Another non-finite verb form in English is the participle, which comes in two types – Participle I and Participle II. Participles in the English language have many similarities with Russian participles and gerunds, but there are still differences and special specific points. Quite often, many students confuse the first participle and the gerund, but they have a fundamental difference: the gerund has the properties of a noun and can usually be translated through this part of speech, and the participle - an adjective.
In addition to dividing this verb form into two types, it also has differences in time frames, which are also formed in accordance with certain norms. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the features of these forms, identify the functions of the participle in the sentence, as well as the available participial constructions.
Formation and use of active forms of Participle I
In its meaning, Participle 1 coincides with the Russian participle, which is partly similar to an adjective, and is part of various Participial constructions, but has special questions (“what is doing?”, “what is doing?”). However, the fact is that the gerund in English is not expressed in a special way and is also formed through the Present Participle Active.
Active forms of Participle I
It is important to distinguish the involved structures in terms of collateral. So, in English there are only forms of the active participle: Indefinite, or Present Participle I, and Perfect Participle I.
Indefinite Active P I
This standard structure is formed very simply: simply adding the ending –ing to the verb. As already mentioned, this form conveys both participles and gerunds in English. Here are some examples:
· Yesterday, I saw a boy running towards the river - Yesterday I saw a boy running (who ran) towards the river
· He opened the door, thinking about possible consequences – He opened the door, thinking about the possible consequences
In terms of scope of use, the present form of participle 1 in English corresponds to the infinitive and is used when the main part of the sentence occurs in the same temporal plane as the action expressed using Participle. The participle in the first sentence has a direct question “what is he doing?”, and in the second – “what is he doing?”, which corresponds to the gerund in Russian. In addition, as can be seen from the examples, the translation rule allows the use of Participle clauses, that is, through the words “which...”, “which...”, etc. Participial and adverbial phrases in English are formed in the same way.
Note: These phrases have special punctuation and differ from the Russian language. If the first participle refers to a specific word and describes it, then a comma will not be used. And if the turn that includes the present participle introduces additional information, then the punctuation mark will appear:
· He is the man selling the cheapest vegetables in the whole city – He is the same man selling / who sells the cheapest vegetables in the whole city
· She comes to me every day, binging various candies and cakes – She comes to me every day, bringing different sweets
Perfect Active P I
The perfect form of the first participle is formed as follows:
having + V(3; –ed)
The use of this construction is relevant in the case when the situation expressed through the participle precedes the main part of the sentence.
Note: Do not confuse Perfect Participle I and Past Participle, since the second structure is used for completely different purposes.
· Having come home, he went to bed immediately - Having arrived home, he immediately went to bed
· He entered the University without any problems, having studied all the peculiarities of the subjects in advance - He entered the university without any problems, having studied all the peculiarities of the subjects in advance
Note: with verbs of sensory perception (see, hear, smell), as well as with verbs of movement (come, arrive, enter), the Simple form can be used even in cases where the earlier perfection of the action expressed by Participle I is emphasized.
· Seeing her house, he sighed with trusted – Seeing her house, he sighed with relief
· He started to chat with everyone at once, entering the door – Having entered the door, he immediately began to communicate with everyone
Passive forms Participle I
Indefinite Passive P I
The passive present participle differs from the active one in that, like any passive, a third form of the verb appears in it. As you know, the formation of Participle I requires the ending –ing, and therefore the word being appears in the passive form:
being + V(3; –ed)
· This letter being written in ink is very old – This letter, which is written in ink, is very old
· I have never seen this goblet being made of silver – I have never seen this goblet, which is made of silver
Perfect Passive P I
The perfect form of the passive participle is similar to the present one; here the corresponding ending –ing is also necessary, but the construction itself will be somewhat more massive:
having + been + V(3; –ed)
· Having been written a few years ago the book caught his attention – A book that was written a few years ago caught his attention
· Having been found in the 18th century the sword was presented at the exhibition yesterday – The sword, which was found in the 18th century, was presented at the exhibition yesterday
The table below shows the main forms of the participle:
Form Participle II
Participle 2, or Past Participle as it is called, does not have any special forms. This is always one indivisible structure - a verb in the third form, i.e. the one that is located in the last column in the table of irregular verbs. The fact is that participle 2 in English is always characterized by a passive meaning, which is applicable only for transitive verbs - break, send, write, etc.
In Past Participle, translation always carries a perfect action: broken cup - broken cup, translated book - translated book, etc.
· A sent article was too difficult to understand – The sent article was difficult to understand
· Though tired, he came to congratulate me - Although he was tired, he came to congratulate me
The past participle in English is always part of any passive voice. In addition, as already mentioned, it is part of all perfect constructions, including the passive infinitive (be + Past Participle), being the third form of the verb in the last column (Infinitive – Past Simple – Past Participle). This structure has fewer functions in a sentence, but is also quite popular in the language.
Functions of Participle I in a sentence
The present participle in a sentence can play different roles:
1. Definition (attribute)
This is the most common function of this verb form:
This swimming girl is my sister – This swimming girl is my sister
Note: passive Participle I can be a definition, but less common than active; the perfect Participle I cannot play the role of attribute, so in this case it is necessary to use the usual subordinating connection:
The man who lived in bad conditions in his childhood is a respected person today – A man who lived in bad conditions as a child is a respected person today
a) time circumstance:
Coming home, he found everyone sleeping – Arriving home, he saw that everyone was sleeping
b) reasons:
Being an experienced person, he solved that problem immediately – Since he was an experienced person, he immediately solved this problem
c) manner of action and attendant circumstances:
Looking at my hands, she nodded – Looking at my hands, she nodded
d) comparisons:
He didn’t answer as if thinking about anything else - He didn’t answer as if he was thinking about something else
3. Predicative:
The landscape was terrifying – The landscape was terrifying
I heard my son coming into the hall - I heard my son enter the hall
5. Part of a compound verb predicate
All the people were seen crossing the street - It was visible how all the people crossed the street
6. Introductory construction (parenthesis):
Generally speaking, I don’t believe him - Generally speaking, I don’t believe him
Functions of Participle II
The functions of Participle II in the offer are few:
1. Definition (attribute)
Just like the Present Participle, the Past Participle has this function most common:
He will show us his repaired house tomorrow - Tomorrow he will show us his renovated house
2. Circumstance (adverbial modifier):
a) time:
When asked, Mary didn’t listen to anyone – When Mary was asked, she didn’t listen to anyone
b) conditions:
If found, they would be punished - If they were found, they would be punished
c) comparisons:
As if betrayed by everyone, he was walking slowly along the street - As if betrayed by everyone, he slowly walked along the street
d) concessions:
Though astonished, she allowed us to come in – Although she was shocked, she allowed us to enter
3. Predicative:
That old build was partially ruined - That old building was partially destroyed
4. Part of a complex object:
I found her changed much when I saw her - I found that she changed a lot when I saw her yesterday
All these properties of Participle, both the first and the second, must be taken into account and observed, otherwise it will not be possible to achieve success in learning non-finite forms of the verb. Various exercises and tasks for training all temporary forms and functions will help you consolidate your knowledge. If the participle is used correctly, there will be no problems with its use.
The participle is the last topic along with the infinitive and gerund, no less important than the previous two. The English participle has its differences from the Russian participle and is often used in everyday speech, so pay special attention to this topic.
Topic: Non-finite verb forms. Infinitive. Gerund. Participles.Infinitive/- ingform/ Participle
Lesson: Participles. Types of participles.Participle I, II
A participle is an impersonal form of a verb, combining the properties of a verb, adjective and adverb. In Russian it corresponds to the participle and the gerund.
English verbs have 2 forms of participle - present and past ( PresentParticiple, PastParticiple).
Present Participle (Participle I)
The present participle expresses active meaning.
flying(flying)
playing(playing)
running(running)
sleeping(sleeping)
working(working) etc
Past Participle (Participle II)
V+- ed (regularverbs)
The past participle expresses the passive meaning.
moved(shifted)
played(played)
stopped(stopped)
typed(printed)
irregular verbs → Past Participle
broken(broken)
read(read)
sold(sold)
taken(taken)
The main function of participles is to form certain tenses.
Present Participle used in the group tenses Continuous and Perfect Continuous.
He is working now.
We were sleeping when he called.
She will be studying all day.
He hasn't been working since early morning.
Note:
When an English participle is part of a tense form, it is translated into Russian as a tense form, and not a participle.
PastParticiple used in perfect tenses in the active voice, as well as in all tenses of the passive voice.
He has done his part of the work already.
Five reports were typed last week.
The task will be done tomorrow.
Participle in English has 2 forms - simple ( Simple) and complex ( Compound).
Simple forms are used in the formation of tense forms, as well as in the function of attribute and adverbial circumstances in sentences.
Complex forms are rarely used, as a rule, in participial phrases.
Simpleforms:
The reading boy didn’t pay any attention to the teacher’s words. - The reading boy did not pay any attention to the teacher’s words.
He wasn't sitting by the window, reading a book. - He was sitting by the window, reading a book.
Here are the books read by him last week. - Here are the books he read last week.
Compound forms:
(formed with the help of the auxiliary verbs be and have)
having done(perfect active), being done(passive), having been done(perfect passive)
Having read ten pages of the book, he decided to have a break. - After reading ten pages of the book, he decided to take a break.
Having been translated into several languages, this story is well known in many countries. - Having been translated into several languages, this story is well known in many countries.
The English participle can act as a modifier of a noun. In this case, it corresponds to the Russian participle.
She spoke in a trembling voice. - She spoke in a trembling voice.
A broken cup lay on the floor. - A broken cup lay on the floor.
If an English participle consists of one word, it usually comes before the word to which it refers.
a flying bird (flying bird)
a moving train (moving train)
a promising actor (promising actor)
However, if the English participle is closer in meaning to the verb, it is placed after the word it refers to.
the problems remaining(remaining problems)
the people involved(people involved)
the questions discussed(issues discussed)
Note:
In such cases, instead of a participle, you can use a participial phrase or a subordinate attributive clause.
Present and past participle
In English, the present participle has an active meaning, and the past participle has a passive meaning.
Compare:
1. The film was interesting. (active meaning) - The film was interesting.
2. I was interested by the film. (passive meaning) - I was interested in the film.
1. It was a boring party. (active meaning)
2. Everyone was at the party bored. (passive meaning)
Consider other similar pairs of participles:
As a definition, the participial phrase always comes after the noun to which it refers.
The boy playing with the kitten is my brother. - The boy playing with the kitten is my brother.
The car parked by the entrance is mine. - The car parked at the entrance belongs to me.
Absolute participial phrases
Absolute participial phrases ( Absolutepartialconstructions) are often used in literary and scientific speech. At the same time, they are not very common in everyday speech.
Absolute participial phrases have their own subject and can appear either at the beginning or at the end of a sentence.
The weather being nice and warm, we went for a walk. - Since the weather was good and warm, we went for a walk.
Sydney is the largest city in Australia, with Melbourne being the second largest. - Sydney is the largest city in Australia, and Melbourne is the second largest.
The recent fight forgotten, the children began to play with their new toys. - Forgetting the recent quarrel, the children began to play with their new toys.
As adverbs, participles most often play the role of circumstance that determines an action. In this case, they correspond to the Russian participle.
When doing the exercises, look up new words. - While doing exercises, look up new words in the dictionary.
Surprised by his decision, his friends tried to talk him out. - Surprised by his decision, his friends tried to dissuade him.
Type designs
1. I saw him crossing the street
2. I found himsleeping
3. I had mine carwashed
often called a complex complement (object complement).
Present participles are used in constructions with a complex object after verbs of sensory perception (hear, see, watch, observe, notice, feel) to show an action in progress.
I saw him crossing the street. - I saw him crossing the street.
I heard her singing. - I heard her sing.
The past participle is used in constructions with a complex object, when the person or object in the complex object is subject to the action of the participle.
We heard her name mentioned during the discussion. - We heard her name mentioned during the discussion.
We want him elected. - We want him to be elected.
Design ‘ have / getsomethingdone’ used when we want to show that an action is being performed for us by someone else, and also when talking about failures or accidents. This construction uses the past participle.
I had my car washed- They washed my car.
He had his hair cut yesterday. - He got his hair cut yesterday.
He had his finger burnt yesterday. - He burned his finger yesterday.
Let's check how you understand this topic.
Choose the most appropriate answer:
1. We saw a lot of ______ chairs in the basement.
c) having broken
2. You look -______ . What's the matter?
b) being worried
3. The man _______ with Mrs. Smith is her son’s teacher, if I’m not mistaken.
4. The second question _______ at the conference yesterday was very interesting.
a) being discussed
b) having been discussed
5. When I looked out of the window, I saw her ______ the street.
c) having crossed
6. I heard the children _______ over something and went to see what it was.
7. _______ my work on the report, I locked my office and went home.
b) Having finished
c) Having been finished
8. The weather _______ pleasantly warm, we stayed in the park all day.
9. Jerry drove the car, with his head ______ out.
10. Teresa was writing with the light ______.
Check your answers - 1B, 2A, 3B, 4C, 5A, 6C, 7B, 8A, 9C, 10A
- Afanasyeva O.V., Dooley D., Mikheeva I.V. English language (basic level). - Enlightenment, 2012.
- Biboletova M.Z., Babushis E.E., Snezhko N.D. English language (basic level). - Title, 2009.
- Kaufman K.I., Kaufman M.Yu. English language (basic level). - Title, 2010.
- Golitsynsky Yu.B., Grammar. Collection of exercises. - Karo, 2011.
- To everyone who studies ().
- Englishfromhome.ru ().
- Study.ru ().
- ex. 383, 384. Golitsynsky Yu.B., Grammar. Collection of exercises. - Karo, 2011.
- Open the brackets and fill in with the proper participle
1. He fell asleep (exhaust) by the journey.
2. She entered the dining room (accompany) by her husband and her father.
3. A snake (sleep) in the grass will bite if anyone treads upon it.
4. (Fill) his pockets with apples the boy was about to run away when he saw the owner of the garden with a stick in his hand.
5. It was a bright Sunday morning of early summer (promise) heat.
6. When I came home, I found the table (lay).
7. (Judge) by the color of the sun it should be windy tomorrow.
8. (Arrive) at a big seaport, I started to look for a job.
9. He had received an urgent message (ask) him to telephone Sir Matthew.
10. He looked at groups of young girls (walk) arm in arm.
11. In the wood they sat down on a (fall) tree.
12. (See) from the hill the city looks magnificent.
13. (Not know) where to go he turned to a passerby.
14. (Lock) in her room she threw a fit.
15. (Address) the parcel, I went out at once to post it.
16. She often took care of my little sister (give) me a possibility to play with other boys.
17. (Wash) her face in cold water, she came up to the window and shut it.
18. Paul sat down again, evidently (change) his mind about going.
- * ex. 388. Golitsynsky Yu.B., Grammar. Collection of exercises. - Karo, 2011.
Participle refers to non-personal forms and has the characteristics of both an adjective (sometimes an adverb) and . The verb characteristics of a participle are its ability to have a direct object, be determined by an adverb, and have forms of tense and voice. But the time expressed by the participle is relative in nature, that is, it correlates with the action of the predicate sentence and expresses either simultaneity or precedence of this action.
Participles in English are divided into I (Participle I) and II (Participle II).
PARTICIPLE FORMS |
|||
VOICE |
PARTICIPLE I |
PARTICIPLE I PERFECT |
PARTICIPLE II |
ACTIVE |
asking |
having asked |
asked |
PASSIVE |
being asked |
having been asked |
|
Participle I is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem : working working, working.
SPELLING CHANGES WHEN ADDING- ING |
||
№ |
RULE |
EXAMPLE |
The final unreadable letter -e is discarded |
to do that e take - taking |
|
However, the readable trailing -e is not discarded |
to see see - s ee ing to be - b e ing |
|
The combination of letters -ie is contracted into the letter y |
to lie - l y ing |
|
The final -y is always preserved when adding -ing |
to copy - cop y ing |
|
If the last syllable is short and stressed, and the word ends with one consonant, then this consonant before -ing is doubled |
to sit sit - si tt ing to commit - commi tt ing |
|
If the last syllable is not stressed, then the final consonant is not doubled |
to differ - diffe r ing to limit limit - limi t ing |
|
№ |
FUNCTION |
EXAMPLE |
Definition Used before the defined (left definition) or after it (right definition). This is translated into Russian using the active participle of the present tense. The right definition is often expressed by the participle I with words related to it and in this case is translated into Russian by the participial phrase |
growing trees growing trees Look at the trees growing in our garden. Look at the trees growing in our garden. |
|
Circumstance Used at the beginning or end of a sentence. In this case, I is usually translated into Russian by a gerund ending in -(а)я |
Reading an English book he wrote out many new words. While reading an English book, he wrote down many new words. |
|
Part of the predicate |
||
The form of participle II (past participle) of the standard (regular) coincides with the past tense form of these, i.e. is formed by adding the suffix -ed to the stem with appropriate spelling changes: to solve solve - solved decided - solved decided (-th, -oe).
The form of participle II non-standard (irregular) is formed in different ways and corresponds to the 3rd form of these: to speak - spoke - spoken, to make - made - made, to go - went - gone.
№ |
FUNCTION |
EXAMPLE |
||
Definition |
||||
|
RULE |
EXAMPLE |
|||
|
Unreadable final -e discarded |
to plac eplace - placed posted |
|||
|
If the word ends in-y, and there is one consonant before it, then-y changes to -i- |
to cr ycry-cr i ed cried |
|||
|
If before -ythere is a vowel, then-y does not change |
to pla yplay- pla y ed played |
|||
|
If a word ends with one consonant and is preceded by a short stressed syllable (usually one stressed vowel), then the final consonant is doubled |
to sto pstop -sto pp ed has stopped |
|||
|
Disyllabic or polysyllabic verbs ending on a single consonant preceded by a short vowel sound double the final consonant only if the stress falls on the final syllable |
to permi tallow-permi ttedallowed; But:to limit tlimit- limi t ed limited(last syllable unstressed) |
|||
|
Participle I perfect is formed from the I auxiliary participle to have - having and the II semantic participle: having translated, having done having done. The negative form is formed by adding the negative particle not before the perfect participle: not having translated without translating, not having done without having done. The I perfect participle shows that the action it expresses occurred earlier than the action expressed by the predicate of the sentence; in a sentence it can only perform the function of an adverbial circumstance, i.e., correspond to the Russian perfect participle. Participle I Perfect can be used in the function circumstances reasons and time: 1. Having lost the key, the boy couldn't get into the house. Having lost the key, the boy could not get into the house. 2. Having graduated from the University, he decided to go to the Far East. After graduating from university, he decided to go to the Far East. Instead of the perfect participle I in the function of adverbial time, the gerund is often used with the prepositions after and on: After leaving (= having left) school, John Reed went to Harvard University. After graduating from high school (= having graduated from high school), John Reed entered Harvard University. Object participial construction is a combination in the general case or in the objective case and a participle (in this construction it can be used as sensory perception: |
She could feel her hands trembling. She felt her hands shaking. |
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|
IN A SENTENCE |
||||
№ |
FUNCTION |
EXAMPLE |
||
Circumstance time |
This duty completed , he had a leave. When this work was completed, he received leave. |
|||
Circumstance causes |
It being now pretty late, we went home. Since it was quite late, we went home. |
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Circumstance conditions |
Weather permitting, we'll start tomorrow. If the weather permits, we will move tomorrow. |
|||
Related circumstances |
Any moving object is able to do the work, the quantity of kinetic energy depending on its mass and velocity. Any moving body is capable of doing work, and the amount of kinetic energy depends on mass and speed. |
|||
Which combines the characteristics of a verb, adjective and adverb. In Russian it corresponds to participle and gerund: doing- doing, doing; opening- opening, opening; done- made; opened- open.
Having the properties of an adjective and an adverb, a participle in a sentence can serve as a definition or circumstance. Verbal properties are manifested in the fact that a participle can have a direct object.
Please note that the participle is also part of complex verb forms (that is, it is used in the formation of various tenses in the active and passive voice).English participles are divided into:
- present participles (Present Participle or Participle I).
- past participles (Past Participle or Participle II).
Participle forms
Negative participle forms are formed using a particle not, which is placed before the participle: not asking- without asking, not broken- not broken.
Present participle. Participle I
The present participle (Present Participle or Participle I) has two forms:
- Present Participle Simple (simple participle).
- Present Participle Perfect (perfect participle).
Simple participle. Present Participle Simple
Present Participle Simple(simple present participle) corresponds to the Russian present participle (reading, building) and the imperfective participle (reading, building).
This form is formed by adding the ending -ing to the verb stem:
read + ing - reading - reading, reading
build + ing - building - building, building
In passive voice - being + III form of the verb:
being read - readable, being readable (i.e. when it was read)
being built - being built, being under construction (i.e. when it was built)
Examples of sentences with simple participles:
Everybody looked at the dancing girl. — Everyone looked at the dancing girl.
The speaking doll interested the child very much. — The child was very interested in the talking doll.
Traveling in America, I saw a lot of interesting things. — Traveling around America, I saw a lot of interesting things.
The house being built in our street is very good. — The house being built on our street is very good (the house that is being built). - passive voice
Perfect participle. Present Participle Perfect
Present Participle Perfect(present perfect participle) corresponds to the Russian perfect participle (read, constructed).
It is formed according to the following formula - having + III form of the verb:
having read - having read
having built - having built
In passive voice - having been + III form of the verb:
having been read - having been read (i.e. when it was read)
having been built - having been built (i.e. when it was built)
Examples of sentences with the perfect participle:
Having prescribed the medicine, the doctor went away. — Having prescribed the medicine, the doctor left.
Having drunk a cup of tea, she felt better. — After drinking a cup of tea, she felt better.
Having been shown the wrong direction, the travelers soon lost their way. — Since the travelers were shown the wrong direction, they soon got lost. - passive voice
Past participle. Participle II
Past participle(Past Participle or Participle II) is the III form of the verb and corresponds to the Russian passive past participle (read, constructed). Participle II has only the passive voice form.
The past participle is III verb form:
read - read
built - built
opened - open
invited - invited
The third form of irregular verbs must be remembered!
Hello there! Today's article is dedicated to fantastic creatures (not creatures) that you have probably heard about, but did not want to know - participles in English. We will tell you what types there are, what they mean, how they differ from gerunds, what functions they perform, and, most importantly, how to “tame” them and use them in speech.
Participle in English- this is an impersonal form of an English verb, which can have the properties of a verb , both adverbs and adjectives.
Good news: sometimes the English participle corresponds to the Russian one.
Bad news: it can be translated as a Russian gerund.
Scary news: English can easily be confused with a gerund.
Understand and come to terms: has several forms.
Present Participle (Participle I) - present participle
This participle form denotes an action that occurs simultaneously with the predicate verb. To make Present Participle, you need to add the ending “-” to the verb. ing».
I looked at her realizing that was the first time I saw her after a long time.
I looked at her realizing that this was the first time I saw her after a long time.
A few spelling rules:
- If the word ends with " e", then it is omitted, but if the word ends with "- ee", then it does not go down.
com e- com ing
s ee-s eeing
- If a word ends with a consonant preceded by a short stressed vowel, the consonant is doubled.
- If the word ends in " ie", That " ie" change to " y».
Functions of Present Participle in a sentence
- Definition(will come before or after a noun).
It was a very smiling boy.
It was very smiling boy.
Look at the trees growing in our garden.
Look at the trees growing in our garden.
- Circumstance(at the beginning or at the end of a sentence, translated into Russian by a gerund with the ending “-aya”).
Reading an English book he wrote out many new words.
Reading English book, he wrote out many new words.
Traveling abroad, he attended few courses.
Traveling abroad, he attended several courses.
- Part of the predicate(together with forms of the verb “to be” forms the tenses of the Continuous group).
They will be working at that time tomorrow.
They they will work tomorrow at this time.
They are swimming together.
They swim together.
- After verbs of perception(hear, listen, feel, find, notice, watch, smell, see).
I see him looking at me.
I see him looking at me. (I see him, the beholder on me)
She notices us studying.
She noticed that we were studying. (She noticed us students)
Past Participle (Participle II) - past participle
Such participles are formed using the ending “- ed"(if the verb is correct) or 3rd form(if incorrect).
The museum was just opened last year
The museum was only open last year.
Flowers are grown almost in any part of the world.
Flowers are grown in almost any part of the world.
Rules for adding the ending “-ed”:
- If the word ends with " -e", then only the ending "- d».
- If a word ends with a consonant preceded by a short stressed vowel, or if the word ends with “- l", preceded by a vowel, the final consonant is doubled .
adm i t - admitt ed
travel l- travell ed
- If the word ends in "- y", then "y" changes to " ie».
Functions of Past Participle in a sentence
- Definition(before or after the word being defined).
An opened book was on the table.
Open the book was on the table.
The methods used in this research were quite effective.
Methods, used in this study were quite effective.
- circumstance of time or reasons(answers the question: “When?”, “Why?”, “For what reason?”).
When asked what he intended to do, he said he didn't know.
When asked what he intended to do, he said he did not know.
Squeezed by the ice, the steamer couldn't continue the way.
Since the ship was compressed by ice ( sandwiched ice), he could not continue his journey.
- Complex addition(with a noun or pronoun).
She heard her name mentioned.
She heard her name mentioned (she heard her name mentioned).
I want the work done immediately.
I want the job done immediately (I want the job done immediately).
- Part of the predicate(together with the verb to have forms a predicate in the tenses of the Perfect group).
He had translated the text before I came.
He translated text before I came.
- Predicative(after the verbs be, feel, look, get, become)
My pencil is broken.
My pencil broken.
She looked scared.
She looked scared.
Joe felt depressed.
Joe felt depressed.
IMPORTANT! Russian past participles ( what did he do- arrived, arrived) are translated into English using subordinate clauses without the participation of participles.
The delegation that arrived yesterday is staying at the hotel.
Delegation, arrived yesterday, I stayed at a hotel (the verb “arrive” has a second form, Past Simple).
The policeman who came up to him asked him to show his driver's license. Policeman, approached to him and asked to see his driver's license.
Passive participle
If an object or person did not perform an action independently, but the action was performed on it, you need Passive Voice .
It also happens at communion. For this we need "be" + "-ing" + "V3"(being done, being built).
The food being served at the party was very tasty.
Food, filed at the party it was very tasty (being served is a passive participle, because the food did not serve itself, someone did).
What is the difference between a gerund and a participle?
It will be impossible to confuse you if you remember 2 details:
- A gerund in Russian can always be replaced with a verbal noun (even if it comes out clumsily).
Walking is so pleasant…
Walking is so nice.
I don't like being offended by you.
I don’t like that you offend me (I don’t like “offending”).
- The participle is always attached to the noun, but the gerund walks on its own.
That man shouting at the policeman seems familiar.
That screaming on the policeman Human seems familiar to me. (“shouting” refers to the noun “man” – participle)
Shouting will not do any good.
Screams will not help matters (“shouting” is a gerund).
Perfect participle
This participle is formed from the verb “ have" in Present Participle (that is, with the ending "- ing") And semantic verb Past Participle.
This formula " having» + « V3"looks like this: having done (having done), having translated (translating), having visited (having visited).
The perfect participle shows that the action being expressed happened earlier than the main action in a sentence. In the latter, it performs the function of an adverbial circumstance and corresponds to the Russian perfect participle.
We use the perfect participle to combine sentences and make speech more fluent and coherent.
Having bought a bike, she cycled home.
Having purchased bike, she rode it home.
Having lost the key, the boy couldn't get into the house.
Lost the key, the boy could not get into the house.
Having graduated from the University, he decided to go to the Far East.
After graduating from university, he decided to go to the Far East.
Having lived there for a long time, he didn't want to move to another town.
Having lived there for a long time, he didn’t want to move to another city.
If it’s difficult to understand, then just use “ after» + gerund(will be the same in meaning):
After Grows from the university, he decided to go to the Far East.
After graduation University, he decided to go to the Far East.
Perfect participle passive voice is formed as follows: “ having been» + « V3».
Having been cooked, the food looked delicious.
When the food was prepared ( being cooked), it looked very tasty.
Formation of participles in English
Conclusion
So, English participles are not an easy topic. Let's simplify and summarize their use:
1) Present Participle (doing, translating) answers the questions: “ Doing what?», « Which?»,« What do you do?».
2) Past Participle (done, translated): “ Which?», « What did he do?».
3) Perfect Participle (having done): “ What did you do?».
We hope this article will help you understand English like never before!
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