School projects are a method of developing student abilities: organizational, intellectual, oratorical. Independent work instills in schoolchildren the skills of searching and systematizing information and arouses interest in the subjects being studied. In this case, the fundamental point is the choice of a topic whose knowledge the child would like to demonstrate to peers and teachers.

How to do a project correctly

Project activity involves the disclosure of a topic chosen by the student. The successful completion of work depends on the goals set in it and their subsequent implementation. A number of general rules have been established that should be followed when writing a project.

Choosing a theme

The first priority is to determine the research topic. It is desirable that it be familiar to the student and arouse interest.

Next, read the assigned task or the proposed structure by the teacher. If the teacher has not set specific tasks, you need to independently divide the project into its component parts. In each, establish the key points that need to be touched upon when presenting (goals). Then you need to draw up a project plan, which includes chapters, supporting materials (presentations, illustrations, diagrams, diagrams).

Then work out all sorts of ideas, where to start, how best to write a project, where to get information, who to contact for advice.

Students are advised to use several ways to think about the concept:

1. Letter in free form. On a piece of paper in the middle, the title of the text is indicated, and under it are written the words that first came to mind. All thoughts are written without discarding inappropriate ones.
2. Creating a diagram. The topic of the study is written in the central part of the sheet. Then draw a line to the side of the center and write in the fact or idea. At the same time, associations are used without stopping at the deep connection. As preparation progresses, similar considerations are grouped together and key points selected from them.

Collection of information

Preparation of information includes a selection of necessary sources for the upcoming research. When compiling a scientific text, you will need at least 8-10 of them, which you can take on the Internet, the library, or in consultation with a specialist or teacher.

For example, books, scientific materials, newspaper articles, and personal correspondence of figures are suitable for preparing a project on a historical topic. Having familiarized himself with the sources, the student will touch upon the events of the past and present his own thoughts in the correct form.

After the materials have been collected, they move on to listing the fundamental facts. As school work progresses, some sources will not be needed; usually, students initially take more information than is needed in their work.

When studying the material, you need to make appropriate notes, which will help you formulate the text in the future.

In the project, it is important to indicate bibliographic data of the literature used:

1. Last name, initials of the author, name of the source, publisher, edition number, date and city of publication, number of pages.
2. When using articles, indicate the surname, initials of the author, title of the article and journal, number and date of publication, pages of the article, digital object identifier.

When collecting information, it is important to thoroughly study the issue, identifying little-known facts. This approach to revealing the topic helps the student to better navigate the project, learn for himself and tell others something new.

Organization

The next step is to develop a plan for completing the work. You can sketch out a list of necessary actions or steps.

A creative project consists of tasks: gathering information, writing text, artwork, and final design.

It is important to set the completion time for each block of assignments, taking into account deadlines. You need to work in the opposite direction from the set date of the scientific and practical conference.

For example, there is a month left before the deadline, which means that first of all 1 week should be devoted to drawing up a plan and collecting information. The next week is devoted to scientific research. Then the week is spent writing the text. And finally, the final stage is the final design and artistic applications.

Additionally, the creative process can be divided into days, depending on the speed of project preparation.

Decor

This stage includes writing a text that presents all the facts and considerations on the topic. The presentation indicates the materials collected during the research. It is mandatory to cite the sources from which the information was taken. In case of difficulties, it is recommended to ask your teacher for examples of the design of a project or individual chapters.

Finally, it is necessary to prepare a conclusion, artistic applications. Visually displaying ideas in the form of a presentation or diagrammatic drawings helps to visually perceive information.

If several events are selected (for example, according to history), then it is advisable to use a time diagram. When school work is based on geographical aspects, it is wise to create a map. The presentation is based around a key idea.

Examples of presentation methods:

• three-dimensional representation, for example, showing a map of battles with a demonstration of the movement of the army;
• conducting experiments;
• photo display - old photos look impressive, you can supplement the project with objects from the past;
• demonstration of the project on a computer when preparing a complete presentation, and so on.

During the final assembly of the work, you need to check the assigned tasks and the result of their implementation. If suddenly something is missed, it is necessary to supplement the study.

It is important to allow additional time for possible finalization of the project.

Once a research project is done, it must be read carefully and checked for errors. This will help avoid criticism from teachers and peers.

Ready themes

The current topic raised in the study will help students develop creative abilities and engage in self-education. During the design process, the child will learn to properly conduct a discussion and prove his own point of view using arguments.

Research work includes scientific elements:

• hypothesis;
• proof;
• laboratory research;
• analysis of the received information.

How to choose a topic for CPD is extremely important in the educational process. You can use any ready-made themes for work or come up with your own.

For elementary school

Primary school students take part in the creative process to broaden their horizons and try their hand at public speaking.

• The role of color in human life.
• Where do the answers to riddles live?
• What are fountains for?
• What is a healthy lifestyle.
• What a first grader should know about the road to school.
• What types of plants are there?
• Our good deeds.
• Firefighting is a dangerous profession.
• Who protects us?
• How to predict the weather using folk signs.
• How children's toys appeared.
• Why do birds sing?
• Cactus is a prickly friend.
• The extraordinary world of cats.
• My family tree.
• Healthy vegetables.

The topic of project work allows primary schoolchildren to find answers to questions of interest in myths, fairy tales, legends and the world around them.

For middle classes

Middle school students can design research papers on topics in history, geography, mathematics and other subjects of the school curriculum in grades 5, 6, 7, 8.

Topics for Middle School:

• Seven wonders of the world.
• How did popular expressions appear?
• When did Buddhism appear?
• Ancient sages.
• Ancient Greek theater.
• The great Wall of China.
• Who discovered America.
• The first human settlements.
• The history of the appearance of the Olympic Games.
• The Colosseum is the main place for spectacles.
• Magic numbers.
• History of the compass.
• English articles.
• Russian geographical monuments.

Research work in the middle grades promotes the development of research and communication skills.

For high school students

Design for high school students is a means of self-realization in educational activities. Senior grades (grades 9, 10, 11) are the final stage of schooling, with entry into secondary and higher educational institutions ahead.

Projects prepare the child to analyze a large amount of information, teach them to work with it, draw conclusions and express their own opinions.

The following topics are offered for young researchers:

• Pythagorean theorem.
• Sine and cosine.
• Natural resources of the world.
• How to open your own business.
• Modern clothes.
• The art of photography.
• Formaldehyde.
• How old are the stars in the sky?
• Logarithms.
• The work “The Thunderstorm” as assessed by Russian critics.
• Why are punctuation marks needed?
• Bulgakov is the creator of the novel “The Master and Margarita”.

In high school, you can write research projects on more serious topics related to physics, chemistry, astronomy, geometry and other sciences.

On literature

For an open lesson on Russian literature, it is better to prepare a visual presentation and a short report on the following topics:

• Silver age of Russian poetry.
• Dubrovsky.
• Fairy tale by V.A. Zhukovsky “The Sleeping Princess.”
• How to write an argumentative essay on works of fiction.
• I. Bunin “Clean Monday”.
• Mystical stories of N. Gogol.
• Bylinas are the heritage of Russian oral creativity.
• By special features: Vladimir Mayakovsky.

Scientific

Scientific topics:

• How strong is a chicken egg?
• What is the use of paper.
• Math in our kitchen.
• Physical properties of oxygen.
• The role of a name in a person’s life.
• Why are experiments needed?
• Magic colors.
• Secrets of traditional medicine.
• Who lives in the computer.

Around the world

Project activities on the environment include topics:

• Unexplored Arctic zone.
• How the ancient Slavs lived.
• It's time for mushrooms and berries.
• Water is the basis of everything.
• You and your friends.
• Our sports family.
• Baptism of Mother Rus'.
• Who are they, dangerous strangers?
• The structure of the human body.
• How to measure temperature.
• How the human body works.
• The Internet is the know-how of the era.
• Behind the glass of an aquarium...

According to history

History information projects can be written on the following topics:

• Battle of Kursk.
• Who are the Manchus?
• The teachings of the first Christians.
• Legends about pilots.
• Stalin's skyscrapers.
• Leonardo da Vinci code.
• The Renaissance is a time of great discoveries...

Mathematics

Those who are interested in exact sciences will like the following topics:

• Lucky number 7.
• Units of time.
• Mysterious numbering of numbers.
• How to work with a diagram.
• The graph is a good example.
• Dividing multi-digit numbers.

By technology

Preparing a presentation using technology is suitable for both girls and boys.

Creativity in elementary school will help to reveal abilities in prepared projects:

• Postcard for the New Year.
• Origami technique.
• How to work with paper.
• Earthenware factories.
• Volume applications.
• How wagons are made.
• The art of scrapbooking.
• Plasticine paintings.

The key to good work is choosing an interesting topic:

• Ancient fun in Rus'.
• The history of tea and coffee.
• How to grow beans at home.
• How dinosaurs lived.
• Principles of operation of a microwave oven.
• Do pets understand us?
• Should you believe in horoscopes?
• The benefits and harms of chewing gum.

Original

Unusual topics are suitable for inquisitive children:

• How to recognize mood by gestures.
• Errors in the announcer's speech.
• The role of emoticons in messages.
• The influence of advertising on a person.
• The meaning of the word "wealth".
• Why do people love?
• The operating principle of virtual glasses and others.

Video on the topic

"The only path leading to knowledge is action."
Bernard Show

Project activities at school

Success in the modern world is largely determined by a person’s ability to organize his life as a project: determine the long-term and short-term prospects, find and attract the necessary resources, outline an action plan and, having implemented it, evaluate whether it was possible to achieve the set goals. Numerous studies conducted both in our country and abroad have shown that the majority of modern leaders in politics, business, art, and sports are people with a project type of thinking. Today at school there is every opportunity to develop design thinking through a special type of student activity - project activity.

And although project activities are increasingly being used in secondary schools, no idea has yet been formed about what it should be like. A project can be called work of a wide variety of genres: from an ordinary essay and non-standard performance of a standard assignment (an answer on geography or history with the performance of songs and dances of the country or era being studied) to a truly serious study followed by a defense on the principle of a coursework or dissertation.

Project as a type of independent creative work for students

The project method, developed back in the first half of the 20th century, is once again becoming relevant in the modern information society. However, the introduction of project activities into school practice sometimes encounters certain difficulties.

A project is often called any independent work of a student, say an essay or report. In general, there is quite a lot of confusion with the terms, and our media actively contribute to this, in which sporting events, show programs, and charity events are called projects. It is not surprising that sometimes teachers do not have a clear idea of ​​the project as a teaching method, and students do not have a clear idea of ​​the project as a very specific type of independent work.

To avoid all these problems, it is necessary to clearly define what a project is, what its characteristics are, how it differs from other types of independent student work, what is the degree of teacher participation at various stages of the project, how does this depend on the student’s age and on his other individual features.

Among the various types of independent work by students, the genres closest to projects are reports, essays and educational research. Maybe that’s why they are often confused not only by children, but also by adults. Before talking about a project as a teaching method, you need to understand what a project is and how it differs from other types of work.

Report - oral or written communication with the purpose of introduce listeners (readers) with a specific topic (problem), give general information it is possible to present the considerations of the author of the report, which in this case do not require scientific verification or evidence. Since preparing a report may require a lot of time, studying various sources, and formalizing the results in a certain way, there is a temptation to talk about the project. The fact is that work on a project is associated with the presentation of information. However, a report and a project are not the same thing.

Abstract - collection and presentation comprehensive information on a given topic from various sources, including the presentation of different points of view on this issue, the presentation of static data and interesting facts. When working on a project, there is a similar abstract stage, which, however, is only part of the entire project.

Research work - work related to solving a creative, research problem with a previously unknown result. If scientific research is aimed at finding out the truth, at obtaining new knowledge, then educational research has the goal of acquiring students the skill of research activity, mastering the research type of thinking. This kind of work is very similar to a project. However, in this case, research is only a stage of design work.

Project - work aimed at solution to a specific problem, to achieve in the optimal way pre-planned result. The project may include elements of reports, essays, research and any other types of independent creative work by students, but only as ways to achieve the result of the project.

Project as a teaching method

The project method is currently very widespread in teaching. It can be used in any school discipline where large-scale problems are solved, preferably for middle and senior students.

Although computer science began to be studied relatively recently, the project method of teaching began to be used immediately when studying this discipline. At first, projects were compiled at school using programming languages ​​(Bacic, Pascal), but now they are studied little, and currently project activities in computer science are based on application programs (presentations, spreadsheets, databases, hypertext markup language HTMI).

Teaching methods such as the project method play a major role in the process of forming the professional self-education of schoolchildren.

Project activities are aimed at cooperation between teacher and student, development of creative abilities, is a form of assessment in the process of lifelong education, and provides an opportunity for the early formation of professionally significant skills of students. Project technology is aimed at developing the personality of schoolchildren, their independence, and creativity. It allows you to combine all modes of work: individual, pair, group, collective.

The implementation of the project method in practice leads to a change in the role and function of the teacher. With this approach, the teacher acts as a consultant, partner, and organizer of the cognitive activity of his students. In the process of working on a project, students have a need to acquire new knowledge and skills. There is a process of consolidating the skills of working on a separate topic or a large block of the course. The teaching method is complex, multidimensional, multi-quality education. “If we could build a spatial model of it, we would see a bizarre crystal, sparkling with many faces and constantly changing its color,” is how many authors define the concept of “teaching method.”

Project method in teaching

The main goal of the project is to develop students' creative thinking. There are many classifications of teaching methods, but almost all of them contain a research method, when students are given a cognitive task that they solve independently, selecting the necessary methods for this and using the help of a teacher. The project method can be classified as a research type, in which students individually deal with any given problem.

The educational process is based on cooperation and productive communication between students, aimed at jointly solving problems, developing the ability to highlight what is important, set goals, plan activities, distribute functions and responsibilities, think critically, and achieve significant results. In Russian pedagogy, this approach is associated with the use of teaching methods such as problem-based and project-based. Educational activities in this case are focused on successful activities in real society. The result of training is no longer the assimilation of knowledge, skills and abilities, but the formation of key competencies that ensure the success of practical activities.
An important feature of the project approach is humanism, attention and respect for the student’s personality, a positive charge, aimed not only at learning, but also at developing the personality of the students.

The word "project" in European languages ​​is borrowed from Latin and means "thrown forward", "protruding", "conspicuous". Now this word is beginning to be understood as an idea, which the subject can and has the right to dispose of as his own thought. Currently, this term is often used in management, meaning in a broad sense any activity presented as a set of individual steps. This understanding is close, but somewhat different from that which has developed in Russian technical jargon. Here, a project is an idea for a new object (building, machine, mechanism or unit), materialized in drawings, diagrams and other documentation.

In the pedagogical literature one can find various definitions of an educational project. In any case, the educational project is based on the following points:
development of cognitive, creative skills of students, ability to independently search for information, development of critical thinking;
independent activities of students: individual, pair, group, which students perform for a certain period of time;
solving some problem that is significant for students, modeling the activities of specialists in a particular subject area;
presenting the results of completed projects in a “tangible” form (in the form of a report, paper, wall newspaper or magazine, etc.), and in the form of specific results ready for implementation;
cooperation between students and the teacher (“pedagogy of cooperation”).

For a student, a project is an opportunity to maximize their creative potential. This is an activity that allows you to express yourself individually or in a group, try your hand, apply your knowledge, bring benefit, and publicly show the results achieved. This is an activity aimed at solving an interesting problem formulated by the students themselves. The result of this activity - the found method of solving the problem - is practical in nature and significant for the discoverers themselves. And for a teacher, an educational project is an integrative didactic means of development, training and education, which allows you to develop and develop specific skills and design skills: problematization, goal setting, activity planning, reflection and self-analysis, presentation and self-presentation, as well as information search, practical application of academic knowledge, self-study, research and creative activities.

When working with a project, it is necessary to highlight a number of characteristic features of this teaching method. First of all, this is the presence Problems, which has to be solved during the work on the project. Moreover, the problem must be of a personally significant nature for the author of the project and motivate him to search for a solution.

The project must have a clear, realistically achievable target. In the most general sense, the goal of the project is always to solve the original problem, but in each specific case this solution has its own unique solution and its own, unique embodiment. This embodiment is project product, which is created by the author in the course of his work and also becomes a means of solving the problem of the project.

There is one more difference in working with a project - preliminary planning work. The entire path from the initial problem to the implementation of the project goal must be divided into separate stages with their own intermediate tasks for each of them; identify ways to solve these problems and find resources.

The implementation of a work plan for a project is usually associated with the study of literature and other sources of information, selection of information; possibly with conducting various experiments, experiments, observations, research, surveys; with analysis and synthesis of the data obtained; with the formulation of conclusions and the formation on this basis of one’s own point of view on the original problem of the project and ways to solve it.

The project must have written part - report about the progress of work, which describes all stages of work (starting with the definition of the project problem), all decisions made with their justification; all the problems that have arisen and ways to overcome them; the collected information, experiments and observations carried out are analyzed, the results of surveys are presented, etc.; the results are summed up, conclusions are drawn, and the prospects for the project are clarified.

An indispensable condition for the project is its public protection, presentation work results. During the presentation, the author not only talks about the progress of the work and shows its results, but also demonstrates his own knowledge and experience of the project problem, acquired competence. The element of self-presentation is the most important aspect of working on a project, which presupposes a reflective assessment by the author of all the work he has done and the experience he has acquired through it.

At its core, the project-based teaching method is close to problem-based learning, which involves consistent and purposeful presentation of cognitive problems to students, solving which they actively acquire new knowledge under the guidance of a teacher. Problem-based learning ensures the strength of knowledge and its creative application in practical activities. In addition, the project method is similar to developmental learning. Developmental learning is an active-activity method of learning, in which purposeful learning activities are carried out. At the same time, the student, being a full-fledged subject of this activity, consciously sets goals and objectives for self-change and creatively achieves them.

Terms and meaning of words used for project activities proposed by M.Yu. Bukhara.

Term	Dictionary meaning	Pedagogical significance
Method	A method of theoretical study or practical implementation of something	A set of techniques, operations of mastering a certain area of ​​practical or theoretical knowledge, a particular activity, a way of organizing the process of cognition
Project	Plan, intention, preliminary text of the document	-
Project method	-	A method based on the development of students’ cognitive skills, critical and creative thinking, the ability to independently construct their knowledge, navigate the information space, see and formulate problem. A way to achieve a didactic goal through detailed development Problems, which should end in a very real, tangible, practical result, designed in a certain way. A method that offers a solution of some kind Problems, which involves the use of a variety of teaching techniques and integrated knowledge from various fields of science, technology, and creative fields.
Problem	A problem that requires resolution and research. The subject’s awareness of the impossibility of resolving the difficulties and contradictions that have arisen in a given situation with the help of his existing knowledge and experience. The problem originates in a problematic situation.	A task containing contradiction, which does not have a clear answer and requires searching for solutions. It originates in a problematic situation.
Problem situation	Circumstances and conditions of activity that contain contradictions and do not have a clear solution, in which the activity of an individual or group unfolds.	Circumstances and conditions of students’ activities that contain contradictions that do not have a clear solution
Educational project		Modern educational, cognitive, creative or gaming activity students - partners, having a common target, agreed upon ways activities aimed at achievement the overall result of a decision Problems, significant for the project participants.

Stages of work on the project. Motivation of students.

When organizing student project activities, there are a number of circumstances that must be taken into account during the work. A student cannot be offered a project for which he does not have any knowledge and skills, despite the fact that he has nowhere to find and acquire this knowledge and skills. In other words, to work on a project, the author must have a certain initial (even minimal) level of readiness. And, of course, work that is very familiar, has been performed many times before, does not require the search for new solutions and, accordingly, does not provide an opportunity to acquire new knowledge and skills cannot be a project. The first stage of the project is problematization- it is necessary to assess the existing circumstances and formulate the problem. At this stage, the primary motive for activity arises, since the presence of a problem gives rise to a feeling of disharmony and causes a desire to overcome it. The second stage of work - goal setting. At this stage, the problem is transformed into a personally significant goal and acquires the image of an expected result, which will later be embodied in the project product. The most important stage of working on a project is planning, as a result of which not only the distant goal, but also the nearest steps acquire clear outlines. When there is a work plan, available resources (materials, labor, time) and a clear goal, you can start working. The next stage of the project cycle is the implementation of the existing plan.

Upon completion of the work, the author must compare the result obtained with his plan, and, if possible, make corrections. This is the stage of comprehension, analysis of mistakes made, attempts to see the prospects of work, assessment of one’s achievements, feelings and emotions that arose during and at the end of work. The final stage of work - self-esteem and reflection.

The main stages of working on the project are problematization, goal setting, planning, implementation, reflection. However, within each stage there are smaller, but very important steps that must be completed during the work.

By formulating the purpose of the work, the author of the project creates a mental image of the desired result of the work - project product, which is an indispensable condition for work. During planning needs to be determined tasks, which have to be solved at individual stages of work and ways, with which these problems will be solved. Determine the order and timing of the work - develop schedule. At the stage implementation plan, it may be necessary to make certain changes to the tasks of individual stages and methods of work, and sometimes the author’s idea of ​​the final result may change. Project product. The project usually ends presentations the method found by the author to solve the original problem, the design product he created and self-presentation competence of the project author. A presentation is a showcase of the project. Everything should be subordinated to one goal - to best show the results of the work and the competence of its author, which he acquired in the process of this work. Self-presentation, the ability to show oneself in a favorable light without losing a sense of proportion, is the most important social skill.

The presentation schedule, as a rule, provides no more than 7-10 minutes for presentation. In this short time, it is necessary to talk about the work that was carried out over several months, which was associated with the processing of a large amount of information, communication with various people, and discoveries made by the author.

So, the two main problems of presentation are speech and regulations. It is very important to teach children to choose the most important thing, to express their thoughts briefly and clearly. It is better if the text of the presentation is written in the form of abstracts.

During the presentation, the author of the project may have to answer questions from the public. You need to be prepared for this. It is better to begin the answer by thanking the person asking it (any question on the topic of the project indicates the public’s interest in the speech and gives the author another chance to show his competence).

It is advisable to rehearse the presentation.

The essence of students' project activities.

The program of the new educational field "Technology" provides for the completion of at least one creative project annually by students of grades II - XI. It is the creative project activities of schoolchildren that will contribute to technological education, the formation of the technological culture of every growing person, which will help him take a different look at the environment, more rationally use the available resources of the Fatherland, increase natural resources and human potential. The reviving project-based teaching method, when applied skillfully, truly makes it possible to identify and develop the inclinations of a person and his abilities.

The project-based teaching method “Technology” assumes that design is carried out not under the tutelage of the teacher, but together with him, and is built not on pedagogical dictate, but on the pedagogy of cooperation.

Design also involves studying not only technologies, but also the actual activities of people in the production and non-production spheres of the economy. Thus, we can talk about the ergonomic content of the new educational field "Technology", which is a natural development of polytechnics in modern conditions.

Design as a method of cognition should provide students with practical assistance in understanding the role of knowledge in life and learning, when it ceases to be a goal, but becomes a means in true education, helping to master a culture of thinking. It is also aimed at the psychophysical, moral and intellectual development of schoolchildren, the activation of their inclinations and abilities, essential strengths and vocations, inclusion in successful work activities and the system of universal human values, the formation and satisfaction of their activity and cognitive demands and needs, the creation of conditions for self-determination, creative self-expression and continuing education.

A creative project is an educational and labor task that activates the activities of students, as a result of which they create a product that has subjective and sometimes objective novelty.

Organization and methodology for performing creative projects

By the method of projects in the educational field of "Technology" we understand the way of organizing the cognitive and labor activity of students. It involves the implementation of certain needs of people, the development of ideas for the manufacture of products or services to satisfy these needs, the design and creation of a product or the provision of a service, assessment of their quality, and determination of real demand in the goods market.

The project method is a flexible model for organizing the educational process, focused

It promotes the development of observation and the desire to find answers to them, and then check the correctness of their answers by analyzing information, conducting experiments and research.

The results of projects can be products, services, systems. Students receive technology, developments for environmental improvement and other skills in working with materials, tools and information as needed to complete a particular project. The system of projects is built on the principle of complication, therefore the curriculum is based on a number of provisions:

gradual increase in knowledge and skills;

implementation of projects in various areas, ranging from the more familiar (home, school, recreation areas) to the more complex (society, business, industry);

constant complication of the requirements for solving problems (using an integrated approach, taking into account a large number of influencing factors);

students gradually realize their own abilities and capabilities to meet the needs of the individual and society;

the ability to focus on local conditions, since problems for projects are selected mainly from the surrounding life.

Helping the student, tirelessly active guidance in choosing projects that are feasible for the student, that are actually carried out taking into account actually existing Material and other resources and, at the same time, the most promising from the point of view of expanding the experience, horizons, titles and skills of students, falls entirely on the shoulders of the technologist teacher,

These first functions of helping children freely choose a project are followed by a number of others: assistance in project planning, its practical implementation, and analysis of the final results.

The teacher must help students:

obtain various materials, reference books, information, tools, etc.;

discuss ways to overcome difficulties through indirect, leading questions;

approve or disapprove various phases of the work procedure;

teach how to briefly record the results of your activities;

give a brief analysis of the completed project.

When developing a project plan, students consult reference books, use the Internet, other sources of information, consult with family members, knowledgeable people, study the tools and materials necessary for the implementation of the project. The initial project implementation plan is constantly revised, possible omissions are corrected,

The technique of drawing up a plan, of course, can be as varied as the projects themselves. The most important thing is that the plan corresponds to the project and, and not vice versa,

Of particular importance is the project method, which allows schoolchildren in the system to master organizational and practical activities along the entire design and technological chain - from an idea to its implementation in a model, product, service, integrate knowledge from different fields, apply it in practice, while creating new ones knowledge, ideas, material things. The use of the project method as a leading method in the technological education of schoolchildren contributes to the implementation of didactic functions.

The educational function of the new approach to technology education involves introducing students to basic technological knowledge, skills and terminology.

The educational function of the new approach to technological education of schoolchildren is to develop personal qualities: efficiency, enterprise, responsibility, developing the skills of reasonable risk, etc. Project activities of students will allow them to realize their interests and abilities, teach them to take responsibility for the results of their work, and form the belief that success in business depends on the personal contribution of everyone.

The developmental function of using the project method in technological education is that schoolchildren realize the possibilities of using abstract technological knowledge and

Students develop skills in choosing one solution from multiple options1 and awareness of all the short-term and long-term problems of this choice

1. Introduction.

The concept of a project, project activities, project culture, Project structure. Typology of projects.

Students should know:

• concept of project, project activity,
• typology of projects.
• Students must be able to;
• distinguish between types of projects;
• determine the project structure.

1. Practice-oriented project.

Aimed at the social and interests of the project participants themselves.

The product is pre-defined and can be used in the life of the classroom, school, city, etc. etc.

The palette is varied - from a textbook for a physics classroom to a package of recommendations for the restoration of Russia.

2. Research project.

Concept of a research project. Features of a Research Project Basic concepts required to complete a research project; object of research, problem It includes justification of the relevance of the chosen topic, identification of research objectives, discussion of the results obtained,

3. Information project. Aimed at collecting information about some object or phenomenon for the purpose of analyzing it and generalizing the presentation for a wide audience.

4. Role-playing project.

The development and implementation of such a project is the most difficult. By participating in it, projects take on the roles of literary or historical characters.

5. Creative project.

It assumes the most free and unconventional approach to the presentation of results.

The concept of a creative project. Features of a creative project. The main stages of creative projects.

Elaboration of the structure of activities of participants in a creative project.

Presentation of results in the form of videos, articles, albums Students should know:

• concept of a creative project;
• main stages of a creative project

Students must be able to;

• choose and justify the topic of the project;
• select the necessary information for the implementation of the project;
• work out the structure of joint activities of participants; creative project;
• formalize the results of project activities,

6. Design and evaluation of the project.

Registration of the results of project activities. Preparation of a list of references and applications.

Criteria for assessing project implementation. Project protection, Criteria for assessing the protection of the completed project

Students should know;

• criteria for evaluating completed projects;
• criteria for assessing the protection of the completed project.

Students should be able to:

• evaluate the completed project;
• protect the project.

Selection and justification of projects.

The choice of projects is determined by the needs of various spheres of life of the individual and society (school, industry, leisure, home), the need to satisfy them, improve and modernize existing consumer goods and services.

1) The main problems that arise during the selection, analysis, and implementation of the project:

1. How to determine the scope of activity.

2. How to choose a project topic.

3. How to choose a model and product design.

4. How to develop technology for manufacturing a product.

5. How to carry out an economic calculation of a product.

6. How to prepare a project report.

2) Main criteria for selecting projects:

1. Originality.

2. Availability.

3. Reliability.

4. Technical excellence.

5. Aesthetic advantages.

6. Security.

7. Meeting social needs.

8. Ease of use (ergonomics).

9. Manufacturability.

10. Material capacity.

11. Cost, etc.

For greater clarity, you can use the “justification asterisk” (thinking), where in the center is the object of study, and on the periphery are the factors that determine its consumer properties that need improvement.

"Thinking Star"

Next, the feasibility of production, the outcome of the knowledge, skills and abilities acquired in technology lessons, the possibilities of logistics, economic and environmental feasibility, etc. are determined.

Basic requirements for product design

Manufacturability - the ability to manufacture a product as simply as possible, in particular on existing equipment, from available materials, with the least labor costs.

Creatively focused and entertaining. Creative activity and consideration of children's interests are expected.

Systematicity. The content of work to implement projects must reflect the material studied during the academic year, be polytechnic-oriented,

Strength. It assumes that the level of students’ training corresponds to their individual, age and physical abilities.

Economical. Requires the manufacture of a product at the lowest cost, with the greatest profit from the sale and operation of the product.

Environmental friendliness. The manufacture and operation of the manufactured product should not entail significant changes in the environment or disruption of human, animal and plant life.

Safety. Provided both at the project implementation stage and at the operation stage. Safety is associated with a system of labor protection measures, industrial sanitation, and hygiene. The project should eliminate the possibility of injuries and occupational diseases.

Ergonomics. Associated with the scientific organization of labor. Provides for organizing a workplace with the least amount of human energy consumption during maintenance.

Compliance with design requirements. The designed product must be externally aesthetically beautiful, fashionable, the color scheme and all details must be harmoniously combined, and the tank must be functional and practical.

Significance. The manufactured product must have a certain value and utility in the interests of society or a specific individual.

Area of ​​knowledge used in technology projects

Anthropometry - measuring the human body and its parts when taking measurements, identifying the conformity of a product to the size and shape of a person.

Life safety is a system of measures for labor protection, industrial sanitation, hygiene, etc.

Biology - the structure of the human body, the characteristics of his body movements.

Geography - climatic conditions of various regions, temperature limits in a given climatic region.

History of costume - information about the history of development and modification of certain types of clothing.

Mathematics - calculation of formulas for constructing a pattern, calculation of costs of materials, funds, mathematical dependencies.

Materials science - the study of materials for the correct selection of products appropriate for a given model.

Mechanics, elements of mechanical engineering - the simplest adjustment (repair) of equipment on which work is performed.

Modeling (technical modeling) - changing the pattern drawing in order to obtain the desired model of the product.

Career guidance - information about professions, acquisition of professional knowledge and skills.

Psychology - features of human perception, for example, the laws of visual illusion in color, in artistic modeling.

Drawing - development of sketches of alternative models (elements of artistic modeling), laws of composition, drawing.

Technology - cutting, working with fabric, technological processes in the manufacture of products.

Chemistry, physics - physical and chemical properties of materials, dyes, various additives to fabric composition, information on fabric production.

Color science - the choice of color as an important informational quality of a suit: the influence of different colors on the characteristics of a given figure and overall appearance (the ability to emphasize advantages and hide flaws), a harmonious combination of colors, patterns of color combinations, color symbolism and the purpose of a suit.

Drawing - creating a pattern drawing.

Ecology - environmental friendliness of materials, influence of harmful dyes and other components that make up fabrics.

Economics, the basics of entrepreneurship - calculating the cost of a product, family economics, mini-marketing research, consistency of product quality, consistency of product quality and prices, that is, supply and demand), planning possible ways to sell your products.

Aesthetics is the embodiment of the desired aesthetic idea in a costume (taste, aesthetic sense, intuition, sense of color and shape, sense of proportion, understanding of rhythm and composition in a costume).

General view and structure of the explanatory note.

A project is an independent creative completed work of a student, completed under the guidance of a teacher. It usually consists of two parts: theoretical and practical. The latter is a specific product, layout, model, video film, computer development, etc., and the theoretical one is the explanatory note. Below are recommendations for its preparation. Of course, when using them, it is necessary to take into account the age capabilities of students, and an explanatory note to a fifth-grader’s project will differ significantly in content from that completed by a high school student.

The structure of the explanatory note depends on the type of work, and in general should contain:

• Title page.
• Table of contents (contents).
• Introduction.
• Heads of the main part.
• Conclusion.
• Bibliography.
• Application.

Structural elements of an explanatory note.

Title page

The title page is the first page of the explanatory note and is filled out according to certain rules.

The full name of the educational institution is indicated in the top field. On average, the name of the project is given without the word “topic” and quotation marks. It should be as short and precise as possible - consistent with the main content of the project. If it is necessary to specify the title of the work, then you can give a subtitle, which should be extremely short and not turn into a new title. Next, indicate the last name, first name, school number and class of the designer (in the nominative case). Then the surname and initials of the project manager.

The lower field indicates the place and year the work was performed (without the word “year”).

Following the title page is a table of contents, which lists all the headings of the explanatory note and indicates the pages on which they are located. They cannot be shortened or given in a different wording, sequence or subordination. All blanks are written with a capital letter and without a period at the end. The last word of each heading is connected by an accent to its corresponding page number in the right column of the table of contents.

Introduction to the work

It substantiates the relevance of the chosen topic, the purpose and content of the tasks set, formulates the planned result and the main problems considered in the project, indicates interdisciplinary connections, informs who the project is intended for and what is its novelty. The introduction also describes the main sources of information (official, scientific, literary, bibliographic). It is advisable to list the equipment and materials used during the project.

Main chapters

The following is a statement of the goal, and specific tasks to be solved in accordance with it.

The first chapter of the project discusses the proposed methodology and technique for its implementation, and provides a brief review of the literature and other materials on the topic.

In the next chapter (search) it is necessary to develop a bank of ideas and proposals for solving the problem considered in the project.

In the technological part of the project, it is necessary to develop a sequence for executing the object. It may include a list of stages, a technological map that describes the algorithm of operations indicating tools, materials and processing methods.

Next, it is necessary to consider the economic and environmental assessment of the project. In the economic part, a complete calculation of the costs of manufacturing the designed product is presented. Next is project advertising and marketing research. Particular attention must be paid to the environmental assessment of the project: justification that the manufacture and operation of the designed product will not entail changes in the environment or disruptions in human life.

Conclusion

At the conclusion of the project, the results obtained are outlined, their relationship with the general goal and specific tasks formulated in the Introduction is determined, and students are given a self-assessment of the work they have done.

Bibliography

After the Conclusion there is a list of references used. All borrowings must necessarily have subscript references to where the given materials were taken from.

Applications

Auxiliary or additional materials that clutter up the main part of the work are placed in appendices. The application contains tables, text, graphs, maps, drawings. Each application must begin on a new sheet (page) with the word “Appendix” in the upper right corner and have a thematic heading. If there is more than one application in the work, they are numbered in Arabic numerals (without the No. sign), for example: “Appendix 1”, “Appendix 2”, etc. The numbering of the pages on which appendices are given must be continuous and continue the general numbering of the main text. Through it with applications, it is carried out through links that are used with the word “look” (see), enclosed together with the code in parentheses.

Literature

1. Kruglikov G.I. Methods of teaching technology with a workshop. M.: 2003.
2. Morozova N.G., Kravchenko N.G., Pavlova O.V. Technology grades 5-11: student project activities. Volgograd: Teacher, 2007.
3. Stupnitskaya M.A. What is a learning project? M.: September 1st, 2010.
4. Stupnitskaya M.A. Creative potential of schoolchildren's project activities. Development of creative abilities of schoolchildren and the formation of various models for taking into account individual achievements. M.: Center "School Book", 2006.

Project on the educational activity “Calendar” Project on the educational activity “Calendar” Completed by: students of grade 6 “B” Olga Davaeva and Yana Sklyarova. Head: teacher of educational activities and technology Koloskova E. In the academic year of the municipal educational institution "Secondary school 15 of Balashov, Saratov region"

Project duration g g

Research “Types of calendars” Calendar is a printed publication in the form of a table (table-calendar) or a book containing a list of numbers, days of the week, months (less often years). Holidays and astronomical information (lunar phase, eclipses, etc.) are also indicated.

Types of calendars A desk calendar is a desk or wall calendar-book, in which, after a specified period (day, week or month), the pages flip over (for example, on a “spring”). By the beginning of the 21st century, it gained more popularity than the tear-off of the 21st century.

A “house” calendar is a type of desktop calendar consisting of a base on which sheets of paper with a calendar grid applied directly to them, a visual series, united by a common aesthetic idea and design solution, are attached with a spring. Such calendars can embody extremely diverse ideas (and the main thing is the idea!): they can be thematic, educational, educational, entertaining, discreetly businesslike, elegant, serve as both a source of reference information and decoration, a sign of corporate style). Types of calendars

"Pyramid" calendar is a type of desk calendar in the shape of a pyramid. A special type of base stamp, on which sheets with a calendar grid and specially selected images are attached with a spring, allows you to firmly install such a triangular cone. A non-trivial design solution makes this calendar a very special advertising move and creates its special appeal.

Information resources B0%D1%80%D1%8C_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE %D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0 %B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5) B0%D1%80%D1%8C_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0% D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE %D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5) dhttp://zelmiroffice. ru/articles/?tx_ttnews=66&tx_ttnews=3&cHash=0e82ff6 37d god-zaporoje htmlhttp://zaporozhje.uainfo.com/uslugi/poligraficheskie-uslugi/izgotovlenie-kalendarei-na god-zaporoje html html html html php

Dear parents and children!

You already need to decide on the topic of the project work on which you will work. On this page you will find recommendations that will help you prepare your design work in a high-quality manner, the structure and types of design work, as well as a list of possible topics for design work.

Types of projects

Practical project - aimed at solving real problems that reflect the interests of project participants. These projects have a clear goal that must be achieved. For example, you can complete a practical project "Help the birds" Where purpose There will be the production of birdhouses or feeders. The value of the project lies in the reality of using the product in practice.
Research project The structure resembles a scientific study. It includes justification of the relevance of the chosen topic, formulation of the research problem, mandatory formulation of a hypothesis, discussion and analysis of the results obtained. For example, students could complete a research project called "Why do plants need water" . During the project it is possible to carry out mini-study: try to germinate bean seeds using water and without water, and then evaluate the result.
Information project aimed at collecting information about any object or phenomenon. For example, you can collect information about the largest aquariums in the world and present it to the children in class.
Creative project involves the production of various crafts, posters, drawings and other products. In our class we have already taken part in a creative project" Family holidays and traditions" . During the project, each child not only conducted a mini-research on family holidays and traditions. The children made photo collages, posters and leaflets depicting family holidays and traditions.

Stages of work on the project

Stage I: choosing a project topic
Stage II: collection of information
Stage III: thinking about a project plan
Stage IV: project implementation
Stage V: preparation for the defense of the project (drawing up a portfolio, preparing a presentation, crafts, report on the work done, leaflets, newspapers, and so on)
develop an electronic presentation, etc.
Stage VI: presentation and defense of the project in class
VII stage: reflection (self-analysis and self-evaluation of the work done, your impressions of working on the project).

How to choose a project topic?

Rule 1. The topic should be interesting to the child.
Rule 2. The topic must be feasible, and its solution must be useful to the participants of the study.
Rule 3. The theme should be original, with elements of surprise and unusualness.
Rule 4. The topic must be accessible to the child, the child must understand the topic of the project.

Project structure (this is what the guys MUST reflect in their projects)

1. Project theme.
2. Project type:
3. Goals and objectives of the project.
4. Project work plan (or stages).
5. Main ideas.
6. Conclusion.

Example of design work (briefly)

1. The topic of my project work is “The largest zoos in the world”
2. The type of project is informational.
3. Objective of the project- find out as much information as possible about the largest zoos in the world. Then present this information for discussion with the teacher and the children in the class.
Project objectives:
- using reference material: (encyclopedias, the Internet, magazines and newspapers) find information about the largest zoos in the world;
- analyze this information and compose a mini-speech about the largest and most unusual zoos in the world;
- talk about the exotic inhabitants of these zoos;
- prepare a mini-film (craft, poster, etc.) about the largest zoos in the world;
- present the results to the teacher and classmates, discuss the project.
4. Stages of work on the project.
- First step - "Selecting a project topic." I chose this topic because......
ADVICE: you can attach small photographs to each stage (how you chose a topic, how you looked in books, how you read magazines, how you and your mom or dad composed the text for the project)
-second phase - "Collection of information". To work on the project, I used the following sources.....
- third stage - “Thinking about a plan for working on a project” involves active mental activity. It can be omitted (not written).
- fourth stage - "Project implementation". At this stage, the text of the work, a layout are compiled, a poster is created, and so on.
- fifth stage - “preparation for project defense” - involves home preparation for project defense. This step can also be omitted (not written).
- sixth and seventh stages - take place in class. They also do not need to be reflected in the text of the work.
5. Main ideas. While working on the project, I learned that there are the following largest zoos in the world..... They are interesting because....... Inhabitants such as...... live there.
6. Conclusion. I learned that very rare animals live in zoos. They need to be protected, protected......

DON'T FORGET TO ATTEND A "PRODUCT" TO YOUR PROJECT - A CRAFT, A MODEL, A FILM, A PRESENTATION, AND SO ON.

Examples of design work (taken from the Internet)

Choose a research topic.

Work with sources of information, find answers to your questions.

Draw your own conclusions.

Present the results of your work.

Prepare a short speech to present your research.

Work your speech carefully. There is no need to leave room for improvisation. If you doubt yourself even a little, it is best to think through even unimportant phrases in advance.
Prepare your speech in front of the mirror and say the words out loud. Rehearse not only the text, but also the pronunciation and facial expressions. Absolutely everything affects a person. Therefore, the success of the entire project depends on how the material is presented.

Approximate topics of project work for primary school students

* Zoos of the world
* My dream garden
* History of football development
* These funny cats
* Tigers are the largest and most fearsome of the big cats.
* Five of the rarest birds on the planet
* What does a person need to know about spiders?
* History of the origin and production of chocolate
* How to help birds survive the winter?
* Beauty and symmetry of butterflies
* Dogs and space
* Guide dogs
* Salt – good or bad?
* Life and death of dinosaurs on planet Earth
* Our dream professions
*My ancestry
*Professions of our parents
* My city
* Bread is the head of everything
* Birds are our friends
* Healthy lifestyle
* Our house. Our yard
* War and our family
* Using household waste in children's crafts
* History of Russian toys
* What did our ancestors play?
* Active volcanoes on our planet
* Used paper - trash or good?
* Matryoshka - toy or souvenir
* Does the sandwich always fall butter side down?
* My family's sports life
* How cartoons affect a child’s psyche
* Cactus-prickly friend
* Crystal growing
* How far is it from us to the Sun?
* Why do we cry? Where do tears come from?
* Why does milk sour?
* Why does popcorn shoot?
* Journey of a water droplet
* What is a microscope?
* Miraculous transformations, or What is cheese?
* Secrets of the Moon

Projects are divided by type of activity:

• Creative and research projects that allow children to experiment and display the results visually in the form of wall newspapers, stands, etc.
• Role-playing projects that allow you to solve assigned problems in a playful way in the form of characters.
• Information projects that make it possible to collect information, analyze and display it on stands, stained glass windows, etc.

Finished projects

Contained in sections:
Includes sections:

• Projects to improve the territory of kindergartens
• Traffic regulations, road traffic, traffic lights. Projects, plans, reports

Showing publications 1-10 of 47635.
All sections | Projects. Project activities in kindergarten

Short project on the topic"Folk culture and traditions" in the pre-school group. Compiled by: Vonokova Ekaterina Aleksandrovna. Type project : -creative; - informative. Duration: short term. Participants project : children of the preparatory group,...

Creative and research project “My Small Motherland” Creative - research project"My little homeland" Performed: Teacher Yazykovsky kindergarten"Teremok" Shirokova L.V. Relevance An integral part of any education system is the education of patriotism. The foundations of patriotism begin to form in preschool...

Projects. Project activity in kindergarten - Project “Wild Animals” in the second junior group

Publication “Project “Wild Animals” in the second junior...” Project “Wild Animals” Children’s age is 3 – 4 years. Second junior group. The duration of the project is 6 weeks. Goal: Creating conditions for the development of cognitive activity in children. Objectives: To develop children's interest in this topic. Introduce children to the animals that live in our...

Image library "MAAM-pictures"

Project “Pets” for children 3–4 years old Project “Pets” Children’s age is 3-4 years. The duration of the project is 5 weeks. PURPOSE: Creating conditions for the development of cognitive activity in children. OBJECTIVES: To develop children's interest in this topic; Introduce children to pets; Fix the characteristic...

Educational project “Our strength is in unity” Department of Education of the Administration of Volgograd MUNICIPAL PRESCHOOL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION "KINDERGARTEN No. 367 OF THE KRASNOARMEYSKY DISTRICT OF VOLGOGRAD" Project name "Our strength is in unity" Author of the project: Kuznetsova Nadezhda Aleksandrovna teacher of the first...

performed by: Nadeeva A.A., Tutrinova L.A., teachers Syktyvkar, 2018. Relevance of the project The main feature of an object for a preschooler is color. Color affects the emotional sphere of the child, participates in the process of artistic activity, forms...

Projects. Project activity in kindergarten - Environmental project in the junior group “Animals are Our Friends”

INTRODUCTION: Problem: Children do not have sufficient understanding of the lifestyle, habits, nutrition and homes of wild and domestic animals; about how they prepare for winter. Children do not have a general concept. Project goal: -Develop sustainable cognitive interest in...