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Electricity Electricity is a physical term widely used in technology and in everyday life to determine the amount of electrical energy supplied by a generator to the electrical network or received from the network by a consumer. The basic unit of measurement for the production and consumption of electrical energy is the kilowatt-hour (and its multiples). For a more accurate description, parameters such as voltage, frequency and number of phases (for alternating current), rated and maximum electric current are used. Electric energy is also a product that is purchased by wholesale market participants (energy sales companies and large wholesale consumers) from generating companies and by electricity consumers in the retail market from energy sales companies. The price of electrical energy is expressed in rubles and kopecks per kilowatt-hour consumed (kopecks/kWh, rubles/kWh) or in rubles per thousand kilowatt-hours (rubles/thousand kWh). The latter price expression is usually used in the wholesale market. Dynamics of global electricity production by year
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Dynamics of global electricity production Year billion KWh 1890 - 9 1900 - 15 1914 - 37.5 1950 - 950 1960 - 2300 1970 - 5000 1980 - 8250 1990 - 11800 2000 - 14500 2002 - 16100.2 2 003 - 16700.9 2004 - 17468.5 2005 - 18138.3
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Industrial production of electricity In the era of industrialization, the vast majority of electricity is generated industrially at power plants. Share of electricity generated in Russia (2000) Share of electricity generated in the world Thermal power plants (TPP) 67%, 582.4 billion kWh Hydroelectric power plants (HPP) 19%; 164.4 billion kWh Nuclear power plants (NPP) 15%; 128.9 billion kWh Recently, due to environmental problems, the shortage of fossil fuels and its uneven geographical distribution, it has become expedient to generate electricity using wind power plants, solar panels, and small gas generators. Some countries, such as Germany, have adopted special programs to encourage household investment in electricity production.
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Electricity transmission scheme
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An electrical network is a set of substations, switchgears and power lines connecting them, designed for the transmission and distribution of electrical energy. Classification of electrical networks Electrical networks are usually classified according to purpose (area of application), scale characteristics, and type of current. Purpose, scope of general purpose networks: power supply to household, industrial, agricultural and transport consumers. Autonomous power supply networks: power supply to mobile and autonomous objects (vehicles, ships, aircraft, spacecraft, autonomous stations, robots, etc.) Networks of technological objects: power supply to production facilities and other utility networks. Contact network: a special network used to transmit electricity to vehicles moving along it (locomotive, tram, trolleybus, metro).
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The history of the Russian, and perhaps the world, electric power industry dates back to 1891, when the outstanding scientist Mikhail Osipovich Dolivo-Dobrovolsky carried out the practical transfer of electrical power of about 220 kW over a distance of 175 km. The resulting transmission line efficiency of 77.4% was sensationally high for such a complex multi-element structure. Such a high efficiency was achieved thanks to the use of three-phase voltage, invented by the scientist himself. In pre-revolutionary Russia, the capacity of all power plants was only 1.1 million kW, and the annual electricity generation was 1.9 billion kWh. After the revolution, at the suggestion of V.I. Lenin, the famous plan for the electrification of Russia GOELRO was launched. It provided for the construction of 30 power plants with a total capacity of 1.5 million kW, which was implemented by 1931, and by 1935 it was exceeded 3 times.
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In 1940, the total capacity of Soviet power plants amounted to 10.7 million kW, and annual electricity production exceeded 50 billion kWh, which was 25 times higher than the corresponding figures in 1913. After a break caused by the Great Patriotic War, electrification of the USSR resumed, reaching a production level of 90 billion kWh in 1950. In the 50s of the 20th century, power plants such as Tsimlyanskaya, Gyumushskaya, Verkhne-Svirskaya, Mingachevirskaya and others were put into operation. By the mid-60s, the USSR ranked second in the world in electricity generation after the United States. Basic technological processes in the electric power industry
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Generation of electrical energy Electricity generation is the process of converting various types of energy into electrical energy at industrial facilities called power plants. Currently, there are the following types of generation: Thermal power generation. In this case, the thermal energy of combustion of organic fuels is converted into electrical energy. The thermal power industry includes thermal power plants (TPP), which come in two main types: Condensing power plants (KES, the old abbreviation GRES is also used); District heating (thermal power plants, combined heat and power plants). Cogeneration is the combined production of electrical and thermal energy at the same station;
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The transmission of electrical energy from power plants to consumers is carried out via electrical networks. The power grid is a natural monopoly sector of the electric power industry: the consumer can choose from whom to buy electricity (i.e., the energy sales company), the energy sales company can choose among wholesale suppliers (electricity producers) , however, there is usually only one network through which electricity is supplied, and the consumer technically cannot choose the electric grid company. Power lines are metal conductors that carry electric current. Currently, alternating current is used almost everywhere. Electricity supply in the vast majority of cases is three-phase, so a power line usually consists of three phases, each of which may include several wires. Structurally, power lines are divided into overhead and cable.
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Overhead power lines are suspended above the ground at a safe height on special structures called supports. As a rule, the wire on an overhead line does not have surface insulation; insulation is present at the points of attachment to the supports. There are lightning protection systems on overhead lines. The main advantage of overhead power lines is their relative cheapness compared to cable lines. Maintainability is also much better (especially in comparison with brushless cable lines): there is no need to carry out excavation work to replace the wire, and visual inspection of the condition of the line is not difficult.
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Cable lines (CL) are laid underground. Electrical cables vary in design, but common elements can be identified. The core of the cable is three conductive cores (according to the number of phases). The cables have both external and intercore insulation. Typically, liquid transformer oil or oiled paper acts as an insulator. The conductive core of the cable is usually protected by steel armor. The outside of the cable is coated with bitumen.
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Efficient use of electricity The need for the use of electricity is increasing every day, because... We live in a century of widespread industrialization. Without electricity, neither industry, nor transport, nor scientific institutions, nor our modern life can function.
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This demand can be met in two ways: I. Construction of new powerful power plants: thermal, hydraulic and nuclear, but this takes time and costs a lot. Their functioning also requires non-renewable natural resources. II. Development of new methods and devices.
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But despite all the above-mentioned benefits of electricity production, it must be saved and protected and we will have everything
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Startsova Tatyana
NPP, HPP, CHPP, types of electricity transmission.
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Presentation on the topic: “production and transmission of electricity” by Tatyana Startsova, class 11 a student of State Budget Educational Institution Secondary School No. 1465. Teacher: Kruglova Larisa Yurievna
Electricity production Electricity is produced in power plants. There are three main types of power plants: Nuclear power plants (NPP) Hydroelectric power plants (HPP) Thermal power plants, or combined heat and power plants (CHP)
Nuclear power plants A nuclear power plant (NPP) is a nuclear installation for producing energy in specified modes and conditions of use, located within the territory defined by the project, in which a nuclear reactor (reactors) and a complex of necessary systems, devices, equipment and structures with essential workers
Principle of operation
The figure shows a diagram of the operation of a nuclear power plant with a double-circuit water-water power reactor. The energy released in the reactor core is transferred to the primary coolant. Next, the coolant enters the heat exchanger (steam generator), where it heats the secondary circuit water to a boil. The resulting steam enters turbines that rotate electric generators. At the exit of the turbines, the steam enters the condenser, where it is cooled by a large amount of water coming from the reservoir. The pressure compensator is a rather complex and cumbersome structure that serves to equalize pressure fluctuations in the circuit during reactor operation that arise due to thermal expansion of the coolant. The pressure in the 1st circuit can reach up to 160 atm (VVER-1000).
In addition to water, metal melts can also be used as a coolant in various reactors: sodium, lead, a eutectic alloy of lead with bismuth, etc. The use of liquid metal coolants makes it possible to simplify the design of the reactor core shell (unlike the water circuit, the pressure in the liquid metal circuit does not exceed atmospheric), get rid of the pressure compensator. The total number of circuits may vary for different reactors, the diagram in the figure is shown for reactors of the VVER type (Water-Water Energy Reactor). Reactors of the RBMK type (High Power Channel Type Reactor) use one water circuit, fast neutron reactors - two sodium and one water circuits, promising designs of the SVBR-100 and BREST reactor plants assume a double-circuit design, with a heavy coolant in the primary circuit and water in the second .
Electricity generation The world leaders in the production of nuclear electricity are: USA (836.63 billion kWh/year), 104 nuclear reactors are operating (20% of generated electricity) France (439.73 billion kWh/year), Japan (263 .83 billion kWh/year), Russia (177.39 billion kWh/year), Korea (142.94 billion kWh/year) Germany (140.53 billion kWh/year). There are 436 power nuclear reactors in the world with a total capacity of 371.923 GW, the Russian company TVEL supplies fuel for 73 of them (17% of the world market)
Hydroelectric power plants A hydroelectric power station (HPP) is a power plant that uses the energy of water flow as an energy source. Hydroelectric power plants are usually built on rivers by constructing dams and reservoirs. For the efficient production of electricity at a hydroelectric power station, two main factors are necessary: a guaranteed supply of water all year round and possibly large slopes of the river; canyon-like terrain types are favorable for hydraulic construction.
Principle of operation
The circuit of hydraulic structures is to provide the necessary pressure of water flowing to the blades of a hydraulic turbine, which drives generators that produce electricity. The required water pressure is formed through the construction of a dam, and as a result of the concentration of the river in a certain place, or by diversion - the natural flow of water. In some cases, both a dam and a diversion are used together to obtain the required water pressure. All power equipment is located directly in the hydroelectric power station building itself. Depending on the purpose, it has its own specific division. In the machine room there are hydraulic units that directly convert the energy of water flow into electrical energy.
Hydroelectric stations are divided depending on the generated power: powerful - produce from 25 MW and above; medium - up to 25 MW; small hydroelectric power plants - up to 5 MW. They are also divided depending on the maximum use of water pressure: high-pressure - more than 60 m; medium-pressure - from 25 m; low-pressure - from 3 to 25 m.
The largest hydroelectric power plants in the world Name Capacity GW Average annual generation Owner Geography Three Gorges 22.5 100 billion kWh r. Yangtze, Sandouping, China Itaipu 14,100 billion kWh r. Caroni, Venezuela Guri 10.3 40 billion kWh r. Tocantins, Brazil Churchill Falls 5.43 35 billion kWh r. Churchill, Canada Tukurui 8.3 21 billion kWh r. Parana, Brazil / Paraguay
Thermal power plants A thermal power plant (or thermal power plant) is a power plant that generates electrical energy by converting the chemical energy of fuel into the mechanical energy of rotation of the electric generator shaft.
Principle of operation
Types Boiler-turbine power plants Condensing power plants (CPS, historically called GRES - state district power plant) Combined heat and power plants (cogeneration power plants, CHP) Gas turbine power plants Power plants based on combined cycle power plants Power plants based on piston engines Compression ignition (diesel) Spark ignition Combined cycle
Electricity transmission The transmission of electrical energy from power plants to consumers is carried out via electrical networks. The electric grid industry is a natural monopoly sector of the electric power industry: the consumer can choose from whom to buy electricity (that is, the energy sales company), the energy sales company can choose among wholesale suppliers (electricity producers), but the network through which electricity is supplied is usually one, and the consumer technically cannot choose the electric utility company. From a technical point of view, the electrical network is a collection of power transmission lines (PTLs) and transformers located at substations.
Power lines are metal conductors that carry electric current. Currently, alternating current is used almost everywhere. Electricity supply in the vast majority of cases is three-phase, so a power line usually consists of three phases, each of which may include several wires.
Power lines are divided into 2 types: Overhead Cable
Overhead Overhead power lines are suspended above the ground at a safe height on special structures called supports. As a rule, the wire on an overhead line does not have surface insulation; insulation is present at the points of attachment to the supports. There are lightning protection systems on overhead lines. The main advantage of overhead power lines is their relative cheapness compared to cable lines. Maintainability is also much better (especially in comparison with brushless cable lines): there is no need to carry out excavation work to replace the wire, and visual inspection of the condition of the line is not difficult. However, overhead power lines have a number of disadvantages: wide right-of-way: it is prohibited to erect any structures or plant trees in the vicinity of power lines; when the line passes through a forest, trees along the entire width of the right-of-way are cut down; insecurity from external influences, for example, trees falling on the line and wire theft; Despite lightning protection devices, overhead lines also suffer from lightning strikes. Due to vulnerability, two circuits are often installed on one overhead line: the main and backup; aesthetic unattractiveness; This is one of the reasons for the almost universal transition to cable power transmission in the city.
Cable Cable lines (CL) are laid underground. Electrical cables vary in design, but common elements can be identified. The core of the cable is three conductive cores (according to the number of phases). The cables have both external and intercore insulation. Typically, liquid transformer oil or oiled paper acts as an insulator. The conductive core of the cable is usually protected by steel armor. The outside of the cable is coated with bitumen. There are collector and collectorless cable lines. In the first case, the cable is laid in underground concrete channels - collectors. At certain intervals, the line is equipped with exits to the surface in the form of hatches to facilitate the penetration of repair crews into the collector. Brushless cable lines are laid directly in the ground.
Brushless lines are significantly cheaper than collector lines during construction, but their operation is more expensive due to the inaccessibility of the cable. The main advantage of cable power lines (compared to overhead lines) is the absence of a wide right-of-way. Provided they are deep enough, various structures (including residential ones) can be built directly above the collector line. In the case of a collectorless installation, construction is possible in the immediate vicinity of the line. Cable lines do not spoil the cityscape with their appearance; they are much better protected from external influences than air lines. The disadvantages of cable power lines include the high cost of construction and subsequent operation: even in the case of brushless installation, the estimated cost per linear meter of a cable line is several times higher than the cost of an overhead line of the same voltage class. Cable lines are less accessible for visual observation of their condition (and in the case of brushless installation, they are not accessible at all), which is also a significant operational disadvantage.
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Unusual ways to generate electricity
There are many ways to generate electricity, some of which are quite unusual. The sale of specialized chocolate factory products led a British scientist to find a way to extract energy from waste from chocolate production. The microbiologist fed the bacteria with solutions of caramel and nougat, and they broke down the sugar and produced hydrogen, which was sent to the fuel cell. The generated energy was enough to operate a small electric fan. The second unusual way to generate electricity was proposed by London architects. They decided that vibrations generated by pedestrians could be used as a renewable source of electricity. In the future, it is planned to use vibrations from passing pedestrians, trains and trucks and convert them into energy to illuminate streets. Architects are now working on the development and implementation of new technology that allows them to collect vibrations and use their energy beneficially
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American inventors have learned to obtain energy from living trees. Using a metal rod stuck into a tree and immersed in the ground, through a filtering and voltage-increasing circuit, scientists extract electricity. It is quite enough to charge the battery. In the future, they are going to store energy in batteries, which will be used as needed.
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Electricity production has always been quite a profitable business. Ideas for producing electricity in unusual ways are especially original. Today, most business centers are equipped with revolving doors. Professional designers Carmen Trudel and Jennifer Brautier, who are employees of the American studio Fluxxlab, have created a truly excellent design. They produce and use electricity through the kinetic energy of people.
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Power generation. Electricity production and use
Electricity production occurs as follows. When entering a business center, people rotate a revolving door, which generates electricity. This idea is quite simple and does not require any capital investment. The production and use of electricity, thus, significantly saves the management of enterprises money that should have been spent on paying for electricity. Electricity production can be carried out in many ways, the main thing is to study the most appropriate ones and apply them in practice. You can also offer your ideas for generating electricity to other enterprises for a certain fee.
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Unusual Energy Sources
Non-standard sources of electricity are an extremely pressing issue recently. In modern conditions, many scientists are searching for new sources of electricity, and some of them are coming up with completely non-standard solutions. In this article we have collected for you a number of the most unusual ways to generate electricity.
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Waste from chocolate factories
Lynn McCaskey, a microbiologist from the British University of Birmingham, has found a way for bacteria to produce energy from chocolate waste. Lynn “fed” Escherichia coli bacteria nougat and caramel, or rather a solution of these two ingredients obtained from chocolate factory waste. These bacteria broke down sugar and also produced a whirlpool sent to the fuel cell, which generated enough electricity for a small fan.
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Wastewater
Scientists at the University of Pennsylvania have created a kind of toilet power plant that generates electricity by decomposing organic waste. Bacteria present in ordinary wastewater are used for this installation. These bacteria consume organic matter and release carbon dioxide. Scientists have found a way to intervene in the process of transfer of electrons between atoms, forcing electrons to flow through an external circuit.
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Star energy
This method was created by Russian nuclear scientists who developed a battery that is capable of transforming the energy of stars (including the energy of the sun) into electricity. The presentation of this device recently took place at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. This unique device has no analogues in the world and can operate around the clock. This development has already shown high efficiency in the dark and cloudy times of the day.
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Air
Hitachi presented its new development designed to generate electricity from vibrations naturally occurring in the air. And despite the fact that the technology still provides a fairly low voltage, it is very attractive due to the fact that the generators are designed to operate in any conditions, unlike, for example, solar panels.
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Running water
The invention of Canadian scientists is called an electrokinetic battery, which, in reality, is a rather primitive device made from a glass vessel pierced with hundreds of thousands of microscopic channels. The device works like a simple heating battery, which is possible thanks to the electric field phenomenon created by the two-layer medium. Recently, the number of new ways to generate electricity and devices designed for these purposes is becoming more and more numerous. However, only a few of them will be used in the future. .
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Electricity production Electricity production has always been a fairly profitable business. Ideas for producing electricity in unusual ways are especially original.
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Power generation. Electricity production and use. Electricity production occurs as follows. When entering a business center, people rotate a revolving door, which generates electricity. This idea is quite simple and does not require any capital investment. The production of electricity, thus, significantly saves the management of enterprises money that should have been spent on paying for electricity.
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Electricity production can be carried out in many ways, the main thing is to study the most appropriate ones and apply them in practice. You can also offer your ideas for generating electricity to other enterprises for a certain fee. Electricity consumed in homes, institutions and factories is generated in power plants, most of which burn coal or natural gas, using fuel oil as a backup fuel. Some power plants run on nuclear energy or use the energy of water flowing from high dams. In Russia in 2002, thermal power plants generated 65.6% of electricity, hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants accounted for 18.4% and 16%, respectively. In modern power plants using fossil fuels, the heat released during combustion is used to heat water in a boiler-steam generator. The resulting steam is fed through pipes to the turbine blades and causes it to rotate.
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The turbine drives a generator, which produces electric current. Steam generator The steam generator is a tall boiler, into which there are pipes through which water flows. In coal-fired power plants, fuel is supplied to the steam generator by conveyor belts. The coal is ground into a fine flour-like powder, mixed with air and blown by fans into the boiler, where it is burned. The heat generated heats the water in the boiler to a boil. The steam is first captured and then recirculated through the hottest areas of the boiler. This is how superheated steam is obtained. Turbine Superheated steam is supplied through pipes to three turbines connected together. When the steam passes through the first of them - the high-pressure turbine - it again enters the steam generator, where it is heated again.
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After this, it passes through two other turbines, gradually giving them its energy. The steam is eventually converted to water in a condenser, a large tank cooled by pipes that circulate cold water from a nearby body of water. The cooling water "takes" the remaining heat from the steam, which condenses and turns into hot water, the water is returned to the steam generator, after which the cycle repeats. Generator Rotating turbines drive generators, the main elements of which are two coils of wire. One, called the rotor, is rotated by the turbine. The other - the stator - is wound on an iron core and fixed to the floor. The iron core is permanently slightly magnetized, so that when the generator is started, a weak electric current is generated in the rotating coil. Part of this current flows into a stationary coil, which turns into a strong electromagnet. After this, the current gradually increases until it reaches its maximum power. see also energy resources, alternative energy, mechanical engineering
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Use of electricity The main consumer of electricity is industry, which accounts for about 70% of the electricity produced. Transport is also a major consumer. An increasing number of railway lines are being converted to electric traction.
About a third of the electricity consumed by industry is used for technological purposes (electric welding, electrical heating and melting of metals, electrolysis, etc.). Modern civilization is unthinkable without the widespread use of electricity. A disruption in the power supply to a large city during an accident paralyzes his life.
Electricity transmission Electricity consumers are everywhere. It is produced in relatively few places close to sources of fuel and hydro resources. Electricity cannot be conserved on a large scale. It must be consumed immediately upon receipt. Therefore, there is a need to transmit electricity over long distances.
Energy transfer is associated with noticeable losses. The fact is that electric current heats the wires of power lines. In accordance with the Joule-Lenz law, the energy spent on heating the line wires is determined by the formula where R is the line resistance.
Since current power is proportional to the product of current and voltage, to maintain the transmitted power, it is necessary to increase the voltage in the transmission line. The longer the transmission line, the more beneficial it is to use a higher voltage. Thus, in the high-voltage transmission line Volzhskaya HPP - Moscow and some others, a voltage of 500 kV is used. Meanwhile, alternating current generators are built for voltages not exceeding kV.
Higher voltages would require complex special measures to insulate the windings and other parts of the generators. That's why step-up transformers are installed at large power plants. To directly use electricity in the electric drive motors of machine tools, in the lighting network and for other purposes, the voltage at the ends of the line must be reduced. This is achieved using step-down transformers.
Recently, due to environmental problems, the shortage of fossil fuels and its uneven geographical distribution, it has become expedient to generate electricity using wind power plants, solar panels, and small gas generators.
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Work of students of grade 11 B of School No. 288 in Zaozersk Erina Maria and Staritsyna Svetlana
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Electricity is a physical term widely used in technology and in everyday life to determine the amount of electrical energy supplied by a generator to the electrical network or received from the network by a consumer. Electrical energy is also a product that is purchased by participants in the wholesale market from generating companies and consumers of electrical energy on the retail market from energy sales companies.
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There are several ways to create electricity: Various power plants (hydroelectric power plant, nuclear power plant, thermal power plant, power plant...) As well as alternative sources (solar energy, wind energy, Earth energy)
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Thermal power plant (TPP), a power plant that generates electrical energy as a result of the conversion of thermal energy released during the combustion of fossil fuels. The first thermal power plants appeared at the end of the 19th century and became widespread. In the mid-70s of the 20th century, thermal power plants were the main type of power plants. In thermal power plants, the chemical energy of the fuel is converted first into mechanical energy and then into electrical energy. The fuel for such a power plant can be coal, peat, gas, oil shale, and fuel oil.
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Hydroelectric station (HPP), a complex of structures and equipment through which the energy of water flow is converted into electrical energy. A hydroelectric power station consists of a sequential chain of hydraulic structures that provide the necessary concentration of water flow and the creation of pressure, and energy equipment that converts the energy of water moving under pressure into mechanical rotational energy, which, in turn, is converted into electrical energy.
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Nuclear power plant is a power plant in which nuclear energy is converted into electrical energy. The energy generator at a nuclear power plant is a nuclear reactor. The heat that is released in the reactor as a result of a chain reaction of fission of the nuclei of some heavy elements is then converted into electricity in the same way as in conventional thermal power plants. Unlike thermal power plants that run on fossil fuels, nuclear power plants run on nuclear fuel.
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About 80% of the growth in GDP (gross domestic product) of developed countries is achieved through technical innovation, the main part of which is related to the use of electricity. Everything new in industry, agriculture and everyday life comes to us thanks to new developments in various branches of science. Modern society cannot be imagined without the electrification of production activities. Already at the end of the 80s, more than 1/3 of all energy consumption in the world was carried out in the form of electrical energy. By the beginning of the next century, this share may increase to 1/2. This increase in electricity consumption is primarily associated with an increase in its consumption in industry.
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This raises the problem of efficient use of this energy. When transmitting electricity over long distances, from producer to consumer, heat losses along the transmission line increase in proportion to the square of the current, i.e. if the current doubles, then heat losses increase 4 times. Therefore, it is desirable that the current in the lines is small. To do this, the voltage on the transmission line is increased. Electricity is transmitted through lines where the voltage reaches hundreds of thousands of volts. Near cities that receive energy from transmission lines, this voltage is raised to several thousand volts using a step-down transformer. In the city itself, at substations the voltage drops to 220 volts.
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Our country occupies a large territory, almost 12 time zones. This means that while in some regions electricity consumption is at its maximum, in others the working day has already ended and consumption is decreasing. For the rational use of electricity generated by power plants, they are united into electric power systems of individual regions: the European part, Siberia, the Urals, the Far East, etc. This unification allows for more efficient use of electricity by coordinating the operation of individual power plants. Now various energy systems are united into a single energy system of Russia.
