf into a goat.
This word game was invented by the English mathematician Lewis Carroll, the author of the fairy tale “Alice in Wonderland.” The point of the game is to create a series of words, each of which differs from the previous one by only one letter. In this case, the following rules must be observed:
1) only one letter can be changed in a word;
2) you cannot rearrange letters, lengthen or shorten a word;
3) the beginning and end chains must have a logical connection.
b). "Wolf - goat."
Wolf - regiment, floor, time, bark, goat.
b). Bridges 1.
16. a). Let's turn “night” into “day”.
Night – zero, salt, solo, village, hay, net, child, day.
b). Family 1.
17. a). Working with a ribbon of letters.
What sound do you hear after a consonant in syllables: me - me - me - mu -
Name the vowel letters that indicate the softness of the consonant sound.
What letter do we write and what sound do we hear?
E - [E] Yo - [O] I - [A] Yu - [U]
b). Earth 1– control analysis.
18. a). Help the sounds.
Help vowels and consonants to be together. Connect them to make words.
b). Class 1.
19. a). Replace one sound with another.
It won’t take long for me to change: with “s” - I’m a fish, with “f” - I’m a bird. (carp - pheasant)
b). Cross 1.
20. a). The riddle is a metagram.
I with “u” - a distant planet,
And with “and” - I am in an Asian country.
(Uranus – Iran)
b). Balloon 1 – control analysis.
21. a). Remember the words about winter with sound[A].
(winter, slide, icicle, sled, mittens).
Describe the 2nd sound in the word “slide”, the 5th sound in the word “icicle”, the 5th sound in the word “mittens”.
b). Shaking 1.
22. a). Curious.
When answering any question from the teacher, name only those words that begin with the sound [a].
What is your name? (Andrey).
What about the last name? (Azbukin).
Where did you come from? (From Anapa).
What's growing there? (Watermelons).
And what else? (Apricots).
What birds are there? (Storks).
What will you use to get back? (By bus).
What gift will you bring for mom and dad? (Asters and album).
b). Hedgehog 1.
23. a). Speak, listen, don't repeat.
I show a letter, and the children “in a chain” name a word starting with that letter.
b). Anchor 1.
24. a). How does a sheep bleat?(ba-e-e...).
“Chain” of words with sounds [b, b, ].
Tell us what your sound is in the word (ag., sound, deaf., parn., tv., soft., parn.).
b). Zoya 1 – 1 in
- control analysis.
Pit 1 – 2 in
25. a). Entertaining models.
- _ _ _ b (horse, elk).
- _ _ _ b _ _ (coat, letter, skates).
What do you know about the letter b?
b). Horse 1.
26. a). Finish the word(with b).
Beech...(-var), tet...(-var), slo...(-var), honey...(-after all), yang...(-var), Feb...(-ral).
What does b mean at the end of a word? in the middle between consonants; in the middle after the consonant before the vowels I, E, E, I?
b). Day 1.
27. a). How to check an unstressed vowel? Why does it require verification?
Name the same sound in the words: house, notes, umbrella, coat, wasps, legs.
What is that sound? (vowel, stressed).
b). Window 1.
28. a). Complete the sentences with words starting with the letter O.
It was very hot, and mom opened all ... (windows). Grandma was making jam, and evil...(wasps) flew into the open window. I really love pine...(nuts). There was no sign of rain, an airy ... (cloud) floated across the sky.
b). - control analysis.
Lake 1 – 1 in
Socket 1 – 2 in
29. a). Who is more important?
What do you think is more important: vowels or consonants? Let's conduct a phonetic experiment. Let's take any three words. Let's remove all consonants from them. What will we get?
_ _ O _ _ _ I _ _ A _ A _ _ A _ _ O _ A _ U _ _ _ A.
Can you guess what words these are? Of course not. Now let’s take the same words, but leave only the consonants in them:
SHK _ LIN _ K K _ R _ ND _ SH P _ F _ L _ YST _
Have you guessed it now? For sure. So who is more important - vowels or consonants? Think and explain why you think so?
b). Mushroom 1.
30. a). Try deciphering these abbreviations:
Mrshk, Mrk Tvn, Mhlkv, Chkvsky, Shlkhv, Blk, Lrmntv, Nkrsv, Hydr, Krlv.
b). Eye 1.
Work in grades 3-4 is structured similarly. By the end of the fourth grade, all students have excellent results in phonetic (sound-letter analysis).
Literature
- V. Volina. We learn by playing. "New school". Moscow. 1994.
- I. Kalmykova. The mysterious world of sounds. Yaroslavl. “Academy of Development”, “Academy, Co.” 1998.
- Magazine “Murzilka”. 1999-2002
Before moving on to phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.
Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of a text is conveyed or a conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning; we perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters out loud, you form sounds - syllables - words.
A list of all letters is just an alphabet
Almost every schoolchild knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called the Cyrillic alphabet. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:
Russian alphabet:
In total, the Russian alphabet uses:
- 21 letters for consonants;
- 10 letters - vowels;
- and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not themselves define any sound units.
You often pronounce sounds in phrases differently from how you write them in writing. In addition, a word may use more letters than sounds. For example, “children’s” - the letters “T” and “S” merge into one phoneme [ts]. And vice versa, the number of sounds in the word “blacken” is greater, since the letter “Yu” in this case is pronounced as [yu].
What is phonetic analysis?
We perceive spoken speech by ear. By phonetic analysis of a word we mean the characteristics of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, with phonetic analysis, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment and the syllabic structure of a phrase united by a common word stress.
Phonetic transcription
For sound-letter parsing, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, it is correctly written:
- black -> [h"orny"]
- apple -> [yablaka]
- anchor -> [yakar"]
- Christmas tree -> [yolka]
- sun -> [sontse]
The phonetic parsing scheme uses special symbols. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish the letter notation (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).
- The phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets – ;
- a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign [’] - an apostrophe;
- percussive [´] - accent;
- in complex word forms from several roots, the secondary stress sign [`] - gravis is used (not practiced in the school curriculum);
- the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Ё, ь and Ъ are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
- for doubled consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of the sound.
Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic, phonetic and word analysis with online examples, in accordance with general school standards of the modern Russian language. Professional linguists' transcriptions of phonetic characteristics differ in accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowel and consonant phonemes.
How to make a phonetic analysis of a word?
The following diagram will help you carry out letter analysis:
- Write down the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
- Count how many vowels and consonants there are in it.
- Indicate the stressed syllable. (Stress, using intensity (energy), distinguishes a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
- Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that syllable division in is different from the rules of transfer. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
- In the transcription, sort the word by sounds.
- Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
- Opposite each letter in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya”, “i” can represent 2 sounds at once.
- Analyze each phoneme separately and indicate its properties separated by commas:
- for a vowel we indicate in the characteristic: vowel sound; stressed or unstressed;
- in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: consonant sound; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorous, paired/unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-dullness.
- At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.
This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.
An example of phonetic analysis of a word
Here is a sample phonetic analysis of the composition for the word “phenomenon” → [yivl’e′n’ie]. In this example there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-n-e. The emphasis falls on the second.
Sound characteristics of letters:
i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorant [i] - vowel, unstressedv [v] - acc., paired hard, paired sound l [l'] - acc., paired soft., unpaired . sound, sonorant [e′] - vowel, stressed [n’] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired sound, sonorant and [i] - vowel, unstressed [th] - consonant, unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed________________________In total, the word phenomenon has 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter “I” and the last “E” each represent two sounds.
Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationships and transcription rules for sound-letter parsing.
Phonetics and sounds in Russian
What sounds are there?
All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, can be stressed or unstressed. The consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.
How many sounds are there in Russian living speech?
The correct answer is 42.
Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonant sounds and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many people have a reasonable question: why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ for both vowels and consonants?
All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, softness-hardness pairs:
- [b] - cheerful and [b’] - squirrel;
- or [d]-[d’]: home - to do.
And some do not have a pair, for example [h’] will always be soft. If you doubt it, try to say it firmly and make sure it is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, little rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached dimensionless proportions, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.
Vowel sounds in Russian words
Vowel sounds Unlike consonants, they are melodic; they flow freely, as if in a chant, from the larynx, without barriers or tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you try to pronounce a consonant, the more energetically you will close your mouth. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.
The stress in any word form can only fall on the vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.
How many vowel sounds are there in Russian phonetics?
Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six shock sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [u], [s]. And let us remind you that there are ten letters: a, e, e, i, o, u, y, e, i, yu. The vowels E, E, Yu, I are not “pure” sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words by letter, the emphasis falls on the listed letters.
Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels
The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the force of exhalation, increased duration of sound and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced clearly and expressively, sound analysis of syllables with stressed vowel phonemes is much easier to carry out. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains its basic form is called strong position. This position can only be occupied by a stressed sound and a syllable. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.
- The vowel in a stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more clearly, with the greatest strength and duration.
- A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.
In the Russian language, only one phoneme “U” retains unchangeable phonetic properties: kuruza, tablet, u chus, u lov - in all positions it is pronounced clearly as [u]. This means that the vowel “U” is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “U”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´ch’], etc.
Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels
The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, “O” is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].
An exception to the rule of a strong position for “O”, when the unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only some foreign words: cocoa [kaka "o], patio [pa"tio], radio [ra"dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, the conjunction but. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “ё” - [o]: thorn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. It will also not be difficult to analyze the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position.
Unstressed vowels and sounds in Russian words
It is possible to make a correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of a vowel only after placing stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: zamok - zamok and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):
- I'm home [ya do "ma].
- New houses [no "vye da ma"].
IN unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, pronounced differently than written:
- mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
- he - online = [o "n] - [a nla"yn]
- witness line = [sv’id’e “t’i l’n’itsa].
Such changes in vowels in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And high-quality reduction, when the characteristics of the original sound change.
The same unstressed vowel letter can change its phonetic characteristics depending on its position:
- primarily relative to the stressed syllable;
- at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
- in open syllables (consisting of only one vowel);
- on the influence of neighboring signs (ь, ъ) and consonant.
Yes, it varies 1st degree of reduction. It is subject to:
- vowels in the first pre-stressed syllable;
- naked syllable at the very beginning;
- repeated vowels.
Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n’iz’d’e’shn’ii].
(uncovered syllable)+(2-3 pre-stressed syllable)+ 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable → over-stressed syllable (+2/3 over-stressed syllable)
- vper-re -di [fp’ir’i d’i´];
- e -ste-ste-st-no [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in:a];
Any other pre-stressed syllables and all post-stressed syllables during sound analysis are classified as reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called a “weak position of the second degree.”
- kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t’];
- model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
- swallow [la´-sta -ch’ka];
- kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i´-na-vy].
The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in stages: second, third (after hard and soft consonants - this is outside the curriculum): learn [uch'i´ts:a], become numb [atsyp'in'e´t '], hope [nad'e´zhda]. During letter analysis, the reduction of the vowel in the weak position in the final open syllable (= at the absolute end of the word) will appear very slightly:
- cup;
- goddess;
- with songs;
- turn.
Sound-letter analysis: iotized sounds
Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], Ya - [ya] often mean two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotized. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.
When analyzed phonetically, the vowels e, e, yu, i form 2 sounds:
◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:
- At the beginning of the words “Yo” and “Yu” are always:
- - shudder [yo´ zhyts:a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’nyy], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], container [yo´ mcast’];
- - jeweler [yuv ’il’i´r], top [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], nimbleness [yu ´rkas’t’];
- at the beginning of the words “E” and “I” only under stress*:
- - spruce [ye´ l’], travel [ye´ w:u], huntsman [ye´ g’ir’], eunuch [ye´ vnukh];
- - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
- (*to perform sound-letter analysis of the unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
- in the position immediately after the vowel “Yo” and “Yu” always. But “E” and “I” are in stressed and unstressed syllables, except in cases where these letters are located after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd unstressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples in specified cases:
- - receiver [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sings t [payo´t], klyyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
- -ayu rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], I sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
- after the dividing solid “Ъ” the sign “Ё” and “Yu” - always, and “E” and “I” only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
- after the dividing soft “b” the sign “Ё” and “Yu” is always, and “E” and “I” are under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ga], family [s'em'ya´ ]
As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stress is of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the sound-letter analysis of the remaining iotized ones and see how they can still change characteristics depending on the environment in the words.
◊ Unstressed vowels“E” and “I” designate two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:
- at the very beginning of the word:
- - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yil´vyy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], him [yivo´], fidget [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
- - January [yi nvarskiy], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
- (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye vrap'io´idnaya], Evgeniy [ye] vgeny, European [ye vrap'e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rkhiya, etc.).
- immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
- in a timely manner [svai vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi w:a´t'], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi c], students [uch'a´sh'iyi s'a], with sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
- bark [la´yi t'], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi c], belt [po´yi s], declare [zayi v'i´t'], show [prayi in 'l'u´]
- after the dividing hard “Ъ” or soft “b” sign: - intoxicating [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [syi dobny].
Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by “ecane”, and the Moscow school is characterized by “hiccup”. Previously, the iotrated “Yo” was pronounced with a more accented “Ye”. When changing capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow norms in orthoepy.
Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel “I” the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is voiced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].
Important:
The letter “I” after the soft sign “b” also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of online sound-letter analysis: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [na ku´r'yi' x" no´shkah], rabbit [kro´l'ich'yi], no family [s'im 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi]. But: Vowel “O” after a soft sign. “b” is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotization can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavilion n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, chignon n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillot tina, carmagno la, mignon n and others.
Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels “Yu” “E” “E” “I” form 1 sound
According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the designated letters give one sound when:
- sound units “Yo” “Yu” “E” are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: zh, sh, ts. Then they represent phonemes:
- ё - [o],
- e - [e],
- yu - [y].
- The letters “I” “Yu” “E” “E” and “I” indicate the softness of the preceding consonant [’]. Exception only for: [f], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
- ё – [o]: ticket [put'o´ fka], easy [l'o´ hk'iy], honey fungus [ap'o´ nak], actor [akt'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´nak];
- e – [e]: seal [t’ul’e´ n’], mirror [z’e’ rkala], smarter [umn’e´ ye], conveyor [kanv’e´ yir];
- I – [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
- yu – [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
- Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel “E” does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do a phonetic analysis of the composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without a preceding apostrophe of softness: hotel [ate´ l'], strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n:is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [tablet].
- Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables the vowels “E” and “I” undergo qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (except for [ts], [zh], [sh]). Examples of phonetic analysis of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'i n'i´t], forest [l'i sno´y], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [p'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lie [l'i ga´t'], five grater [p'i t'o´rka]
Phonetic analysis: consonants of the Russian language
There is an absolute majority of consonants in the Russian language. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or ringing appears in the voice.
How many consonants are there in Russian speech?
In the alphabet they are designated by 21 letters. However, when performing sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonant sounds more, namely 36.
Sound-letter analysis: what are the consonant sounds?
In our language there are consonants:
- hard - soft
and form the corresponding pairs:
- [b] - [b’]: b anan - b tree,
- [in] - [in’]: in height - in yun,
- [g] - [g’]: city - duke,
- [d] - [d’]: dacha - dolphin,
- [z] - [z’]: z von - z ether,
- [k] - [k’]: k onfeta - to enguru,
- [l] - [l’]: boat - l lux,
- [m] - [m’]: magic - dreams,
- [n] - [n’]: new - nectar,
- [p] - [p’]: p alma- p yosik,
- [r] - [r’]: daisy - row of poison,
- [s] - [s’]: with uvenir - with urpriz,
- [t] - [t’]: tuchka - t ulpan,
- [f] - [f’]: f lag - f February,
- [x] - [x’]: x orek - x seeker.
- Certain consonants do not have a hard-soft pair. Unpaired ones include:
- sounds [zh], [ts], [sh] - always hard (zhzn, tsikl, mouse);
- [ch’], [sch’] and [th’] are always soft (daughter, more often than not, yours).
- The sounds [zh], [ch’], [sh], [sh’] in our language are called hissing.
A consonant can be voiced - voiceless, as well as sonorous and noisy.
You can determine the voicedness-voicelessness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and the participation of the organs of articulation.
- Sonorant (l, m, n, r, y) are the most sonorous phonemes, in them a maximum of voices and a few noises are heard: l ev, rai, n o l.
- If, when pronouncing a word during sound parsing, both a voice and noise are formed, it means that you have a voiced consonant (g, b, z, etc.): plant, b people, life.
- When pronouncing voiceless consonants (p, s, t and others), the vocal cords do not tense, only noise is made: st opka, fishka, k ost yum, tsirk, sew up.
Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: stop (b, p, d, t) - gap (zh, w, z, s) and method of articulation: labiolabial (b, p, m) , labiodental (f, v), anterior lingual (t, d, z, s, c, g, w, sch, h, n, l, r), midlingual (th), posterior lingual (k, g, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.
Tip: If you're just starting to practice spelling words phonetically, try placing your hands on your ears and saying the phoneme. If you were able to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is voiceless.
Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: “Oh, we didn’t forget our friend.” - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat some soup? - Fi! - similarly, the indicated replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.
Positional changes of consonants in Russian
The consonant sound, just like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter phonetically can represent a different sound, depending on the position it occupies. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is compared to the articulation of a consonant located next to it. This effect makes pronunciation easier and is called assimilation in phonetics.
Positional stun/voicing
In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation according to deafness and voicedness applies. The voiced paired consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:
- at the absolute end of a phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [klu´p];
- before voiceless consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], obkh vatit [apkh vat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
- doing a sound-letter analysis online, you will notice that the voiceless paired consonant standing before the voiced one (except for [th'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n'], [r] - [r']) is also voiced, that is, replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].
In Russian phonetics, a voiceless noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [z] and [s] is equally acceptable.
When parsing the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter “G” is replaced by the phoneme [v].
According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings “-ого”, “-го” of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant “G” is transcribed as the sound [в]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e´lava], sharp, full, former, that, that, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school curriculum on phonetics, this process is called consonant contraction: separate [ad:'il'i´t'] → the letters “T” and “D” are reduced into sounds [d'd'], besh smart [b'ish: u ´much]. When analyzing the composition of a number of words in sound-letter analysis, dissimilation is observed - the opposite process to assimilation. In this case, the common feature of two adjacent consonants changes: the combination “GK” sounds like [xk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'o′kh'k'ii], soft [m'a′kh' k'ii].
Soft consonants in Russian
In the phonetic parsing scheme, an apostrophe [’] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.
- Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before “b”;
- the softness of the consonant sound in a syllable in writing will help determine the vowel letter that follows it (e, ё, i, yu, i);
- [ш'], [ч'] and [й] are only soft by default;
- The sound [n] is always softened before soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'itseen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve[n'z'] el, licé[n'z'] iya, ka[n'd'] idat, ba[n'd'] it, i[n'd'] ivid , blo[n'd'] in, stipe[n'd'] iya, ba[n't']ik, vi[n't']ik, zo[n't']ik, ve[n' t'] il, a[n't'] ical, co[n't'] text, remo[n't'] edit;
- the letters “N”, “K”, “P” during phonetic analysis of their composition can be softened before the soft sounds [ch'], [sch']: glass ik [staka'n'ch'ik], smenschik ik [sm'e ′n'sch'ik], donch ik [po'n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'e'n'sch'ik], boulevard [bul'va'r'sh'ina], borscht [ borsch'];
- often the sounds [з], [с], [р], [н] before a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e′nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];
- in order to correctly perform sound-letter analysis, take into account the exception words when the consonant [p] before soft teeth and labials, as well as before [ch’], [sch’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;
Note: the letter “b” after a consonant unpaired in hardness/softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during letter analysis, a [-] dash is placed in square brackets opposite the letter “b”.
Positional changes in paired voiced-voiceless consonants before hissing consonants and their transcription during sound-letter parsing
To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiceless: [d-t] or [z-s] before sibilants (zh, sh, shch, h) are phonetically replaced by a sibilant consonant.
- Literal analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: arrival [pr'ie'zhzh ii], ascend [vashsh e´st'iye], izzh elta [i´zh elta], take pity [zh a´l'its: A].
The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. When performing sound-letter analysis of a word, you must denote one of the repeated sounds in the transcription with the longitude symbol [:].
- Letter combinations with a hissing “szh” - “zzh” are pronounced like a double hard consonant [zh:], and “ssh” - “zsh” - like [sh:]: squeezed, sewed, without a splint, climbed in.
- The combinations “zzh”, “zhzh” inside the root, when parsed by letters and sounds, are written in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I ride, I squeal, later, reins, yeast, zhzhenka.
- The combinations “sch”, “zch” at the junction of a root and a suffix/prefix are pronounced as a long soft [sch’:]: account [sch’: o´t], scribe, customer.
- At the junction of the preposition with the following word in place of “sch”, “zch” is transcribed as [sch'ch']: without number [b'esh' ch' isla´], with something [sch'ch' e'mta] .
- During sound-letter analysis, the combinations “tch”, “dch” at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [ch':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], good fellow [little-ch': ik], report [ach': o´t].
Cheat sheet for comparing consonant sounds by place of formation
- сч → [ш':]: happiness [ш': а´с'т'е], sandstone [п'ish': а´н'ik], peddler [vari´sch': ik], paving stones, calculations, exhaust, clear;
- zch → [sch’:]: carver [r’e’sch’: ik], loader [gru’sch’: ik], storyteller [raska’sch’: ik];
- zhch → [sch’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ sch’: ik], man [musch’: i´na];
- shch → [sch’:]: freckled [in’isnu’sch’: ity];
- stch → [sch’:]: tougher [zho’sch’: e], biting, rigger;
- zdch → [sch’:]: roundabout [abye’sch’: ik], furrowed [baro’sch’: ity];
- ssch → [sch’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t’], became generous [rasch’: e’dr’ils’a];
- thsch → [ch'sch']: to split off [ach'sch' ip'i′t'], to snap off [ach'sch' o´lk'ivat'], in vain [ch'sch' etna], carefully [ch' sch' at'el'na];
- tch → [ch’:]: report [ach’: o′t], fatherland [ach’: i′zna], ciliated [r’is’n’i′ch’: i′ty];
- dch → [ch’:]: emphasize [pach’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
- szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t’];
- zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t’], kindle [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t’];
- ssh → [sh:]: brought [pr’in’o′sh: y], embroidered [rash: y’ty];
- zsh → [sh:]: lower [n’ish: s′y]
- th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, doing a sound-letter analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs] , for nothing [n'e′ zasht a], something [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
- th → [h't] in other cases of letter parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [po´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] etc;
- chn → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan'e´shn a′], boring [sku´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, as well as in female patronymics ending in “-ichna”: Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
- chn → [ch'n] - letter analysis for all other options: fabulous [ska´zach'n y], dacha [da´ch'n y], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n y], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
- !zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, double pronunciation and transcription [sch’] or [sht’] is allowed in the word rain and in the word forms derived from it: rainy, rainy.
Unpronounceable consonants in Russian words
During the pronunciation of an entire phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the spelling of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than letters.
In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:
- "T" - in combinations:
- stn → [sn]: local [m’e´sn y], reed [tras’n ’i´k]. By analogy, one can perform a phonetic analysis of the words staircase, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
- stl → [sl]: happy [sh':asl 'i´vyy"], happy, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and postlat, in them the letter “T” is pronounced);
- ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g'iga´nsk 'ii], agency, presidential;
- sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], to eat up [take´s: a], to swear I [kl’a´s: a];
- sts → [s:]: tourist [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, Hindu, careerist;
- ntg → [ng]: x-ray en [r’eng ’e´n];
- “–tsya”, “–tsya” → [ts:] in verb endings: smile [smile´ts: a], wash [my´ts: a], looks, will do, bow, shave, fit;
- ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of a root and a suffix: childish [d’e´ts k’ii], bratskiy [bratskyi];
- ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete [sparts: m’e´n], send [atss yla´t’];
- tts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratz a [bra´ts: a], father epit [ats: yp'i´t'], to father u [k atz: y´];
- “D” - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
- zdn → [zn]: late [z'n'y], star [z'v'ozn'y], holiday [pra'z'n'ik], free [b'izvazm' e′know];
- ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
- NDsk → [NSK]: Dutch [Galansk ’ii], Thai [Thailansk ’ii], Norman [Narmansk ’ii];
- zdts → [ss]: under the bridles [fall uss s´];
- ndc → [nts]: Dutch [galans];
- rdc → [rts]: heart [s’e´rts e], serdts evin [s’irts yv’i´na];
- rdch → [rch"]: heart ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
- dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsed soundly, the word is written as double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t'], twenty [dva´ts: yt'] ;
- ds → [ts]: factory koy [zavac ko´y], rods tvo [rac tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods k [k’islavo´ts k];
- “L” - in combinations:
- sun → [nz]: sun [so´nts e], solar state;
- “B” - in combinations:
- vstv → [stv] literal analysis of words: hello [hello, go away], feelings about [ch's'tva], sensuality [ch'us'tv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´stv 'in:y].
Note: In some words of the Russian language, when there is a cluster of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk” the loss of the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [payestka], daughter-in-law, typist, summons, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.
- When parsing letters, two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude symbol [:]: class, bath, mass, group, program.
- Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l’], terrace, apparatus.
If you find it difficult to perform phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules, or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word being studied, use the help of a reference dictionary. Literary norms of orthoepy are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book." M. 1959
References:
- Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – MSU, M.: 2000
- Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
- Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
- Tutorial. – “Institute for Advanced Training of Education Workers”, Tambov: 2012
- Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Handbook of spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. – M.: CheRo, 1999
Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the school curriculum format. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.
Serge Pietro
Serge Pietro
thicker and brighter
Regional hatred Novelist Songbook
Vasily Ivanovich Agoshkov
May Tango Alexey Kirsanov
Filigree
Angel wings Olst Petersen
Koran. Sura 87. 1-19 Larisa Bagramova
Nina Matveeva-Puchkova
Are medals not worth a penny? Igor Stepanov-Zorin 2
Behind the village thick grasses bloomed,
Igor Chemodanov
For the father, cruel reprisal
Pavlik's relatives threatened him.
Sura 9. Teacher Nikolay Chebotarev
Pie in the sky Evgeniy Sadkov
Scarlet Flesh Sys Adm
Anatoly Pavlovich Ivanov
Poet's Gift Anastasia Pavlenko
within the boundaries of alien stubble.
Any field - but mine.
We met one day in a field
Fairy tale for adults Petr Zhuk
Among the autumn stubble,
Rejoicing in space, freedom,
Three Russian heroes.
The Duke's visit to England Petr Kotelnikov
Anatoly Yani
You didn't lie on the straw in the summer
Among the stubble
Scarecrow Vladimir Fedorovich Bykov
Alexander Rakov
There was still a fresh breeze in the field, the stubble was wild and red, and where they plowed—they were already plowing for oats—the shoots were oily and black with primeval power.
Great Bunin. March, April! Serge Pietro
They began to plow open the stubble, turning it into black velvet, leaving a little space for the grass -
Great Bunin. Spring blossom! Serge Pietro
the field boundaries turned green, the ants in the yard became juicier,
thicker and brighter
Not diarrhea (throwing away a spikelet from the stubble) - Yes!
Regional hatred Novelist Songbook
Savina Gutorovskaya volost rented 10 dessiatinas. pair and 10 des. stubble and for this it processed 5 dessiatines. spring and 10 des. winter bread.
117. V. I. Agoshkov. Chrome statistics. u. as of 1890 Vasily Ivanovich Agoshkov
The hot day has already cooled down, evening is coming,
May Tango Alexey Kirsanov
The insects hid in the warm houses of the stubble,
At the edge of the forest, the sweet singer develops a leitmotif
Filigree
Feet bleed from wormwood and mown stubble. Oh, I'm suffocating...! The air is viscous! A sip, a sip of Ether...! The taste of almonds and figs is bitter.
Angel wings Olst Petersen
So that they can then be plunged into the darkness of the stubble.
Koran. Sura 87. 1-19 Larisa Bagramova
6. We'll let you know piece by piece.
What you can’t reject later,
7. Except what He wants Himself.
A cold wind blows from the stubble.
Bruno Yasensky. Autumn tango Nina Matveeva-Puchkova
Autumn is dank and sad in Poland...
The pas de quatre dances through the foliage lanes,
The pre-winter wind carries them through the puddles.
The village is a hungry place where there is no work or stubble.
Are medals not worth a penny? Igor Stepanov-Zorin 2
You are no one's bride today, the former princes were killed.
Behind the village thick grasses bloomed,
From a series of unnecessary misconceptions. Sergey Mikhalkov Igor Chemodanov
Bread was heading in the stubble fields.
For the father, cruel reprisal
Pavlik's relatives threatened him.
There are books that resemble freshly plowed soil: at the very surface it seems to be a disorderly heap of clods of soil, stones and stubble remains; But
Sura 9. Teacher Nikolay Chebotarev
Then he ran clumsily, pushed off from the stubble and rushed after the hang glider. Then he changed his mind and turned to Australia.
Pie in the sky Evgeniy Sadkov
Autumn, the rain moistened the stubble stubble and froze. Feet carefully step on the straw crushed by the tractor. She is soft and pliable.
Scarlet Flesh Sys Adm
the golden balls of zinnias caress the eye, in the forest - the first yellow "gray hair" in the crowns of birches and lindens, and a fine September day, when the rays of the sun sparkle on the stubble hedgehog
Chapter 70. Colors of Indian summer Anatoly Pavlovich Ivanov
Today the very beginning of the collection “Leaf” opened, I catch it with my eyes:
Poet's Gift Anastasia Pavlenko
"Do not invade my life dispassionately
within the boundaries of alien stubble.
Any field - but mine.
We met one day in a field
Fairy tale for adults Petr Zhuk
Among the autumn stubble,
Rejoicing in space, freedom,
Three Russian heroes.
The harvest from the fields had already been harvested, islands of stubble and thistle bushes were yellow on the black earth.
The Duke's visit to England Petr Kotelnikov
Zhosan, in his opus “Straw” asks readers a rhetorical question: “Who and when at least once in their life sang the praises of straw”
What does Lermontov's sail smell like? Anatoly Yani
You didn't lie on the straw in the summer
Among the stubble
Nikita spent whole days wandering around the forest and the edge of the stubble with a gun, tracking down black grouse and wood grouse.
Scarecrow Vladimir Fedorovich Bykov
Stronger than storms, stronger than any will, Love for your barns by the stubble, Love for you, a hut in an azure field..."
High rank - Russian man Alexander Rakov
SEARCH IN THE SPELLING DICTIONARY
Ⅰ. PHONETIC ANALYSIS OF THE WORD “ZHNIVIYA”
In a word Zhni Vya:
1. 2 syllables (zhni-vya);
2. the stress falls on the 1st syllable: zhni vya
- 1st option
1 ) Transcription of the word “zhni vya”: [zh❜i v❜ъ].
| LETTER/ [SOUND] | SOUND CHARACTERISTICS | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| and | - | [and] | - | acc., hard (unpaired), Below see §§ 68, 106. |
| n | - | [n❜] | - | acc., soft (par.), Below see § 66, para. 2, 3. |
| And | - | [And ] | - | vowel, percussion; see below § 5. |
| V | - | [in❜] | - | acc., soft (par.), |
| b | - | [ ] | - | no sound |
| I | - | [ъ] | - | vowel, unstressed; see below § 53. |
6 letters, 5 sounds
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Ⅱ. PHONETIC ANALYSIS OF THE WORD “ZHNIVIYA”
In a word stubble:
1. 2 syllables (zhni-vya);
2. the stress falls on the 2nd syllable: stubble
- 1st option
1 ) Transcription of the word “stubble”: [zhn❜iv❜j❜а].
| LETTER/ [SOUND] | SOUND CHARACTERISTICS | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| and | - | [and] | - | acc., hard (unpaired) , ringing (boys). Deaf people do not voice before sonorants (see V.N. Musatov, p. 73). Below see §§ 68, 106. |
| n | - | [n❜] | - | acc., soft (par.), ringing (unpaired), sonorant. The sound [n] is an unpaired voiced sound, so it is pronounced the same way as it is written.Below see § 66, para. 2, 3. |
| And | - | [And] | - | vowel, unstressed; see below § 5. |
| V | - | [in❜] | - | acc., soft (par.), ringing (boys). Before a vowel sound there is no replacement of a consonant in terms of voicedness/voicelessness.Below see § 66, para. 1, 3 (examples). |
| b | - | [ ] | - | no sound |
| I | - | acc., ringing (unpaired), soft. (unpaired) | ||
| [A ] | vowel, percussion; see below § 17. | |||
6 letters, 6 sounds
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PRONUNCIATION RULES 1
§ 5
§ 5. Vowels [and], [s] both under stress and in unstressed syllables are pronounced in accordance with their spelling. They are designated in writing by the letters i and s.
Letter And denotes the sound [and] in the following positions: a) at the beginning of a word: i va, i skra, izba, play, publish; b) after vowels: cut, stand, stand, play; c) after soft consonants: strength, ti na, vit, clean, cabbage soup, wash, saw, pinch, knock out.
§ 17
§ 17. In addition, the letter I at the beginning of a word and after a vowel it denotes the combination [ya], that is, the stressed vowel [a] with the preceding [th]: poison, stream, edge (pronounced [yat, string, edge]). The letter I after ь and ъ means the same: drunk, clerk, friends, hookah, husbands, whose, embrace t (pronounced [p❜ yan, d❜ yak, dru❜ yá, kal❜ yá n, muzhyá, chya, abyá T]).
§ 53
§ 53. In place of the letter I(and letters A after [h] and [sch]) in unstressed endings the vowel [ъ] is pronounced: cf. drop, melon (pronounced [ka pl❜ ъ], [by ́ n❜ ъ]); seas, fields, o kunya, crying - genus. p.un. h. (pronounced [mor ❜ ъ], [po ́ l❜ ъ], [о́ kun❜ ъ], [crying]); feathers, chairs, boughs - to them. n, pl. h. (pronounced [pé r❜ yъ], [stuĺ l❜ yъ], [sú chy]), drip, drip, drip (pronounced [ká pl❜ ъм], [ká pl❜ ъmi], [ká pl❜ ъх]); groves, groves, groves (pronounced [groves], [groves], [groves]); and name, time, flame, stirrup (pronounced [i м❜ ъ], [time ❜ ъ], [flame м❜ ъ], [stimulus ❜ ъ]); seeing, knowing, crying (pronounced [ví d❜ ъ], [know йъ], [crying]); I'm evil, I'm friend (pronounced [evil y'], [druga y']); old, good (pronounced [sta rayj], [do brj]); lamb, bird whose, enemy (pronounced [ba ran❜ yъ], [bird chy], [enemy]); today (pronounced [sivo d❜ n❜ ъ]).
§ 66
§ 66. The following consonants are both hard and soft: [l] and [b], [f] and [v], [t] and [d], [s] and [z], [m], [ p], [l], [n]. For each of these consonants in Russian graphics there is a corresponding letter. The softness of these consonants at the end of a word is indicated by the letter b. Wed. top and top (pronounced [top❜ ]), econom and economy (pronounced [ekanó m❜ ]), blow and blow (pronounced [ud❜ ]), was and reality (pronounced [was❜ ]). The softness of these consonants before the consonants is also indicated: corner and coal (pronounced [ugal❜ ka]), banku and banku (pronounced [bá n❜ ku]), rarely and radish (pronounced [ré t❜ kъ]) .
The softness of these consonants before vowels is indicated by the letters of the following vowels: letter I(Unlike A) denotes the vowel [a] after a soft consonant; Wed small and crumpled (pronounced [m❜ al]); letter e(Unlike O) denotes the vowel [o] after a soft consonant; Wed mole and chalk (pronounced [m❜ ol]); letter Yu(Unlike at) denotes the vowel [y] after a soft consonant; Wed tuk and bale (pronounced [t❜ uk]). The distribution of letters is approximately the same And And s: the letter and is used after soft consonants and at the beginning of a word, and the letter s after hard consonants that have a soft pair; Wed play, hut, clean, sew, drank and ardor, sweet and washed, pitched and howled, thread and whine, wear and noses.
Examples for distinguishing between hard and soft consonants: top and top (pronounced [top❜ ]), bódro and hips (pronounced [b❜ ó dr]), graph and graph (pronounced [graph❜ а́ ]), val and vyal (pronounced [v❜ al]), raft and flesh (pronounced [raft❜ ]), shame and shame (pronounced [shame❜ á ]), os and axis (pronounced [os❜ ]); thunderstorm and thunderstorm (pronounced [graz❜ á ]), ox and led (pronounced [v❜ ol]), coffin and row (pronounced [gr❜ op]), steel and steel (pronounced [stall❜ ]), nose and carried (pronounced [n❜ os]), bow and hatch (pronounced [l❜ uk]), hill and gznik, shoemaker, former, neighbor, to be important;
[zhl❜]: polite, thrifty;
[shn❜]: extra, external, local;
[sl❜]: industrial, cough, come.
1 Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / S.N. Borunova, V.L. Vorontsova, N.A. Eskova; Ed. R.I. Avanesova. - 4th ed., erased. - M.: Rus. lang., 1988. - 704 pp.
