Plan 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Introduction
Chemical pollution of the atmosphere.
Sources of chemical pollution
Chemical industry as a source
pollution
Exposure to chemicals
environment
Consequences of pollution
Conclusion

CHEMICAL PRODUCTION.
The chemical industry is a branch of the national economy
producing
various types of chemical products for everyone
industries, agriculture, consumer sectors.
It produces basic chemical products - ammonia, inorganic
acids, alkalis, mineral fertilizers, soda, chlorine and
chlorine products, liquefied gases; organic products
synthesis – acids, alcohols, ethers, organoelement
compounds, hydrocarbons, intermediates, dyes; synthetic
materials – resins, plastics, chemical and synthetic
fibers, chemicals, household chemicals, etc.
Oil refining and
petrochemical production.

Sources of chemical pollution
In the course of his economic activity, man produces various substances.
All substances produced using both renewable and
Non-renewable resources can be divided into four types:
- starting substances (raw materials);
- intermediate substances (arising or used during the production process);
- final product;
- by-product (waste)

Chemical industry as a source of pollution

Of course, compared to energy and transport, global pollution
through the chemical industry is small, but this is also quite noticeable
local impact. Most organic intermediates and final products
products used or produced in the chemical industry,
made from a limited number of basic petrochemical products.
When processing crude oil or natural gas at various stages of the process,
e.g. distillation, catalytic cracking, desulfurization and alkylation,
occur both as gases and as dissolved in water and discharged into the sewer system
waste. These include residues and waste from technological processes that cannot be
further processing.
Gaseous emissions from distillation and cracking units during oil refining are mainly
contain hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and nitrogen oxides.
That part of these substances that can be collected in gas collectors before exiting
into the atmosphere, burned in flares, resulting in combustion products
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide

When acidic alkylation products are burned, hydrogen fluoride is formed,
entering the atmosphere.
There are also uncontrolled emissions caused by
various leaks, deficiencies in equipment maintenance, violations
technological process, accidents, and
also by evaporation of gaseous substances from the process
water supply systems and wastewater.
Of all types of chemical production, the greatest pollution comes from those
where varnishes and paints are made or used.
This is due to the fact that varnishes and paints are often made using
based on alkyd and other polymeric materials, as well as nitro varnishes,
they usually contain a high percentage of solvent
Emissions of anthropogenic organic substances in production,
related to the use of varnishes and paints is 350 thousand tons per year, the rest
production of the chemical industry as a whole produces 170 thousand tons per year

Impact of chemicals on the environment

1.
2.
3.
4.
Molecular biological effects
Metabolic and regulatory disorders
processes in the cell
Mutagenic and carcinogenic effects
Impact on the behavior of organisms

Consequences of pollution

Changes under the influence of chemicals
the following ecosystem parameters:
population density;
dominant structure;
species diversity;
abundance of biomass;
spatial distribution of organisms;
reproductive functions.

To reduce and reduce emissions of chemicals at industrial enterprises, the following measures must be taken:

It is necessary to design any production so that
so that emissions are known to be minimal.
It is necessary to strictly observe technological regimes
production.
Mandatory sealing of equipment is required
industries where they are present and produced
chemical compounds (this applies not only
chemical industry).
It is necessary to introduce continuous technological
processes and closed circle of production, circulating
water consumption
It is necessary to take measures to prevent accidents
(for example, scheduled preventative maintenance
equipment).

Conclusion

I have considered some aspects
chemical pollution of the environment. This
not all aspects of this huge problem and
only a small part of the possibilities for solving it. To
not completely destroy your habitat and
habitat of all other forms of life, man
it is necessary to be very careful about the environment
environment. This means strict control is required.
direct and indirect production of chemicals
substances, a comprehensive study of this problem,
objective assessment of the impact of chemical products on
environment, research and application of methods
minimizing the harmful effects of chemicals
substances on the environment.

Morozkina Maria, student of Municipal Educational Institution "Secondary School No. 6" in Saransk

The presentation can be used to study the atmosphere in ecology and natural history lessons.

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Atmospheric pollution Completed by: 11th grade student of secondary school No. 6 Morozkina Maria

Atmospheric pollution is the introduction of new uncharacteristic physical, chemical and biological substances into the atmospheric air or a change in the natural average long-term concentration of these substances in it.

Atmospheric pollution Natural Artificial Natural air pollution is caused by natural processes (volcanic eruptions, forest fires, dust storms, weathering processes, decomposition of organic substances) Artificial air pollution occurs as a result of practical human activities (industrial and thermal power companies, transport, home heating systems, agriculture , household waste)

Natural air pollution Natural sources of air pollution are such dangerous natural phenomena as volcanic eruptions and dust storms. As a rule, they are catastrophic in nature. When volcanoes erupt, a large number of gases, water vapor, solid particles, ash and dust are released into the atmosphere. After the subsidence of volcanic activity, the overall balance of gases in the atmosphere is gradually restored. In particular, as a result of the eruption of the Krakatoa volcano in 1883, about 150 billion tons of dust and ash were released into the atmosphere. Fine dust particles remained in the upper atmosphere for several years. “A black cloud about 27 km high rose above Krakatoa. The explosions continued all night and were heard at a distance of 160 km from the volcano. Gases, vapors, debris, sand and dust rose to a height of 70 - 80 km and dispersed over an area of ​​over 827,000 km "" Volcanic eruption

Forest fires Large forest fires significantly pollute the atmosphere. More often than not, they end up emerging in dry years. In Russia, the most dangerous forest fires are in Siberia, the Far East, the Urals, and the Komi Republic. On average, the area covered by fires per year is about 700 thousand hectares. In dry years, say, in 1915, it reached 1 - 1.5 million hectares. Smoke from forest fires spreads over large areas - about 6 million km. The summer of 1972 remains memorable for residents of the Moscow region, when the air was blue from the smoke of fires, visibility on the tracks did not exceed 20 - 30 m. The forest and peat bogs were burning. Direct damage from forest fires averages 200 - 250 million dollars. On average, up to 20-25 million m3 of wood is burned and damaged per year.

Dust storms Dust storms occur due to the transfer of tiny soil particles raised from the earth's surface by powerful winds. Powerful winds - tornadoes and hurricanes - also lift large rock fragments into the air, although they do not stay in the air for long. During powerful storms, up to 50 million tons of dust rise into the atmospheric air. The causes of dust storms are drought, hot winds; They are provoked by intensive plowing, grazing, clearing of forests and shrubs. Dust storms are most common in steppe, semi-desert and desert areas. In Russia, catastrophic dust storms were observed in 1928, 1960, 1969, etc.

Artificial air pollution Artificial sources of pollution are the most dangerous for the atmosphere. According to their state of aggregation, all pollutants of anthropogenic origin are divided into solid liquid and gaseous, with the latter accounting for about 90%. The problem of air pollution is not new. For more than two centuries, serious concerns have been caused by air pollution in large industrial centers of most European countries. However, for a long time these pollutions were local in nature. Rapid growth of industry and transport in the 20th century. led to the fact that such a volume of substances released into the air can no longer dissipate. Their concentration increases, which entails dangerous consequences for the biosphere.

Chemical industry The chemical industry occupies a special position among sources of air pollution. It supplies sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2), hydrocarbons (CxHy), halogens (F2, Cl2), etc. The chemical industry is characterized by a high concentration of enterprises, which creates increased environmental pollution. Substances released into the atmosphere can enter into chemical reactions with each other, forming highly toxic compounds.

Road transport Of all the artificial sources of air pollution, the most dangerous is road transport. In 1900, there were 11 thousand cars in the world, in 1950 - 48 million, in 1970 - 181 million, in 1982 - 330 million, currently - about 500 million cars. They burn hundreds of millions of tons of non-renewable reserves of petroleum products. Car exhaust gases contain about 280 harmful components. Road transport is becoming one of the main sources of environmental pollution. In a number of foreign countries (France, USA, Germany), road transport ultimately accounts for more than 50-60% of atmospheric pollution.

Chlorofluoromethanes, or freons Air pollution with chlorofluoromethanes, or freons, has serious consequences. The widespread use of freons in refrigeration units and in the production of aerosol cans is associated with their appearance at high altitudes, in the stratosphere and mesosphere. Concerns have been raised regarding the potential interaction of ozone with halogens emitted from. According to these data from professionals, reducing the ozone layer by only 7 - 12% will increase 10-fold (in temperate latitudes) the intensity of ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of 297 nm, and in connection with this, the number of people with skin cancer increases. The reduction of the ozone layer is facilitated by gases emitted by turbojet aircraft, rocket flights, and various experiments conducted in the atmosphere.

Radioactive pollution of the atmosphere Radioactive substances are particularly dangerous for people, animals and plants. Sources of radioactive contamination of technogenic origin. These are experimental explosions of atomic, hydrogen and neutron bombs, all kinds of production related to the manufacture of thermonuclear weapons, nuclear reactors and power plants; enterprises where radioactive substances are used; radioactive waste decontamination stations; waste storage facilities from nuclear enterprises and installations; accidents or leaks at enterprises where nuclear fuel is produced and used.

Nuclear weapons tests, accidents and leaks at enterprises where nuclear fuel is used pose a huge danger to people, plants and animals. The greatest pollution of the atmosphere occurs during explosions of thermonuclear devices. The isotopes formed during this process become a source of radioactive decay over a long period of time. Radioactive radiation is dangerous for humans, causing radiation sickness with damage to the genetic apparatus of cells. This leads to the development of malignant tumors and hereditary diseases in people.

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Atmospheric air, one of the most important life-supporting natural components on Earth, is a mixture of gases and atmospheric aerosols that has developed during evolution. . Atmospheric pollution is the most powerful, constantly acting factor affecting plants, animals, and microorganisms; on the quality of human life. Air pollution

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Atmospheric pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere or the formation in it of physico-chemical compounds and substances, caused by both natural and anthropogenic factors. Natural sources of air pollution are primarily volcanic emissions, forest and steppe fires, dust storms, sea storms and typhoons. These factors do not have a negative impact on natural ecosystems.

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Transport pollution The environmental impact of motor transport on human health depends on the amount of substances emitted, the level of excess of maximum permissible concentrations, and the length of time a person stays near highways. . Analysis of air samples shows that air quality is deteriorating. The percentage of exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants on and near highways in recent years is 11-16%

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Cars in Russia today are the main cause of air pollution in cities. Now there are more than half a billion of them in the world. Emissions from cars in cities are especially dangerous because they pollute the air mainly at a level of 60-90 cm from the Earth's surface and especially on sections of highways where there are traffic lights.

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Radioactive contamination of the atmosphere There are natural sources of radioactivity everywhere in the biosphere, and humans have always been exposed to natural radiation. External exposure occurs due to radiation of cosmic origin and radioactive substances in the environment. The greatest danger is posed by radioactive contamination of the biosphere as a result of human activity. In the second half of this century, nuclear power plants began to be put into operation. During normal operation of nuclear energy and industrial facilities, environmental pollution constitutes a negligible proportion. A different situation arises during accidents at nuclear facilities.

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Thus, during the explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, only about 5% of nuclear fuel was released into the environment. But this led to exposure of many people, and large areas were contaminated to such an extent that they became hazardous to health. This required the relocation of thousands of residents from contaminated areas. An increase in radiation as a result of radioactive fallout was noted hundreds and thousands of kilometers from the accident site. Currently, the problem of warehousing and storing radioactive waste from the military industry and nuclear power plants is becoming increasingly acute. Every year they pose an increasing danger to the environment. Thus, the use of nuclear energy has posed new serious problems for humanity.

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Chemical pollution The main chemical pollutant of the atmosphere is sulfur dioxide, which is released during the combustion of coal, oil, and during the smelting of iron and copper. Sulfur dioxide causes acid rain. With a high concentration of sulfur dioxide, dust, smoke in humid, quiet weather in industrial areas, white or damp smog appears - a toxic fog that sharply worsens people's living conditions.

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Household pollution Serious negative consequences for humans and other living organisms are caused by air pollution from substances that are used in refrigeration units, in the production of semiconductors and aerosol cans.

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Depletion of the ozone layer Currently, depletion of the ozone layer is recognized by all as a serious threat to global environmental security. Declining ozone concentrations weaken the atmosphere's ability to protect all life on Earth from harsh ultraviolet radiation. It is no coincidence that in areas with low ozone levels there are numerous sunburns, an increase in the incidence of people with skin cancer, etc. It has also been established that plants under the influence of strong ultraviolet radiation gradually lose their ability to photosynthesize, and disruption of the vital activity of plankton leads to the breaking of the chains of aquatic ecosystems , etc.

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Greenhouse effect Human activities lead to an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. An increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases will lead to heating of the lower layers of the atmosphere and the surface of the earth. Any change in the Earth's ability to reflect and absorb heat will change the temperature of the atmosphere and the world's oceans and disrupt stable patterns of circulation and weather.

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Rising average temperatures in the polar regions could cause the ice of Antarctica and Greenland to rapidly melt, causing sea levels to rise sharply, flooding coastal cities and low-lying areas, leading to economic and social disruption.

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Rain, snow or sleet that is highly acidic. Acid precipitation occurs primarily due to the release of sulfur and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere from the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas). Dissolving in atmospheric moisture, these oxides form weak solutions of sulfuric and nitric acids and fall in the form of acid rain.

Atmospheric pollution Atmospheric air - one of the most important life-supporting natural components on Earth - is a mixture of gases and aerosols of the surface part of the atmosphere, formed during the evolution of the planet, human activity and located outside residential, industrial and other premises. The latest generalizations have confirmed the extreme importance of the atmosphere in the functioning of the biosphere and its high sensitivity to various types of pollution. It is the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere that is the most powerful, constantly acting factor affecting plants, animals, and microorganisms; to all trophic chains and levels; on the quality of human life; on the sustainable functioning of ecosystems and the biosphere as a whole. Atmospheric air has unlimited capacity and plays the role of the most mobile, chemically aggressive and pervasive agent of interaction between the components of the biosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere near the surface.

Atmospheric pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere or the formation in it of physicochemical compounds, agents or substances, caused by both natural and anthropogenic factors. Natural sources of air pollution are primarily volcanic emissions, forest and steppe fires, dust storms, deflation, sea storms and typhoons. These factors do not have a negative impact on natural ecosystems, with the exception of large-scale catastrophic natural phenomena.

Release into the atmosphere (tons/year) of some components of natural and industrial origin. ComponentNaturalIndustrial Ozone 2*10 9 Minor Carbon dioxide 7*.5*10 10 Carbon monoxide --- 2*10 8 Sulfur dioxide 1.42*10 8 7.3*10 7 Nitrogen compounds 1.4*10 9 1.5 *10 7 Weighted substances (770…2200)*10 6 (960…2615)*10 6

Transport impact The environmental impact of motor transport on human health depends on the amount of emitted substances, the level of exceeding maximum permissible concentrations, and the length of time a person stays near highways. In Kaliningrad, according to the State Committee for Environmental Protection, emissions from vehicles have been increasing in recent years. From 1993 to 1996 they increased in Kaliningrad by 2.4 times, in the region by 1.6. Analysis of air samples shows that air quality is deteriorating. It contains carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen dioxide, and lead. Thus, if in 1989 nitrogen oxides were present in the emissions of motor vehicles in the region as a whole in the amount of 3-4 thousand tons, then in thousand tons the percentage of exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants on highways and near them in recent years is %.

The main pollutants whose content in the atmosphere is regulated by standards, hydrocarbons (HC), as well as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), are: sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), gaseous carbon disulfide (CS2) , ammonia (NH3), various halogen-containing gases. Environmental pollution from emissions from internal combustion engines has attracted increasing attention in recent years due to the increased threat to human health. A comparative description of the main emissions from various vehicles as sources of pollution is given in the table. Vehicle Aerosols Sulfur oxides Nitrogen oxides Hydrocarbons Carbon oxides Motor transport 1.1 0.4 6.6 6.4 61.9 Airplanes 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 1.0 Railway transport 0.1 0, 7 0.2 0.3 Maritime transport 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.5 1.5

Cars in Russia today are the main cause of air pollution in cities. Now there are more than half a billion of them in the world. Emissions from cars in cities are especially dangerous because they pollute the air mainly at a level of cm from the Earth's surface and especially on sections of highways where there are traffic lights. It should be noted that especially many carcinogenic substances are released during acceleration, that is, while the engine is running at high speeds.

Radiation pollution has a significant difference from others. Radioactive nuclides are nuclei of unstable chemical elements that emit charged particles and short-wave electromagnetic radiation. It is these particles and radiation that enter the human body that destroy cells, as a result of which various diseases can arise, including radiation. There are natural sources of radioactivity everywhere in the biosphere, and humans, like all living organisms, have always been exposed to natural radiation. External exposure occurs due to radiation of cosmic origin and radioactive nuclides in the environment. Internal radiation is created by radioactive elements entering the human body with air, water and food.

The greatest danger is posed by radioactive contamination of the biosphere as a result of human activity. Currently, radioactive elements are widely used in various fields. Negligence in the storage and transportation of these elements leads to serious radioactive contamination. Radioactive contamination of the biosphere is associated, for example, with the testing of atomic weapons. In the second half of this century, nuclear power plants, icebreakers, and submarines with nuclear installations began to be put into operation. During normal operation of nuclear energy and industrial facilities, environmental pollution with radioactive nuclides is a negligible fraction of the natural background. A different situation arises during accidents at nuclear facilities. Thus, during the explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, only about 5% of the nuclear fuel was released into the environment. But this led to the irradiation of many people; large areas were so contaminated that they became hazardous to health. This required the relocation of thousands of residents from contaminated areas. An increase in radiation as a result of radioactive fallout was noted hundreds and thousands of kilometers from the accident site. Currently, the problem of warehousing and storing radioactive waste from the military industry and nuclear power plants is becoming increasingly acute. Every year they pose an increasing danger to the environment. Thus, the use of nuclear energy has posed new serious problems for humanity.

Chemical pollution. The main chemical pollutant of the atmosphere is sulfur dioxide (SO 2), released during the combustion of coal, shale, oil, during the smelting of iron, copper, production of sulfuric acid, etc. Sulfur dioxide causes acid rain. With a high concentration of sulfur dioxide, dust, smoke in humid, quiet weather in industrial areas, a white or humid smog toxic fog appears, which sharply worsens people's living conditions. In London, during such smog due to exacerbation of pulmonary and heart diseases from December 5 to 9, 1952, 4,000 more people died than usual. Under the influence of intense solar radiation, chemicals released into the atmosphere by industrial enterprises and transport can react with each other, forming highly toxic compounds. This type of smog is called photochemical. The most dangerous pollution of the atmosphere and the entire environment is radioactive. It poses a threat to the health and life of people, animals and plants, not only of current generations, but also of their descendants due to the appearance of numerous mutational deformities. The consequences of such a mutagenic effect on plants, animals and humans are still poorly understood and difficult to predict. In areas of moderate radioactive contamination, the number of people developing leukemia is increasing. Sources of radioactive contamination are experimental explosions of atomic and hydrogen bombs. Radioactive substances are released into the atmosphere during the manufacture of nuclear weapons, nuclear reactors at power plants, during the decontamination of radioactive waste, etc. It has now become clear that there is no such small dose of ionizing radiation that would be safe.

Household pollution. Serious negative consequences for humans and other living organisms are caused by air pollution with chlorofluoromethanes. or freons (CFCl 3, CF 2 Cl 2). They are used in refrigeration units, in the production of semiconductors and aerosol cans. The leakage of freons leads to their appearance near the thin ozone layer in the stratosphere, located at an altitude of 2050 km. The thickness of this is very small: 2 mm at the equator and 4 mm at the poles under normal conditions. The maximum concentration of ozone here is 8 parts per million parts of other gases.

Aerosol air pollution Aerosols are solid or liquid particles suspended in the air. In some cases, solid components of aerosols are especially dangerous for organisms and cause specific diseases in people. In the atmosphere, aerosol pollution is perceived as smoke, fog, haze or haze. A significant portion of aerosols are formed in the atmosphere through the interaction of solid and liquid particles with each other or with water vapor. The average size of aerosol particles is microns. About 11 cubic km enter the Earth's atmosphere annually. 0 dust particles of artificial origin. A large number of dust particles are also formed during human production activities. Information about some sources of technogenic dust is given below: PRODUCTION PROCESS DUST EMISSION, MILLION TONS/YEAR 1. Coal combustion 93.60 2. Iron smelting 20.21 3. Copper smelting (without purification) 6.23 4. Zinc smelting 0.18 5. Tin smelting (without purification) 0, Lead smelting 0.13 7. Cement production 53.37 The main sources of artificial aerosol air pollution are thermal power plants that consume high-ash coal, enrichment factories, metallurgical, cement, magnesite and soot factories factories.

Depletion of the ozone layer Currently, depletion of the ozone layer is recognized by all as a serious threat to global environmental security. Declining ozone concentrations weaken the atmosphere's ability to protect all life on Earth from harsh ultraviolet radiation (UV radiation). Living organisms are very vulnerable to ultraviolet radiation, because the energy of even one photon from these rays is enough to destroy the chemical bonds in most organic molecules. It is no coincidence that in areas with low ozone levels there are numerous sunburns, there is an increase in the incidence of skin cancer, etc. For example, according to a number of environmental scientists, by 2030 in Russia, if the current rate of depletion of the ozone layer continues, additional cases of skin cancer will occur 6 million people. In addition to skin diseases, the development of eye diseases (cataracts, etc.), suppression of the immune system, etc. has also been established. It has also been established that plants under the influence of strong ultraviolet radiation gradually lose their ability to photosynthesize, and disruption of the life activity of plankton leads to a break in the trophic chains of aquatic biota ecosystems, etc.

Human activities lead to increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. An increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases will lead to heating of the lower layers of the atmosphere and the surface of the earth. Any change in the Earth's ability to reflect and absorb heat, including those caused by increases in atmospheric greenhouse gases and aerosols, will change the temperature of the atmosphere and the world's oceans and disrupt stable patterns of circulation and weather.

Rising average temperatures in the polar regions could cause the ice of Antarctica and Greenland to rapidly melt, causing sea levels to rise sharply, flooding coastal cities and low-lying areas, leading to economic and social disruption.

Rain, snow or sleet that is highly acidic. Acid precipitation occurs primarily from emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere from the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas). Dissolving in atmospheric moisture, these oxides form weak solutions of sulfuric and nitric acids and fall in the form of acid rain.

All air pollutants, to a greater or lesser extent, have a negative impact on human health. These substances enter the human body primarily through the respiratory system. The respiratory organs are directly affected by pollution, since about 50% of impurity particles with a radius of 0. microns that penetrate the lungs are deposited in them. Particles that penetrate the body cause a toxic effect because they: a are toxic (poisonous) by their chemical or physical nature; b) interfere with one or more mechanisms by which the respiratory (respiratory) tract is normally cleansed; c) serve as a carrier of a toxic substance absorbed by the body. In some cases, exposure to one pollutant in combination with others leads to more serious health problems than exposure to either one alone. The duration of exposure plays a big role. Statistical analysis made it possible to fairly reliably establish the relationship between the level of air pollution and diseases such as damage to the upper respiratory tract, heart failure, bronchitis, asthma, pneumonia, emphysema, and eye diseases. A sharp increase in the concentration of impurities, which persists for several days, increases the mortality rate of elderly people from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.

The atmosphere serves as a screen that protects life on Earth from harmful influences from space. It regulates the cycle of water, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon. To minimize natural and anthropogenic air pollution, it is necessary: ​​1) to clean emissions into the atmosphere from solid and gaseous pollutants using electric precipitators, liquid and solid absorbers, cyclones, etc.; 2) use environmentally friendly types of energy; 3) use low-waste and non-waste technologies; 4) to achieve a reduction in the toxicity of automobile exhaust gases by improving the design of engines and the use of catalysts, as well as improving existing and creating new electric vehicles and engines running on hydrogen fuel.

Atmospheric pollution The atmosphere is the air envelope of the Earth. The quality of the atmosphere is understood as the totality of its properties that determine the degree of impact of physical, chemical and biological factors on people, flora and fauna, as well as on materials, structures and the environment as a whole. Atmospheric pollution is understood as the introduction of impurities into it that are not found in natural air or that change the ratio between the ingredients of the natural composition of air. The size of the Earth's population and the rate of its growth are predetermining factors in increasing the intensity of pollution of all geospheres of the Earth, including the atmosphere, since with their increase the volumes and rates of everything that is mined, produced, consumed and sent to waste increase. The main pollutants of atmospheric air: Carbon monoxide Nitrogen oxides Sulfur dioxide Hydrocarbons Aldehydes Heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr) Ammonia Atmospheric dust

Impurities Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas also known as carbon monoxide. It is formed as a result of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels (coal, gas, oil) under conditions of lack of oxygen and at low temperatures. At the same time, 65% of all emissions come from transport, 21% from small consumers and the household sector, and 14% from industry. When inhaled, carbon monoxide, due to the double bond present in its molecule, forms strong complex compounds with hemoglobin in human blood and thereby blocks the flow of oxygen into the blood. Carbon dioxide (CO2) - or carbon dioxide, is a colorless gas with a sour odor and taste, a product of the complete oxidation of carbon. It is one of the greenhouse gases.

Impurities The greatest air pollution is observed in cities where the usual pollutants are dust, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, etc. In some cities, due to the characteristics of industrial production, the air contains specific harmful substances, such as sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, styrene, benzopyrene, carbon black, manganese, chromium, lead, methyl methacrylate. There are several hundred different air pollutants in cities.

Impurities Sulfur dioxide (SO2) (sulfur dioxide, sulfur dioxide) is a colorless gas with a pungent odor. It is formed during the combustion of sulfur-containing fossil fuels, mainly coal, as well as during the processing of sulfur ores. It is primarily involved in the formation of acid rain. Global SO2 emissions are estimated at 190 million tons per year. Long-term exposure to sulfur dioxide in humans first leads to loss of taste, constricted breathing, and then to inflammation or swelling of the lungs, interruptions in cardiac activity, impaired circulation and respiratory arrest. Nitrogen oxides (nitrogen oxide and dioxide) are gaseous substances: nitrogen monoxide NO and nitrogen dioxide NO2 are combined by one general formula NOx. During all combustion processes, nitrogen oxides are formed, mostly in the form of oxide. The higher the combustion temperature, the more intense the formation of nitrogen oxides. Another source of nitrogen oxides are enterprises producing nitrogen fertilizers, nitric acid and nitrates, aniline dyes, and nitro compounds. The amount of nitrogen oxides entering the atmosphere is 65 million tons per year. Of the total amount of nitrogen oxides emitted into the atmosphere, transport accounts for 55%, energy - 28%, industrial enterprises - 14%, small consumers and the household sector - 3%.

Impurities Ozone (O3) is a gas with a characteristic odor, a stronger oxidizing agent than oxygen. It is considered one of the most toxic of all common air pollutants. In the lower atmospheric layer, ozone is formed as a result of photochemical processes involving nitrogen dioxide and volatile organic compounds. Hydrocarbons are chemical compounds of carbon and hydrogen. These include thousands of different air pollutants contained in unburned gasoline, liquids used in dry cleaning, industrial solvents, etc. Lead (Pb) is a silvery-gray metal that is toxic in any known form. Widely used in the production of paints, ammunition, printing alloy, etc. About 60% of the world's lead production is spent annually on the production of acid batteries. However, the main source (about 80%) of air pollution with lead compounds is the exhaust gases of vehicles that use leaded gasoline. Industrial dusts, depending on the mechanism of their formation, are divided into the following 4 classes: mechanical dust - formed as a result of grinding the product during the technological process; sublimates - are formed as a result of volumetric condensation of vapors of substances during cooling of gas passed through a technological apparatus, installation or unit; fly ash - a non-combustible fuel residue contained in the flue gas in suspension, formed from its mineral impurities during combustion; industrial soot is a solid, highly dispersed carbon that is part of industrial emissions and is formed during incomplete combustion or thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons. The main sources of anthropogenic aerosol air pollution are thermal power plants (TPPs) consuming coal. Coal combustion, cement production and iron smelting produce a total dust emission into the atmosphere equal to 170 million tons per year.

Atmospheric pollution Impurities enter the atmosphere in the form of gases, vapors, liquid and solid particles. Gases and vapors form mixtures with air, and liquid and solid particles form aerosols (dispersed systems), which are divided into dust (particle sizes greater than 1 micron), smoke (solid particle sizes less than 1 micron) and fog (liquid particle size less than 10 microns ). Dust, in turn, can be coarse (particle size more than 50 microns), medium-dispersed (50-10 microns) and fine (less than 10 microns). Depending on their size, liquid particles are divided into superfine fog (up to 0.5 microns), fine fog (0.5-3.0 microns), coarse fog (3-10 microns) and splashes (over 10 microns). Aerosols are often polydisperse, i.e. contain particles of different sizes. The second source of radioactive impurities is the nuclear industry. Impurities enter the environment during the extraction and enrichment of fossil raw materials, their use in reactors, and the processing of nuclear fuel in installations. Constant sources of aerosol pollution include industrial dumps - artificial embankments made of redeposited material, mainly overburden rocks formed during mining or from waste from processing industry enterprises and thermal power plants. The production of cement and other building materials is also a source of dust pollution. Coal combustion, cement production and iron smelting produce a total dust emission into the atmosphere equal to 170 million tons/year. A significant portion of aerosols are formed in the atmosphere through the interaction of solid and liquid particles with each other or with water vapor. Dangerous anthropogenic factors that contribute to a serious deterioration in the quality of the atmosphere include its contamination with radioactive dust. The residence time of small particles in the lower layer of the troposphere is on average several days, and in the upper layer – days. As for particles that enter the stratosphere, they can stay there for up to a year, and sometimes more.

Atmospheric pollution The main sources of anthropogenic aerosol air pollution are thermal power plants (TPPs) consuming high-ash coal, enrichment plants, metallurgical, cement, magnesite and other plants. Aerosol particles from these sources are characterized by great chemical diversity. Most often, compounds of silicon, calcium and carbon are found in their composition, less often - metal oxides: iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc, copper, nickel, lead, antimony, bismuth, selenium, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, as well as asbestos. An even greater variety is characteristic of organic dust, including aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and acid salts. It is formed during the combustion of residual petroleum products, during the pyrolysis process at oil refineries, petrochemical and other similar enterprises.

INFLUENCE OF ATMOSPHERE POLLUTION ON HUMANS All substances polluting the atmospheric air to a greater or lesser extent have a negative effect on human health. These substances enter the human body primarily through the respiratory system. The respiratory organs are directly affected by pollution, since about 50% of impurity particles with a radius of 0. microns that penetrate the lungs are deposited in them. Statistical analysis made it possible to fairly reliably establish the relationship between the level of air pollution and diseases such as damage to the upper respiratory tract, heart failure, bronchitis, asthma, pneumonia, emphysema, and eye diseases. A sharp increase in the concentration of impurities, which persists for several days, increases the mortality of older people from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. In December 1930, the Meuse Valley (Belgium) experienced severe air pollution for 3 days; as a result, hundreds of people became ill and 60 people died—more than 10 times the average death rate. In January 1931, in the Manchester area (Great Britain), there was heavy smoke in the air for 9 days, which caused the death of 592 people. Cases of severe air pollution in London, accompanied by numerous deaths, became widely known. In 1873 there were 268 unexpected deaths in London. Heavy smoke combined with fog between 5 and 8 December 1852 resulted in the deaths of over 4,000 residents of Greater London. In January 1956, about 1,000 Londoners died as a result of prolonged smoke. Most of those who died unexpectedly suffered from bronchitis, emphysema or cardiovascular disease.

EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERE POLLUTION ON HUMANS Nitrogen oxides and some other substances Nitrogen oxides (primarily toxic nitrogen dioxide NO2), which combine with hydrocarbons with the participation of ultraviolet solar radiation (oleophins are among the most reactive), form peroxylacetyl nitrate (PAN) and other photochemical oxidizers, including peroxybenzoyl nitrate (PBN), ozone (O3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitrogen dioxide. These oxidizers are the main components of photochemical smog, the frequency of which is high in heavily polluted cities located at low latitudes of the northern and southern hemispheres (Los Angeles, which experiences smog about 200 days a year, Chicago, New York and other US cities; a number of cities Japan, Turkey, France, Spain, Italy, Africa and South America).

THE EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERE POLLUTION ON HUMANS Let's name some other air pollutants that have a harmful effect on humans. It has been established that people who professionally deal with asbestos have an increased likelihood of cancer of the bronchi and diaphragms that separate the chest and abdominal cavity. Beryllium has a harmful effect (including the occurrence of cancer) on the respiratory tract, as well as on the skin and eyes. Mercury vapor causes disruption of the central upper system and kidneys. Since mercury can accumulate in the human body, its exposure ultimately leads to mental impairment. In cities, due to constantly increasing air pollution, the number of patients suffering from diseases such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, various allergic diseases and lung cancer is steadily growing. In the UK, 10% of deaths are due to chronic bronchitis, with 21; aged population suffers from this disease. In Japan, in a number of cities, up to 60% of residents suffer from chronic bronchitis, the symptoms of which are a dry cough with frequent expectoration, subsequent progressive difficulty breathing and heart failure (in this regard, it should be noted that the so-called Japanese economic miracle of the 50s - 60s years was accompanied by severe pollution of the natural environment of one of the most beautiful areas of the globe and serious damage caused to the health of the population of this country). In recent decades, the number of cases of bronchial and lung cancer, caused by carcinogenic hydrocarbons, has been growing at an alarming rate. The influence of radioactive substances on flora and fauna Spreading through the food chain (from plants to animals), radioactive substances enter the human body with food and can accumulate in such quantities that can harm human health.

INFLUENCE OF ATMOSPHERE POLLUTION ON HUMANS Radiation from radioactive substances has the following effects on the body: weaken the irradiated body, slow down growth, reduce resistance to infections and the body’s immunity; reduce life expectancy, reduce natural growth rates due to temporary or complete sterilization; genes are affected in various ways, the consequences of which appear in the second or third generations; have a cumulative (accumulating) effect, causing irreversible effects. The severity of the effects of radiation depends on the amount of energy (radiation) emitted by the radioactive substance absorbed by the body. The unit of this energy is row 1 - this is the radiation dose at which 1 g of living matter absorbs 10-5 J of energy. It has been established that at a dose exceeding 1000 rads, a person dies; at a dose of 7000 and 200 rad, death is observed in 90 and 10% of cases, respectively; in the case of a dose of 100 rad, the person survives, but the likelihood of cancer increases significantly, as well as the likelihood of complete sterilization.

THE EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERE POLLUTION ON HUMANS It is not surprising that people have adapted well to the natural radioactivity of the environment. Moreover, there are known groups of people living in areas with high radioactivity, significantly higher than the average for the globe (for example, in one of the regions of Brazil, residents receive about 1600 mrad per year, which is several times more than the usual radiation dose). On average, the dose of ionizing radiation received per year by each inhabitant of the planet ranges between 50 and 200 mrad, and natural radioactivity (cosmic rays) accounts for about 25 billion radioactivity of rocks - approximately mrad. One should also take into account the doses that a person receives from artificial sources of radiation. In the UK, for example, every year a person receives about 100 mrad from fluoroscopic examinations. TV emissions are approximately 10 mrad. Nuclear industry waste and radioactive fallout - about 3 mrad.

Conclusion At the end of the 20th century, world civilization entered a stage of its development when the problems of survival and self-preservation of humanity, preservation of the natural environment and rational use of natural resources came to the fore. The current stage of human development has revealed problems caused by the growth of the Earth's population, contradictions between traditional management and the increasing rate of use of natural resources, pollution of the biosphere with industrial waste and the limited capabilities of the biosphere to neutralize them. These contradictions hinder the further scientific and technological progress of mankind and become a threat to its existence. Only in the second half of the 20th century, thanks to the development of ecology and the dissemination of environmental knowledge among the population, it became obvious that humanity is an indispensable part of the biosphere, that the conquest of nature, the uncontrolled use of its resources and environmental pollution is a dead end in the development of civilization and in the evolution of man himself. Therefore, the most important condition for the development of mankind is a careful attitude towards nature, comprehensive care for the rational use and restoration of its resources, and the preservation of a favorable environment. However, many do not understand the close relationship between human economic activity and the state of the natural environment. Broad environmental education should help people acquire the environmental knowledge and ethical norms and values, attitudes and lifestyles that are necessary for the sustainable development of nature and society.