Yakov Yurovsky mother Esther Moiseevna Warsaw. What was Yakov Yurovsky afraid of? Direct leader of the execution of the last Emperor of the Russian Empire, Nicholas II and his family

Father:

Chaim Itskovich Yurovsky

Mother:

Esther Moiseevna Varshavskaya

Spouse:

Maria Yakovlevna Yurovskaya

Children:

Yakov Mikhailovich Yurovsky(real name and patronymic Yankel Khaimovich 7 (June 19), Tomsk - August 2, Moscow) - Russian revolutionary, Soviet party and statesman, security officer. The immediate leader of the execution of the last Emperor of the Russian Empire, Nicholas II and his family, personally killed the former Tsar and Tsarevich Alexei.

Biography

early years

Yakov Yurovsky was born in Kainsk, Tomsk province (from 1935 - Kuibyshev) into a large working-class Jewish family, the eighth of ten children. His father Mikhail Ilyich was a glazier, his mother was a seamstress. The family professed Orthodoxy. He studied at an elementary school in the river area, and from 1890 he studied crafts. He worked as an apprentice in Tobolsk, Tomsk, Ekaterinodar, Feodosia, Batumi.

Revolutionary activities

He joined revolutionary activities in 1905 in Tomsk. According to some indirect data, at first he participated in the military organizations of the Bund, and then, following the example of Sverdlov (his close friend), he joined the Bolsheviks. He was engaged in the dissemination of Marxist literature, and after the failure of the underground printing house, he was forced to leave Russia and settled in Berlin, where, together with his entire family (wife Maria Yakovlevna, three children), he converted to Lutheranism. In 1912, he returned to Russia illegally, but was tracked down by security department agents and arrested. He was expelled from Tomsk for “harmful activities” with permission to choose his place of residence. So he ended up in Yekaterinburg, where he started a watch workshop and photography, and, as he describes it, “he was in full view of the gendarmes and the police, where they often dragged me,” and “the gendarmerie found fault with him,” forcing him to take photographs of suspicious persons and prisoners. Nevertheless, his workshop was simultaneously a headquarters for the Bolsheviks and a laboratory for the production of passports for them. In 1916, he was called to serve as a paramedic at a local hospital. So Yurovsky became an active agitator among the soldiers and after the February Revolution he sold his photo workshop, and with the proceeds he organized the Bolshevik printing house "Ural Worker", became a member of the Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, a prominent Bolshevik and one of the main leaders of the revolution in the Urals.

As he told in January 1934 at a meeting of participants in revolutionary events, in April 1917, Sverdlov came to Yekaterinburg from the Bolshevik Central Committee and began organizing delegates to the All-Russian Conference (it took place on April 24 and at it Lenin announced a plan for the transition to a socialist revolution). At the same time, Sverdlov, attracting the personnel he trained here, was preparing an alternative coup in the Urals - in case there was a failure in St. Petersburg, the “backs” would take revenge in the Urals. Aron Solts did the same in Tyumen, Samuil Zwilling in Chelyabinsk, and so on. Under the Ural Council, a Military Department was organized for this purpose, headed by Filipp Goloshchekin sent by Sverdlov, and Yurovsky became his deputy. To arm the workers, they confiscated weapons from trains going to the front. During the October Revolution, the Military Revolutionary Committee was organized, which included Vayner, Krestinsky, Voikov, Branitsky, Yurovsky, as well as some anarchists and left Socialist Revolutionaries. Soon this Military Revolutionary Committee transferred power to the Urals Council. At the end of November, re-elections to the Urals Council were held (led by Yurovsky and Khokhryakov), as a result of which the majority of the council turned out to be supporters of the beks, and soon Pavel Bykov, a former member of the St. Petersburg Military Revolutionary Committee, was elected chairman of the Council. In October, Bykov organized the shelling of the Winter Palace from the Peter and Paul Fortress and participated in its assault, led operations to suppress the uprising of the cadets, was elected to the Central Executive Committee at the Second Congress of Soviets, and then went to the Urals with the mandate of a representative of the central government, which Sverdlov gave him - to replace Chairman of the Urals Council Sosnovsky, who refused this honor.

Having established its power, the Urals Council immediately imposed an indemnity of 10 million rubles on the rich and factory owners to maintain their power, and in response to the sabotage of the bourgeoisie, it announced the transfer of plant management to the control of workers' committees. This was first carried out at the Nadezhdinsky plant, which the Ural Bolsheviks proudly reported to Lenin, who received their delegation on December 5 and approved their actions. On December 7, at the Commissariat of Labor, they were given the first-ever act on the transfer of plant management to a collective of workers, and on December 9, the Council of People’s Commissars issued a decree “On the confiscation and declaration of the property of the Russian Republic as the property of the Russian Republic of all property of the joint-stock company of the Theological Mining Society.” And they took a subscription from the Urals themselves with an obligation to diligently preserve proletarian property and increase labor productivity...

But the seizure of the factories did not bring dividends to the Bolsheviks (then, in 1925, many of them were transferred to the concession of the English company Lena Goldfields and other companies), and when Lenin was forced to conclude the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Urals Council announced that it did not recognize the decision of the central government and declares revolutionary war on Germany. The nationalization of banks was announced and carried out, and in order to ensure the military operations of the Urals Council against the Germans, the beks began searching for hidden valuables. Yurovsky was then a Member of the Board of the Regional Cheka and Chairman of the Investigative Commission of the Revolutionary Tribunal; he and Khokhryakov with detachments of Red Guards went to the houses of the rich and took away valuables for the revolutionary struggle against Germany. All this was taken as if for storage in the national bank and transferred to the Commissioner of the State Bank Voikov.

Bykov writes in his memoirs that he had a connection with Sverdlov, and he, with the threat of the city being captured by Kolchak’s men, “resolved the issue without a formal people’s court, proposing to shoot Romanov in Yekaterinburg.” Previously, he and Goloshchekin organized the transfer of the Romanovs to Yekaterinburg, and Yurovsky was appointed commandant of the house where the royal family was kept. Yurovsky writes that on July 16, a telegram was received in a conventional language containing an order to exterminate the Romanovs, and Pyotr Ermakov (chief of security at a special purpose house) writes that the directive from the center about the execution of the Tsar (but not the Tsar’s family) was signed by Sverdlov, and The Urals Council, influenced by the opinion of the workers, decided to shoot everyone. Goloshchekin (Military Commissar and Commissioner of Justice of the Ural Region) at 6 pm ordered Yurovsky to carry out the order. Yurovsky claims that he personally shot Romanov with his Mauser, other participants (Ermakov, Medvedev, and some Magyars) shot the rest, and bayoneted those who were not killed. In total, they killed 12 people, including servants and family doctor Botkin. The destruction of the corpses was entrusted to Ermakov, but Yurovsky allegedly did not trust him, considering him sloppy, and decided to also participate. It can be assumed that through the Tsarina’s personal jeweler Rabinovich (who had access to her through Rasputin), Yurovsky, a jeweler himself, somehow knew that the Tsarina was buying diamonds and wanted to find them. They threw the bodies of the dead into an abandoned mine, and a day later they returned and began to burn them with acid and fire, trying to destroy any possibility of leaving any relics. At the same time, as Ermakov writes, it was discovered that diamonds were sewn into the clothes of the princesses - with a total weight of about half a pound...

Although at the same time they sent a train with the valuables of the State Bank to Moscow, Yurovsky writes about the diamonds found on the bodies of the princesses that all this “was buried in the Alapaevsky plant, in one of the houses in the underground, in 1919 it was dug up and brought to Moscow.” However, in the inventory of the valuables of the royal family, only fur coats, silver cutlery, icons in silver frames, and similar things are described, but diamonds do not appear, and their true fate is not known...

They sent other valuables stored in the State Bank by train to Moscow via Perm, and Yurovsky fled from the White Guards on the second train with party archives. A participant in the removal of valuables, Semyon Glukhikh, a member of the control board at the regional commissariat of finance (he was also a guard of the Romanovs), writes that they were carrying gold, platinum and banknotes worth 100 million rubles, minted in chromo-lithography by the Bolsheviks (he calls them banknotes of the Ural region ), and they surrendered all this in Perm, since the path to Moscow was then blocked due to the Socialist Revolutionary uprising in Yaroslavl. Then it was all transported to Moscow.

The removal of Ural valuables caused outrage and an uprising in Yekaterinburg: at the Verkh-Isetsky plant (then a suburb of Yekaterinburg) a rally began under the slogans “Down with the commissars!”, “Long live the Constituent Assembly!”, at which they began to say that the Bolsheviks were robbing workers and abandoning them without funds, they demanded the return of valuables, the release of hostages and the dissolution of the Red Guard. Goloshchekin and Yurovsky with a detachment of Red Guards and machine guns came to suppress them, and they, according to Alexander Medvedev, “were unarmed and could not respond.” The rebels were dispersed and shot. This was dealt with by a specially organized revolutionary tribunal, in which Yurovsky was a member and chairman of the investigative commission. Yurovsky does not report the number of his victims, but according to Medvedev, they “mercilessly shot everyone who showed anti-Soviet activity,” and “after that the city became quiet and the population took the position of ‘my hut is on the edge’...”

Execution of the royal family

Yakov Yurovsky went down in history as one of the main participants and leader of the execution of the sentence of Nicholas II and his family.

There is a version that in order to carry out the execution, Yurovsky allegedly drew up a special document that included a list of the execution team. However, based on the results of the historical research of I. F. Plotnikov, it can be concluded that this document, at one time provided to the press by former Austrian prisoner of war I. P. Meyer, published in the USA in 1984 by E. E. Alferyev and, most likely, fabricated , does not display the real list of participants in the execution.

On July 21, 1920, Yurovsky handed over the jewelry of the executed Romanov royal family to the commandant of the Moscow Kremlin P. D. Malkov.

Later years of life

On July 25, the White Guards entered Yekaterinburg, Yurovsky moved to Moscow, where he became a member of the board of the Moscow Cheka and the head of the regional Cheka. When the Bolsheviks returned to Yekaterinburg, he was appointed Chairman of the Ural Gubernia Cheka. He settled in the rich mansion of Agushevich - almost opposite the execution house. In 1921, he was sent to Gokhran to manage the gold department - to “bring in order and the liquid state of the valuables stored there.” Then Yurovsky was chairman of the trading department of the currency department of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, and in 1923 he became deputy director of the Krasny Bogatyr plant. Since 1928, he worked as director of the Polytechnic Museum in Moscow. He died in 1938, according to the official version, from a perforation of a duodenal ulcer.

Family

Memory

Literature

Letters from the Royal Family from captivity / Comp. E. E. Alferev. - Jordanville: Holy Trinity Monastery, 1984.
Plotnikov I. About the team of killers of the royal family and its national composition // Ural. - 2003. - No. 9.
Sokolov N. A. Surrounding the royal family by security officers // Murder of the Royal Family / N. A. Sokolov. - M.: Soviet writer, 1991. - Ch. 15.
Heresh E. Nicholas II / Trans. B. Lyubartseva. - M.: Phoenix, 1998. - 416 p. - (Ser. Trace in history). - ISBN 5-222-00445-7. (Review on the website of the international information project “The Great Epoch (Epoch Times International)”.)
Heresch E. Nikolaus II. Feigheit, Lüge und Verrat. - München: F.A.Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1992. (German)
Yakov Reznik “Chekist” - Sverdlovsk. Middle Ural book publishing house. 1968 172 pp., ill.

Sources

TsDOOSO, fund 221, inventory 2, No. 479 - autobiography of Yakov Yurovsky
TsDOOSO, fund 41, inventory 2, No. 28 - memoirs of Yurovsky
TsDOOSO, fund 41, inventory 2, No. 153 - memories of revolutionary events in Yekaterinburg
TsDOOSO, fund 221, inventory 2, No. 771 - memories of Pavel Bykov
TsDOOSO, fund 221, inventory 2, No. 774 - memoirs of Pyotr Ermakov

“Figures of the USSR and the revolutionary movement in Russia. Encyclopedic Dictionary", M., Soviet Encyclopedia, 1989.
Political figures of Russia 1917. Biographical dictionary. M, 1993.
Political parties of Russia. Encyclopedia., M., ROSPEN, 1996.
Shikman A.P. Figures of Russian history. Biographical reference book, 1997
Abramov V., “Jews in the KGB”, M, EKSMO, 2005.

Notes

Links

From the memoirs of the commandant of the special purpose house in Yekaterinburg, Ya. M. Yurovsky
Information about Yakov Yurovsky on the website of the Regional charitable public organization “Center for Investigating the Circumstances of the Death of Family Members of the House of Romanov” (Ekaterinburg)
Detailed biography on the website “Russian History Websites - Romanov Dynasty - Alexander Palace” (English)

The Last Romanovs

Murdered Romanovs

The last days of the royal family
Circumstances	Personalities

On the evening of July 16, new style, 1918, in the building of the Ural Regional Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution (located in the American Hotel in the city of Yekaterinburg - now the city of Sverdlovsk), the regional Council of the Urals met in part. When I, a Yekaterinburg security officer, was called there, I saw comrades I knew in the room: Chairman of the Council of Deputies Alexander Georgievich Beloborodov, Chairman of the Regional Committee of the Bolshevik Party Georgy Safarov, Military Commissar of Yekaterinburg Philip Goloshchekin, Council member Pyotr Lazarevich Voikov, Chairman of the Regional Cheka Fyodor Lukoyanov, my friends - members of the board of the Ural Regional Cheka Vladimir Gorin, Isai Idelevich (Ilyich) Rodzinsky (now a personal pensioner, lives in Moscow) and the commandant of the House of Special Purpose (Ipatiev House) Yakov Mikhailovich Yurovsky.

When I entered, those present were deciding what to do with the former Tsar Nicholas II Romanov and his family. A report about a trip to Moscow to Ya. M. Sverdlov was made by Philip Goloshchekin. Goloshchekin failed to obtain sanctions from the All-Russian Central Executive Committee to execute the Romanov family. Sverdlov consulted with V.I. Lenin, who spoke out in favor of bringing the royal family to Moscow and an open trial of Nicholas II and his wife Alexandra Fedorovna, whose betrayal during the First World War cost Russia dearly.

It is the All-Russian court! - Lenin argued to Sverdlov: - with publication in newspapers. Calculate the human and material damage the autocrat inflicted on the country during the years of his reign. How many revolutionaries were hanged, how many died in hard labor, in a war that no one wanted! To answer before all the people! You think that only a dark peasant believes in our good father-tsar. Not only, my dear Yakov Mikhailovich! How long has it been since your advanced St. Petersburg workers walked to the Winter Palace with banners? Just some 13 years ago! It is this incomprehensible “racial” gullibility that the open trial of Nicholas the Bloody should dispel into smoke...

Ya. M. Sverdlov tried to present Goloshchekin’s arguments about the dangers of transporting the royal family by train through Russia, where counter-revolutionary uprisings broke out in cities every now and then, about the difficult situation on the fronts near Yekaterinburg, but Lenin stood his ground:

So what if the front is retreating? Moscow is now deep in the rear, so evacuate them to the rear! And here we will arrange a trial for them for the whole world.

At parting, Sverdlov said to Goloshchekin:

Tell me so, Philip, to your comrades - the All-Russian Central Executive Committee does not give official sanction for execution.

After Goloshchekin’s story, Safarov asked the military commissar how many days, in his opinion, Yekaterinburg would hold out? Goloshchekin replied that the situation was threatening - the poorly armed volunteer detachments of the Red Army were retreating, and in three days, maximum five, Yekaterinburg would fall. A painful silence reigned. Everyone understood that evacuating the royal family from the city not only to Moscow, but simply to the North meant giving the monarchists the long-desired opportunity to kidnap the Tsar. Ipatiev’s house was, to a certain extent, a fortified point: two high wooden fences around, a system of external and internal security posts made up of workers, and machine guns. Of course, we could not provide such reliable security to a moving car or crew, especially outside the city limits.

There could be no question of leaving the tsar to the white armies of Admiral Kolchak - such “mercy” posed a real threat to the existence of the young Soviet Republic, surrounded by a ring of enemy armies. Hostile to the Bolsheviks, whom he considered traitors to the interests of Russia after the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, Nicholas II would become the banner of counter-revolutionary forces outside and inside the Soviet Republic. Admiral Kolchak, using the age-old faith in the good intentions of the kings, could win over to his side the Siberian peasantry, who had never seen landowners, did not know what serfdom was, and therefore did not support Kolchak, who imposed landowner laws on the land he had captured (thanks to the uprising of the Czechoslovak buildings) territory. The news of the “salvation” of the tsar would have increased tenfold the strength of the embittered kulaks in the provinces of Soviet Russia.

We, the security officers, had fresh memories of the attempts of the Tobolsk clergy, led by Bishop Hermogenes, to free the royal family from arrest. Only the resourcefulness of my friend, sailor Pavel Khokhryakov, who arrested Hermogenes in time and transported the Romanovs to Yekaterinburg under the protection of the Bolshevik Council, saved the situation. Given the deep religiosity of the people in the province, it was impossible to allow even the remains of the royal dynasty to be left to the enemy, from which the clergy would immediately fabricate “holy miraculous relics” - also a good flag for the armies of Admiral Kolchak.

But there was another reason that decided the fate of the Romanovs differently than Vladimir Ilyich wanted.

The relatively free life of the Romanovs (the mansion of the merchant Ipatiev did not even remotely resemble a prison) in such an alarming time, when the enemy was literally at the gates of the city, caused understandable indignation among the workers of Yekaterinburg and the surrounding area. At meetings and rallies at the factories of Verkh-Isetsk, workers directly said:

Why are you Bolsheviks babysitting Nikolai? It's time to finish! Otherwise we’ll smash your advice to pieces!

Such sentiments seriously complicated the formation of units of the Red Army, and the threat of reprisals itself was serious - the workers were armed, and their word and deed did not differ. Other parties also demanded the immediate execution of the Romanovs. Back at the end of June 1918, members of the Yekaterinburg Council, the Socialist-Revolutionary Sakovich and the left Socialist-Revolutionary Khotimsky (later a Bolshevik, security officer, died during the years of Stalin’s personality cult, posthumously rehabilitated) at a meeting insisted on the speedy liquidation of the Romanovs and accused the Bolsheviks of inconsistency. The anarchist leader Zhebenev shouted to us in the Council:

If you do not destroy Nicholas the Bloody, then we will do it ourselves!

Without the sanction of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee for the execution, we could not say anything in response, and the position of delaying without explaining the reasons embittered the workers even more. To further postpone the decision on the fate of the Romanovs in a military situation meant to further undermine the people's trust in our party. Therefore, it was the Bolshevik part of the Regional Council of the Urals who finally gathered to decide the fate of the royal family in Yekaterinburg, Perm and Alapaevsk (the tsar’s brothers lived there). It practically depended on our decision whether we would lead the workers to the defense of the city of Yekaterinburg or whether the anarchists and left Socialist Revolutionaries would lead them. There was no third way.

For the last month or two, some “curious” people have been constantly climbing up to the fence of the House for Special Purposes - mostly shady individuals who came, as a rule, from St. Petersburg and Moscow. They tried to send notes, food, and sent letters by mail, which we intercepted: all of them were assurances of loyalty and offers of services. We, the security officers, had the impression that there was some kind of White Guard organization in the city that was persistently trying to get into contact with the Tsar and Tsarina. We even stopped allowing priests and nuns into the house who were carrying food from the nearby monastery.

But not only the monarchists who secretly came to Yekaterinburg hoped to free the captive tsar on occasion - the family itself was ready for abduction at any moment and did not miss a single opportunity to contact the will. The Yekaterinburg security officers found out this readiness in a rather simple way. Beloborodov, Voikov and the security officer Rodzinsky drew up a letter on behalf of the Russian officer organization, which reported the imminent fall of Yekaterinburg and proposed to prepare for an escape on the night of a certain day. The note, translated into French by Voikov and rewritten in white red ink in the beautiful handwriting of Isai Rodzinsky, was handed over to the queen through one of the guard soldiers. The answer was not long in coming. We composed and sent a second letter. Observation of the rooms showed that the Romanov family spent two or three nights dressed - they were fully prepared to escape. Yurovsky reported this to the Regional Council of the Urals.

Having discussed all the circumstances, we make a decision: that very night to deliver two blows: to liquidate two monarchist underground officer organizations that can stab in the back the units defending the city (the security officer Isai Rodzinsky is assigned to this operation), and to destroy the royal Romanov family.

Yakov Yurovsky offers to make leniency for the boy.

Which one? An heir? I'm against! - I object.

No, Mikhail, the kitchen boy Lenya Sednev needs to be taken away. Why the scullion... He was playing with Alexei.

What about the rest of the servants?

From the very beginning we suggested that they leave the Romanovs. Some left, and those who remained declared that they wanted to share the fate of the monarch. Let them share...

They decided to save the life of only Lena Sednev. Then they began to think about who to allocate for the liquidation of the Romanovs from the Ural Regional Extraordinary Commission. Beloborodov asks me:

Will you take part?

By decree of Nicholas II, I was tried and imprisoned. Of course I will!

We still need a representative from the Red Army,” says Philip Goloshchekin: “I propose Pyotr Zakharovich Ermakov, military commissar of Verkh-Isetsk.”

Accepted. And from you, Yakov, who will participate?

“Me and my assistant Grigory Petrovich Nikulin,” Yurovsky answers. - So, four: Medvedev, Ermakov, Nikulin and me.

The meeting ended. Yurovsky, Ermakov and I went together to the House of Special Purposes, went up to the second floor to the commandant’s room - here the security officer Grigory Petrovich Nikulin (now a personal pensioner, lives in Moscow) was waiting for us. They closed the door and sat for a long time, not knowing where to start. It was necessary to somehow hide from the Romanovs that they were being led to execution. And where to shoot? In addition, there are only four of us, and the Romanovs with their physician, cook, footman and maid are 11 people!

Hot. We can't think of anything. Maybe when they fall asleep, throw grenades into the rooms? It’s not good - the whole city will roar, they’ll think that the Czechs have broken into Yekaterinburg. Yurovsky proposed the second option: to kill everyone with daggers in their beds. They even decided who should finish off whom. We are waiting for them to fall asleep. Yurovsky several times goes out to the rooms of the Tsar and Tsarina, the Grand Duchesses, and the servants, but everyone is awake - it seems they are alarmed by the removal of the kitchen boy.

It was past midnight and it was getting cooler. Finally, the lights went out in all the rooms of the royal family, apparently they fell asleep. Yurovsky returned to the commandant’s office and suggested a third option: wake up the Romanovs in the middle of the night and ask them to go down to the room on the first floor under the pretext that an anarchist attack was being prepared on the house and bullets during a shootout might accidentally fly to the second floor, where the Romanovs lived (the Tsar with the Tsarina and Alexei - in the corner, and my daughters - in the next room with windows overlooking Voznesensky Lane). There was no longer a real threat of an anarchist attack that night, since shortly before this Isai Rodzinsky and I dispersed the anarchist headquarters in the mansion of engineer Zheleznov (former Commercial Assembly) and disarmed the anarchist squads of Pyotr Ivanovich Zhebenev.

We chose a room on the ground floor next to the storage room, just one barred window towards Voznesensky Lane (the second from the corner of the house), ordinary striped wallpaper, a vaulted ceiling, a dim light bulb under the ceiling. We decide to park a truck in the yard outside the house (the yard is formed by an additional external fence on the side of the avenue and alley) and start the engine before the execution in order to drown out the noise from the shots in the room. Yurovsky had already warned the outside guards not to worry if they heard shots inside the house; then we distributed revolvers to the Latvians of the internal security - we considered it reasonable to involve them in the operation so as not to shoot some members of the Romanov family in front of others. Three Latvians refused to participate in the execution. The head of security, Pavel Spiridonovich Medvedev, returned their revolvers to the commandant’s room. There were seven Latvians left in the detachment.

Long after midnight, Yakov Mikhailovich goes into the rooms of Doctor Botkin and the Tsar, asks them to dress, wash and be ready to go down to the semi-basement shelter. It takes about an hour for the Romanovs to get themselves in order after sleep, and finally - around three o'clock in the morning - they are ready. Yurovsky invites us to take the remaining five revolvers. Pyotr Ermakov takes two revolvers and puts them in his belt; Grigory Nikulin and Pavel Medvedev each take a revolver. I refuse, since I already have two pistols: an American Colt in a holster on my belt, and a Belgian Browning behind my belt (both historical pistols - Browning No. 389965 and a Colt 45 caliber, government model "C" No. 78517 - I saved it until today). Yurovsky first takes the remaining revolver (he has a ten-round Mauser in his holster), but then gives it to Ermakov, and he tucks a third revolver into his belt. We all involuntarily smile, looking at his warlike appearance.

We go out onto the landing of the second floor. Yurovsky goes to the Tsar’s chambers, then returns - following him in single file: Nicholas II (he is carrying Alexei in his arms, the boy has blood clotting, he has bruised his leg somewhere and cannot yet walk on his own), following the Tsar, rustling their skirts, a queen dressed in a corset, followed by four daughters (of whom I know by sight only the youngest, plump Anastasia and the older one, Tatyana, who, according to Yurovsky’s dagger version, was entrusted to me until I fought the tsar himself from Ermakov), men follow the girls: doctor Botkin, cook, footman, the queen's tall maid carries white pillows. On the landing there is a stuffed bear with two cubs. For some reason, everyone crosses themselves when passing by the scarecrow before going down. Following the procession, Pavel Medvedev, Grisha Nikulin, seven Latvians (two of them have rifles with fixed bayonets on their shoulders) follow the stairs; Ermakov and I complete the procession.

When everyone entered the lower room (the house has a very strange arrangement of passages, so we first had to go out into the courtyard of the mansion and then re-enter the first floor), it turned out that the room was very small. Yurovsky and Nikulin brought three chairs - the last thrones of the condemned dynasty. On one of them, closer to the right arch, the queen sat on a cushion, followed by her three eldest daughters. For some reason, the youngest, Anastasia, went to the maid, who was leaning against the frame of the locked door to the next storage room. A chair was placed in the middle of the room for the heir, Nicholas II sat on the chair to the right, and Doctor Botkin stood behind Alexei’s chair. The cook and footman respectfully moved to the arch pillar in the left corner of the room and stood against the wall. The light from the light bulb is so weak that the two female figures standing at the opposite closed door at times seem to be silhouettes, and only in the hands of the maid do two large pillows become clearly white.

The Romanovs are completely calm - no suspicions. Nicholas II, the Tsarina and Botkin carefully examine me and Ermakov, as if they were new people in this house. Yurovsky calls Pavel Medvedev away, and both go into the next room. Now to my left, opposite Tsarevich Alexei, stands Grisha Nikulin, opposite me is the Tsar, to my right is Pyotr Ermakov, behind him is an empty space where a detachment of Latvians should stand.

Yurovsky quickly enters and stands next to me. The king looks at him questioningly. I hear the loud voice of Yakov Mikhailovich:

I ask everyone to stand up!

Nicholas II stood up easily, in a military manner; Alexandra Feodorovna reluctantly rose from her chair, her eyes flashing angrily. A detachment of Latvians entered the room and lined up just opposite her and her daughters: five people in the first row, and two with rifles in the second. The queen crossed herself. It became so quiet that from the yard through the window you could hear the rumble of a truck engine. Yurovsky steps forward half a step and addresses the Tsar:

Nikolai Alexandrovich! The attempts of your like-minded people to save you were unsuccessful! And so, in a difficult time for the Soviet Republic... - Yakov Mikhailovich raises his voice and chops the air with his hand: - ... we have been entrusted with the mission of putting an end to the house of the Romanovs!

Women's screams: “Oh my God! Oh! Oh!" Nicholas II quickly mutters:

Oh my God! Oh my God! What is this?!

But what is it! - says Yurovsky, taking the Mauser out of his holster.

So they won't take us anywhere? - Botkin asks in a dull voice.

Yurovsky wants to answer him something, but I’m already pulling the trigger on my Browning and putting the first bullet into the Tsar. Simultaneously with my second shot, the first volley of Latvians and my comrades is heard from right and left. Yurovsky and Ermakov also shoot in the chest of Nicholas II, almost in the ear. On my fifth shot, Nicholas II falls in a sheaf on his back.

Female squeals and moans; I see Botkin fall, the footman slumps against the wall and the cook collapses on his knees. The white pillow moved from the door to the right corner of the room. In the powder smoke from the screaming group of women, a female figure rushed to the closed door and immediately fell, struck by the shots of Ermakov, who was firing from his second revolver. You can hear bullets ricocheting off stone pillars and limestone dust flying. Nothing is visible in the room because of the smoke - the shooting is already on the barely visible falling silhouettes in the right corner. The screams have died down, but the shots are still roaring - Ermakov is firing from the third revolver. Yurovsky's voice is heard:

Stop! Stop shooting!

Silence. Ringing in my ears. One of the Red Army soldiers was wounded in the finger and in the neck - either by a ricochet, or in the powder fog, the Latvians from the second row fired bullets from their rifles. The veil of smoke and dust is thinning. Yakov Mikhailovich invites Ermakov and me, as representatives of the Red Army, to witness the death of every member of the royal family. Suddenly, from the right corner of the room, where the pillow moved, a woman’s joyful cry:

God bless! God saved me!

Staggering, the surviving maid rises - she covered herself with pillows, in the fluff of which the bullets were stuck. The Latvians have already shot all their cartridges, then two people with rifles approach her through the lying bodies and pin the maid with bayonets. From her dying cry, the slightly wounded Alexei woke up and began to moan frequently - he was lying on a chair. Yurovsky approaches him and fires the last three bullets from his Mauser. The guy fell silent and slowly slid to the floor at his father’s feet. Ermakov and I feel Nikolai’s pulse - he is all riddled with bullets, dead. We inspect the rest and finish shooting Tatyana and Anastasia, still alive, from the Colt and the Ermakov revolver. Now everyone is lifeless.

Security chief Pavel Spiridonovich Medvedev approaches Yurovsky and reports that shots were heard in the courtyard of the house. He brought the Red Army internal guards to carry the corpses and blankets on which to carry them to the car. Yakov Mikhailovich instructs me to oversee the transfer of corpses and loading into the car. We lay the first one on a blanket, lying in a pool of blood, Nicholas II. Red Army soldiers carry the remains of the emperor into the courtyard. I'm going after them. In the passage room I see Pavel Medvedev - he is deathly pale and vomiting, I ask if he is wounded, but Pavel is silent and waves his hand.

I meet Philip Goloshchekin near the truck.

Where have you been? - I ask him.

I walked around the square. I heard shots. It was audible. - He bent over the king.

The end, you say, of the Romanov dynasty?! Yes... The Red Army soldier brought Anastasia's lap dog on a bayonet - when we walked past the door (to the stairs to the second floor), a long, plaintive howl was heard from behind the doors - the last salute to the All-Russian Emperor. The dog's corpse was thrown next to the king's.

Dogs - dog death! - Goloshchekin said contemptuously.

I asked Philip and the driver to stand by the car while they carried the corpses. Someone dragged a roll of soldier's cloth, one end of it was spread on sawdust in the back of a truck - they began to lay the executed people on the cloth.

I accompany each corpse: now they have already figured out how to tie some kind of stretcher from two thick sticks and blankets. I notice that in the room, during the laying down, the Red Army soldiers remove rings and brooches from the corpses and hide them in their pockets. After everyone is put in the back, I advise Yurovsky to search the porters.

Let’s make it easier,” he says and orders everyone to go up to the second floor to the commandant’s room. He lines up the Red Army soldiers and says: “He suggested putting all the jewelry taken from the Romanovs out of their pockets on the table.” Half a minute to think. Then I will search everyone I find - shot on the spot! I will not allow looting. Do you understand everything?

Yes, we just took it as a souvenir of the event,” the Red Army soldiers make an embarrassed noise. - So that it doesn’t disappear.

A pile of gold things grows on the table every minute: diamond brooches, pearl necklaces, wedding rings, diamond pins, gold pocket watches of Nicholas II and Doctor Botkin and other items.

The soldiers went to wash the floors in the lower room and adjacent to it. I go down to the truck, count the corpses again - all eleven are in place - and cover them with the free end of the cloth. Ermakov sits down with the driver, and several security men with rifles climb into the back. The car moves off, drives out of the wooden gate of the outer fence, turns right and carries the remains of the Romanovs out of town along Voznesensky Lane through the sleeping city.

Beyond Verkh-Isetsk, a few miles from the village of Koptyaki, the car stopped in a large clearing, in which some overgrown holes appeared black. They lit a fire to warm themselves up; those riding in the back of the truck were chilled. Then they began to take turns carrying the corpses to the abandoned mine and tearing off their clothes. Ermakov sent Red Army soldiers onto the road so that no one from the nearby village would be allowed through. Those shot were lowered onto ropes into the shaft of the mine - first the Romanovs, then the servants. The sun had already come out when they began to throw bloody clothes into the fire. ...Suddenly a stream of diamonds sprayed out of one of the ladies' bras. They trampled the fire and began to pick out jewelry from the ashes and from the ground. In two more bras, diamonds, pearls, and some colored precious stones were found sewn into the lining.

A car rattled on the road. Yurovsky and Goloshchekin drove up in a passenger car. We looked into the mine. At first they wanted to cover the corpses with sand, but then Yurovsky said that let them drown in the water at the bottom - anyway, no one would look for them here, since this is an area of abandoned mines, and there are a lot of shafts here. Just in case, they decided to collapse the upper part of the cage (Yurovsky had brought a box of grenades), but then they thought: explosions would be heard in the village, and fresh destruction would be noticeable. They simply filled the mine with old branches, twigs, and rotten boards found nearby. Ermakov's truck and Yurovsky's car set off on their way back. It was a hot day, everyone was exhausted to the limit, they had difficulty fighting sleep, no one had eaten anything for almost a day.

The next day - July 18, 1918 - the Ural Regional Cheka received information that all of Verkh-Isetsk was talking only about the execution of Nicholas II and that the corpses were thrown into abandoned mines near the village of Koptyaki. So much for conspiracy! It could only be that one of the participants in the burial told his wife in secret, and she told the gossip, and it went around the whole district.

Yurovsky was summoned to the Cheka board. They decided to send the car with Yurovsky and Ermakov to the mine that same night, pull out all the corpses and burn them. From the Ural Regional Cheka, my friend, board member Isai Idelevich Rodzinsky, was assigned to the operation.

So, the night came from July 18 to 19, 1918. At midnight, a truck with security officers Rodzinsky, Yurovsky, Ermakov, sailor Vaganov, sailors and Red Army soldiers (six or seven people in total) left for the area of abandoned mines. In the back were barrels of gasoline and boxes of concentrated sulfuric acid in bottles for disfiguring corpses.

Everything that I will tell about the re-burial operation, I say from the words of my friends: the late Yakov Yurovsky and the now living Isai Rodzinsky, whose detailed memories must certainly be recorded for history, since Isai is the only person who survived from the participants in this operation, who today can identify the place where the remains of the Romanovs are buried. It is also necessary to record the memories of my friend Grigory Petrovich Nikulin, who knows the details of the liquidation of the Grand Dukes in Alapaevsk and Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich Romanov in Perm.

We drove up to the mine, lowered two sailors on ropes - Vaganov and another - to the bottom of the mine shaft, where there was a small platform-ledge. When all those shot were pulled out of the water by the feet with ropes to the surface and laid in a row on the grass, and the security officers sat down to rest, it became clear how frivolous the first burial was. Before them lay the ready-made “miraculous relics”: the icy water of the mine not only washed away the blood completely, but also froze the bodies so much that they looked as if they were alive - a blush even appeared on the faces of the king, girls and women. Undoubtedly, the Romanovs could have been preserved in such excellent condition in a mine refrigerator for more than one month, and, let me remind you, there were only a few days left before the fall of Yekaterinburg.

It was beginning to get light. Along the road from the village of Koptyaki, the first carts headed to the Verkh-Isetsky bazaar. The sent outposts of Red Army soldiers blocked the road at both ends, explaining to the peasants that the passage was temporarily closed because criminals had escaped from prison, the area was cordoned off by troops and the forest was being combed. The carts were turned back.

The guys didn’t have a ready-made burial plan, where to take the corpses, and no one knew where to hide them either. Therefore, we decided to try to burn at least some of those executed so that their number would be less than eleven. They took the bodies of Nicholas II, Alexei, the Tsarina, and Doctor Botkin, doused them with gasoline and set them on fire. The frozen corpses smoked, stank, hissed, but did not burn. Then they decided to bury the remains of the Romanovs somewhere. They put all eleven bodies (four of them burnt) into the back of the truck, drove onto the Koptyakovskaya road and turned towards Verkh-Isetsk. Not far from the crossing (apparently across the Mountain-Ural Railway - check the location on the map with I.I. Rodzinsky) in a swampy lowland, the car skidded in the mud - neither forward nor backward. No matter how much they fought, they didn’t move. They brought boards from the railway guard's house at the crossing and with difficulty pushed the truck out of the resulting swampy hole. And suddenly someone (Ya. M. Yurovsky told me in 1933 that it was Rodzinsky) had an idea: this hole on the road itself is an ideal secret mass grave for the last Romanovs!

We deepened the hole with shovels until it reached black peat water. There, the corpses were lowered into a swampy bog, doused with sulfuric acid, and covered with earth. The moving truck brought a dozen old impregnated railroad sleepers - they made a flooring out of them over the pit, and drove the car over it several times. The sleepers were pressed a little into the ground and became dirty, as if they had always been there.

Thus, in a random swampy hole, the last members of the royal Romanov dynasty, a dynasty that tyrannized Russia for three hundred and five years, found a worthy rest! The new revolutionary government made no exception for the crowned robbers of the Russian land: they were buried the way highway robbers were buried in Rus' from ancient times - without a cross or a tombstone, so as not to stop the gaze of those walking along this road to a new life.

On the same day, Ya. M. Yurovsky and G. P. Nikulin went to Moscow through Perm to V. I. Lenin and Ya. M. Sverdlov with a report on the liquidation of the Romanovs. In addition to a bag of diamonds and other jewelry, they carried all the diaries and correspondence of the royal family found in Ipatiev’s house, photo albums of the royal family’s stay in Tobolsk (the king was a passionate amateur photographer), as well as those two letters in red ink that were compiled by Beloborodov and Voikov to ascertain the mood royal family. According to Beloborodov, now these two documents were supposed to prove to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee the existence of an officer organization whose goal was to kidnap the royal family. Alexander feared that V.I. Lenin would bring him to justice for his arbitrariness in executing the Romanovs without the sanction of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In addition, Yurovsky and Nikulin had to personally tell Ya. M. Sverdlov the situation in Yekaterinburg and the circumstances that forced the Ural Regional Council to make a decision to liquidate the Romanovs.

At the same time, Beloborodov, Safarov and Goloshchekin decided to announce the execution of only one Nicholas II, adding that the family had been taken away and hidden in a safe place

On the evening of July 20, 1918, I saw Beloborodov, and he told me that he had received a telegram from Ya. M. Sverdlov. At a meeting on July 18, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee decided: to consider the decision of the Ural Regional Council to liquidate the Romanovs correct. Alexander and I hugged and congratulated each other, which means that Moscow understood the complexity of the situation, and therefore Lenin approved of our actions. That same evening, Philip Goloshchekin publicly announced for the first time at a meeting of the Regional Council of the Urals the execution of Nicholas II. There was no end to the jubilation of the listeners; the workers' spirits rose.

A day or two later, a message appeared in Yekaterinburg newspapers that Nicholas II had been shot by the verdict of the people, and the royal family had been taken out of the city and hidden in a safe place. I don’t know the true goals of Beloborodov’s maneuver, but I assume that the regional Council of the Urals did not want to inform the city population about the execution of women and children. Perhaps there were some other considerations, but neither I nor Yurovsky (with whom I often saw each other in Moscow in the early 1930s, and we talked a lot about Romanov history) were aware of them. One way or another, this deliberately false report in the press gave rise to rumors among the people that persist to this day about the rescue of the royal children, the flight abroad of the king’s daughter Anastasia and other legends.

Thus ended the secret operation to rid Russia of the Romanov dynasty. It was so successful that to this day neither the secret of Ipatiev’s house nor the burial place of the royal family has been revealed.

Biography

early years

Yakov Yurovsky was born in the city of Tomsk into a large working-class Jewish family, the eighth of ten children. His father Mikhail Ilyich was a glazier, his mother was a seamstress. He studied at an elementary school in the river area, then (from 1890) at a craft. In exile in Germany, together with his entire family (wife Maria Yakovlevna, three children, one of whom, Alexander Yakovlevich, later became a rear admiral of the USSR fleet) converted to Lutheranism.

Revolutionary activities

He joined the RSDLP in 1905 and was personally acquainted with Yakov Sverdlov. During the revolution of 1905 he went to Berlin. He returned to Ekaterinodar, from where he went to America in 1907. In 1909 he arrived from America to Ekaterinodar. In 1910 he moved to Tomsk, where he opened a watch shop. In 1912, he was exiled to Yekaterinburg for revolutionary activities, where he opened a photo studio and a watch workshop.

After the February Revolution, Yurovsky became a member of the local Council, and after the October Revolution - the regional Commissioner of Justice. At the beginning of 1918, he headed the investigative commission of the Cheka at the Revolutionary Tribunal.

Execution of the royal family

Yakov Yurovsky went down in history as one of the main participants and leader of the execution of the sentence of Nicholas II and his family.

On July 4, 1918, Yurovsky became the commandant of the Ipatiev House and, by decision of the Ural Council, led the direct execution of the royal family on the night of July 16-17.

Later years of life

After the execution of the royal family, Yurovsky was appointed head of the Moscow regional Cheka and a member of the board of the Moscow Cheka, worked in the Vyatka Cheka, and in 1919 became chairman of the Yekaterinburg Cheka. In 1921 he was transferred to Moscow and worked in the People's Commissariat of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate. In 1921, he headed the gold department of the Gokhran of the Republic, then - chairman of the department for the sale of valuables at the Gokhran of the RSFSR. Subsequently, he held a number of management positions.

In 1928 he joined the board of the State Polytechnic Museum, and since 1930 - director of the Polytechnic Museum.

He died in 1938 from a stomach ulcer. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Family

Daughter - Yurovskaya, Rimma Yakovlevna (1898–1980) - a major Komsomol leader, was arrested in 1938 and served time in the Karaganda camp until 1946.
Son - Yurovsky, Alexander Yakovlevich (1904–1986) - rear admiral of the Navy.
Son - Yurovsky, Evgeniy Yakovlevich (1909–1977) - lieutenant colonel, political worker in the Navy.

Notes

Literature

Letters from the Royal Family from captivity / Comp. E. E. Alferev. - Jordanville: Holy Trinity Monastery, 1984.
Plotnikov I. About the team of killers of the royal family and its national composition // Ural. - 2003. - No. 9.
Sokolov N. A. Surrounding the royal family by security officers // Murder of the Royal Family / N. A. Sokolov. - M.: Soviet writer, 1991. - Ch. 15.
Heresh E. Nicholas II / Trans. B. Lyubartseva. - M.: Phoenix, 1998. - 416 p. - (Ser. Trace in history). -

He was the eighth of ten children in the family. In 1985 in Tomsk he entered the Talmateiro school at the synagogue, but did not complete the first year. Then he studied tailoring and watchmaking, after which he worked as an apprentice in Tobolsk and Tomsk. In 1904, two brothers emigrated to America, and Yurovsky married Mana Yankeleva (Kaganer) and moved to Yekaterinodar, where he was engaged in storing and distributing revolutionary literature. In August 1905 in Tomsk he became a member of the RSDLP, a Bolshevik, and a close friend of Sverdlov. In 1905 he left for Germany and lived in Berlin. Here he was baptized, converted to Lutheranism, and at the same time changed his name - from Yankel Khaimovich to Yakov Mikhailovich.

In 1907 he returned to Yekaterinodar, a year later he moved to Tomsk, where he opened a watch shop. In 1912 he was arrested for revolutionary activities and exiled to Yekaterinburg. Arriving at the place of exile, he organized a photo studio. After the outbreak of the First World War, he was drafted into the army and was sent to paramedic school. He was retained at the local infirmary with the rank of company paramedic. I never made it to the front. In February 1917 he became a member of the Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. Since October 1917, member of the Yekaterinburg Military Department, Chairman of the Investigative Commission of the Ural Regional Revolutionary Tribunal, Commissioner of Justice of the Ural Region, member of the Board of the regional Cheka.

From June 4, 1918 - commandant of the Ipatiev House, where the Romanov family was imprisoned. On the night of July 16-17, 1918, on the orders of Goloshchekin, in the basement of the Ipatiev House, he executed the entire royal family, then supervised the destruction of the corpses. July 18, 1818 - Sverdlov received Yurovsky’s report on the execution of the Tsar and his family. He fled from Yekaterinburg along with the retreating Red Army, and at the same time abandoned his elderly mother to the mercy of fate. From August 1, 1918 - investigator of the Cheka in Moscow. Participates in the investigation of the Fanny Kaplan case. Since November 1918 - organizer and head of the district Cheka of the city of Moscow, member of the Board of the Moscow Cheka. In March 1919 - Deputy Head of the Administrative Department of the Moscow City Council. Sent to the Urals, from June 1919 - Chairman of the Cheka of the Vyatka province. After the capture of Yekaterinburg by the Reds in 1919, he became the chairman of the provincial Cheka. July 20, 1920 - moved to Moscow for treatment, because suffered from a stomach ulcer. On July 21, 1920, he handed over the jewelry of the executed Romanov family to the Kremlin commandant Malkov. Since the end of 1920, he has been working in Moscow at the People's Commissariat of the Russian Foreign Ministry as manager of the Organizational Instruction Department. In 1921, he was sent by the Central Committee to the State Repository of the Republic at the People's Commissariat of Finance, where he worked as head of the gold department and chairman of the department for the sale of valuables until the end of 1923. Then, until 1924, he was deputy director of the Bogatyr plant. From 1924 to 1926 - in the Moscow Committee of the RKI, head of the department for improving the state apparatus and deputy head of the Economic Section. Since 1926 - member of the board of the precision mechanics trust. In 1927 - secretary of the party cell of the Rusakovsky tram park. Since 1928, member of the board and then director of the State Polytechnic Museum. At the end of 1933 he retired due to health reasons.

He spent the end of his life in the Kremlin hospital, where he was often visited by visions from his bloody past. He died on August 2, 1938, in severe suffering from a perforated stomach ulcer.

about Yurovsky
marina 21.09.2014 06:18:06

This Yurovsky is a monstrous vile creature. I hope that the Lord cursed all the descendants of these non-humans: Lenin, Sverdlov, Yurovsky, Vorovsky, Trotsky, Uritsky, Molotov, Kaganovich, Volodarsky - how much more can I continue?
It’s wild for me to imagine that any woman could have children from any of these creatures. But they had and maybe they live somewhere... Let this Cain family be interrupted forever, let all the descendants of these families be cursed, so that they have no peace, no happiness, no life itself. Let these remaining descendants endlessly curse their criminals ancestors for their forever broken lives

Death to tyrants!
GARDARIKA 11.09.2018 02:33:51

Long live freedom! Death to tyrants! - a slogan for centuries. The crimes of the autocracy cannot be forgiven, forgotten, or even more so left unpunished!

Yakov Mikhailovich Yurovsky - Russian revolutionary, Soviet party and statesman, security officer. Direct leader of the execution of the last Emperor of the Russian Empire, Nicholas II and his family. Born on June 7, 1878 in Tomsk.

Biography

early years

He joined revolutionary activities in 1905 in Tomsk. According to some indirect data, at first he participated in the military organizations of the Bund, and then, following the example of Sverdlov (his close friend), he joined the Bolsheviks. He was engaged in the dissemination of Marxist literature, and after the failure of the underground printing house, he was forced to leave Russia and settled in Berlin, where, together with his entire family (wife Maria Yakovlevna, three children), he converted to Lutheranism. In 1912, he returned to Russia illegally, but was tracked down by security department agents and arrested. He was expelled from Tomsk for “harmful activities” with permission to choose his place of residence. So he ended up in Yekaterinburg, where he started a watch workshop and photography, and, as he describes it, “he was in full view of the gendarmes and the police, where they often dragged me,” and “the gendarmerie found fault with him,” forcing him to take photographs of suspicious persons and prisoners. Nevertheless, his workshop was simultaneously a headquarters for the Bolsheviks and a laboratory for the production of passports for them. In 1916, he was called to serve as a paramedic at a local hospital. So Yurovsky became an active agitator among the soldiers and after the February Revolution he sold his photo workshop, and with the proceeds he organized the Bolshevik printing house “Ural Worker”, became a member of the Council of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies, a prominent Bolshevik and one of the main leaders of the revolution in the Urals.

As he told in January 1934 at a meeting of participants in revolutionary events, in April 1917, Sverdlov came to Yekaterinburg from the Bolshevik Central Committee and began organizing delegates to the All-Russian Conference (it took place on April 24 and at it Lenin announced a plan for the transition to a socialist revolution). At the same time, Sverdlov, attracting the personnel he trained here, was preparing an alternative coup in the Urals - in case there was a failure in St. Petersburg, the “backs” would take revenge in the Urals. Aron Solts did the same in Tyumen, Samuil Zwilling in Chelyabinsk, and so on. Under the Ural Council, a Military Department was organized for this purpose, headed by Filipp Goloshchekin, sent by Sverdlov, and Yurovsky became his deputy. To arm the workers, they confiscated weapons from trains going to the front. During the October Revolution, the Military Revolutionary Committee was organized, which included Vayner, Krestinsky, Voikov, Branitsky, Yurovsky, as well as some anarchists and left Socialist Revolutionaries. Soon this Military Revolutionary Committee transferred power to the Urals Council. At the end of November, re-elections to the Urals Council were held (led by Yurovsky and Khokhryakov), as a result of which the majority of the council turned out to be supporters of the beks, and soon Pavel Bykov, a former member of the St. Petersburg Military Revolutionary Committee, was elected chairman of the Council. In October, Bykov organized the shelling of the Winter Palace from the Peter and Paul Fortress and participated in its assault, led operations to suppress the uprising of the cadets, was elected to the Central Executive Committee at the Second Congress of Soviets, and then went to the Urals with the mandate of a representative of the central government, which Sverdlov gave him - to replace Chairman of the Urals Council Sosnovsky, who refused this honor.

Execution of the royal family

Yakov Yurovsky went down in history as one of the main participants and leader of the execution of the sentence of Nicholas II and his family.

On July 4, 1918, Yurovsky became the commandant of the Ipatiev House and, by decision of the Ural Council, led the direct execution of the royal family on the night of July 16-17.

On July 21, 1920, Yurovsky handed over the jewelry of the executed Romanov royal family to the commandant of the Moscow Kremlin P. D. Malkov.
Later years of life

On July 25, 1918, the Whites entered Yekaterinburg, Yurovsky moved to Moscow, where he became a member of the board of the Moscow Cheka and the head of the regional Cheka. When the Bolsheviks returned to Yekaterinburg, he was appointed Chairman of the Ural Gubernia Cheka. He settled in the rich mansion of Agushevich - almost opposite the execution house. In 1921, he was sent to Gokhran to manage the gold department - to “bring in order and the liquid state of the valuables stored there.” Then Yurovsky was chairman of the trading department of the currency department of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, and in 1923 he became deputy director of the Krasny Bogatyr plant. Since 1928, he worked as director of the Polytechnic Museum in Moscow. He died in 1938, according to the official version - from a perforation of a duodenal ulcer.
Family

Daughter - Yurovskaya, Rimma Yakovlevna (1898-1980) - a major Komsomol leader, was arrested in 1938 and served time in the Karaganda camp until 1946.

Son - Yurovsky, Alexander Yakovlevich (1904-1986) - Rear Admiral of the Navy. He was repressed in 1952, but soon (after Stalin's death) released.

Son - Yurovsky, Evgeniy Yakovlevich (1909-1977) - lieutenant colonel, political worker in the Navy.

Yakov Yurovsky mother Esther Moiseevna Warsaw. What was Yakov Yurovsky afraid of? Direct leader of the execution of the last Emperor of the Russian Empire, Nicholas II and his family

Biography

early years

Revolutionary activities

Execution of the royal family

Later years of life

Family

Memory

see also

Literature

Sources

Notes

Links

Biography

early years

Revolutionary activities

Execution of the royal family

Later years of life

Family

Notes

see also

Literature

Biography

early years

Revolutionary activities

Execution of the royal family

Later years of life

Family

Memory

see also

Literature

Sources

Notes

Links

Biography

early years

Revolutionary activities

Execution of the royal family

Later years of life

Family

Notes

see also

Literature

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